[Cite as State v. Marcum, 2012-Ohio-572.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT HOCKING COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, : Case No. 11CA8 : 11CA10 Plaintiff-Appellee, : : DECISION AND v. : JUDGMENT ENTRY : PATRICIA MARCUM, : : and : RELEASED 01/30/12 : JAMES MARCUM : : Defendants-Appellants. : ______________________________________________________________________ APPEARANCES:
Kyle C. Henderson, Logan, Ohio, for appellants.
Laina Fetherolf, Hocking County Prosecutor, and Jonah M. Saving, Hocking County Assistant Prosecutor, Logan, Ohio, for appellee. ______________________________________________________________________ Harsha, J.
{¶1} James Marcum and his wife, Patricia Marcum, appeal their misdemeanor
sentences for one count each of obstructing official business and misuse of 911. They
contend that the trial court abused its discretion when it imposed a no contact order
between them as a condition of their community control. However, because there are
no entries that resolve all the charges brought against James Marcum, there is no final
appealable order in his case. Consequently, we lack jurisdiction to consider his appeal
and must dismiss it.
{¶2} The sentencing entry in Patricia Marcum’s case, however, is a final
appealable order because it does address the resolution of all charges pending against
her in this case. Therefore we address the merits of her appeal. Because the no Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 2
contact order with Ms. Marcum’s husband is not reasonably related to community
control’s statutory goals of rehabilitation and ensuring good behavior, the trial court
abused its discretion by ordering it as a condition of her community control. Thus, we
reverse the trial court’s judgment in Ms. Marcum’s case.
I. FACTS
{¶3} Mr. and Ms. Marcum were both charged with one count each of
obstructing official business, in violation of R.C. 2921.31, misuse of 911, in violation of
R.C. 4931.49(D) and (E) and disorderly conduct, in violation of R.C. 2917.11.
Subsequently, both Mr. and Ms. Marcum pleaded guilty to the charges of obstructing
official business and misuse of 911. As part of Mr. Marcum’s sentence, the court
imposed one year of community control and ordered him to have no contact with his
wife for that period, except for “tax and domestic relation purposes.” Ms. Marcum also
received two years of community control as part of her sentence, and the trial court
ordered that she have no contact with her husband, except for “tax and legal issues
including divorce,” for the duration of her sentence. This appeal followed.
II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
{¶4} Mr. and Ms. Marcum present the same assignment of error:
{¶5} “THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT IMPOSED,
AS A CONDITION OF PROBATION OR COMMUNITY-CONTROL SANCTION, AN
ORDER REQUIRING THAT DEFENDANT-APPELLANT HAVE NO CONTACT WITH
[HIS OR HER SPOUSE] FOR * * * DURATION OF [HIS OR HER] PROBATION IN
VIOLATION OF [HIS OR HER] FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.” Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 3
III. FINAL APPEALABLE ORDER
{¶6} As a threshold matter, we must first discuss our jurisdiction to hear the
appellants’ case. The Ohio Constitution limits an appellate court’s jurisdiction to the
review of “final orders” of lower courts. Section 3(B)(2), Article IV, Ohio Constitution.
Appellate courts must sua sponte dismiss an appeal that is not from a final appealable
order. Fagan v. Boggs, 4th Dist. No. 08CA45, 2009-Ohio-6601, at ¶ 8. To be reviewable
as a final order under R.C. 2505.02 a judgment of conviction must satisfy the
substantive provision of Crim.R. 32(C) and include: 1) the fact of conviction; 2) the
sentence; 3) the judge’s signature; and 4) the time stamp indicating the entry upon the
journal by the clerk. State v. Lester, 130 Ohio St.3d 303, 2011-Ohio-5204, 958 N.E.2d
142, paragraph one of the syllabus. The Supreme Court of Ohio has also determined
that when a criminal case against a defendant initially consists of more than one charge,
it is not necessary that the judgment of conviction includes the dispositions of charges
that were terminated and do not form the basis of the conviction. See, State ex rel.
Rose v. McGinty, 128 Ohio St.3d 371, 2011-Ohio-761, 944 N.E.2d 672, at ¶ 3.
However, unless the charges that are not the basis of the conviction have been properly
terminated by a journal entry, they remain technically unresolved. This “hanging
charge” prevents the conviction from being a final order under R.C. 2505.02(B) because
it does not determine the action, i.e. resolve the case. See, generally, Painter and
Pollis, Ohio Appellate Practice (2011-2012 Ed.), §2.9. And because a court speaks
through its journal entry and not its oral pronouncements, see Reynolds v. Nibert, 4th
Dist. No. 01CA2771, 2002-Ohio-6133, at ¶ 13, the trial court’s equivocal statement of “it
appears that the disorderly conduct as a minor misdemeanor will be dismissed” cannot Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 4
be viewed as disposing of that charge in a manner that complies with R.C. 2505.02 and
Crim.R. 32(C). As the disorderly conduct charge technically remains pending, there is
no final appealable order of conviction in Mr. Marcum’s case. Had a separate journal
entry indicated that the prosecution had actually dismissed Mr. Marcum’s charge of
disorderly conduct, the sentencing entry in his case would be a final appealable order.
See State v. Smead, Summit App. No. 24903, 2010-Ohio-4462, at ¶ 10. However, as
the record now stands, we lack jurisdiction to address his appeal and we must dismiss
it.
{¶7} Conversely, the sentencing entry from which Ms. Marcum appeals does
note that in addition to being convicted of obstructing official business and misuse of
911, the prosecution dismissed her charge of disorderly conduct. Therefore, all the
charges brought against her were properly terminated and it is a final appealable order.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
{¶8} Trial courts have broad discretion in imposing community control
sanctions. State v. Talty, 103 Ohio St.3d 177, 2004-Ohio-4888, 814 N.E.2d 1201, at ¶
10. R.C. 2929.27 governs the authority of the trial court to impose conditions of
community control in misdemeanor cases. R.C. 2929.27(C) provides that when
sentencing a defendant for a misdemeanor, other than a minor misdemeanor, the trial
court “may impose any other sanction that is intended to discourage the offender or
other persons from committing a similar offense if the sanction is reasonably related to
the overriding purposes and principles of misdemeanor sentencing.” We therefore
review the trial court’s imposition of community control sanctions under an abuse of Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 5
discretion standard. Id. at ¶ 10. “Nevertheless, a trial court’s discretion in imposing
probationary conditions is not limitless.” Id. at ¶ 11.
V. ANALYSIS
{¶9} In State v. Jones (1990), 49 Ohio St.3d 51, 550 N.E.2d 469, the Supreme
Court set forth a three-part test by which courts determine whether a trial court has
abused its discretion when presented with a nonconstitutional challenge to the
conditions of community control.
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[Cite as State v. Marcum, 2012-Ohio-572.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT HOCKING COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, : Case No. 11CA8 : 11CA10 Plaintiff-Appellee, : : DECISION AND v. : JUDGMENT ENTRY : PATRICIA MARCUM, : : and : RELEASED 01/30/12 : JAMES MARCUM : : Defendants-Appellants. : ______________________________________________________________________ APPEARANCES:
Kyle C. Henderson, Logan, Ohio, for appellants.
Laina Fetherolf, Hocking County Prosecutor, and Jonah M. Saving, Hocking County Assistant Prosecutor, Logan, Ohio, for appellee. ______________________________________________________________________ Harsha, J.
{¶1} James Marcum and his wife, Patricia Marcum, appeal their misdemeanor
sentences for one count each of obstructing official business and misuse of 911. They
contend that the trial court abused its discretion when it imposed a no contact order
between them as a condition of their community control. However, because there are
no entries that resolve all the charges brought against James Marcum, there is no final
appealable order in his case. Consequently, we lack jurisdiction to consider his appeal
and must dismiss it.
{¶2} The sentencing entry in Patricia Marcum’s case, however, is a final
appealable order because it does address the resolution of all charges pending against
her in this case. Therefore we address the merits of her appeal. Because the no Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 2
contact order with Ms. Marcum’s husband is not reasonably related to community
control’s statutory goals of rehabilitation and ensuring good behavior, the trial court
abused its discretion by ordering it as a condition of her community control. Thus, we
reverse the trial court’s judgment in Ms. Marcum’s case.
I. FACTS
{¶3} Mr. and Ms. Marcum were both charged with one count each of
obstructing official business, in violation of R.C. 2921.31, misuse of 911, in violation of
R.C. 4931.49(D) and (E) and disorderly conduct, in violation of R.C. 2917.11.
Subsequently, both Mr. and Ms. Marcum pleaded guilty to the charges of obstructing
official business and misuse of 911. As part of Mr. Marcum’s sentence, the court
imposed one year of community control and ordered him to have no contact with his
wife for that period, except for “tax and domestic relation purposes.” Ms. Marcum also
received two years of community control as part of her sentence, and the trial court
ordered that she have no contact with her husband, except for “tax and legal issues
including divorce,” for the duration of her sentence. This appeal followed.
II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
{¶4} Mr. and Ms. Marcum present the same assignment of error:
{¶5} “THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT IMPOSED,
AS A CONDITION OF PROBATION OR COMMUNITY-CONTROL SANCTION, AN
ORDER REQUIRING THAT DEFENDANT-APPELLANT HAVE NO CONTACT WITH
[HIS OR HER SPOUSE] FOR * * * DURATION OF [HIS OR HER] PROBATION IN
VIOLATION OF [HIS OR HER] FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.” Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 3
III. FINAL APPEALABLE ORDER
{¶6} As a threshold matter, we must first discuss our jurisdiction to hear the
appellants’ case. The Ohio Constitution limits an appellate court’s jurisdiction to the
review of “final orders” of lower courts. Section 3(B)(2), Article IV, Ohio Constitution.
Appellate courts must sua sponte dismiss an appeal that is not from a final appealable
order. Fagan v. Boggs, 4th Dist. No. 08CA45, 2009-Ohio-6601, at ¶ 8. To be reviewable
as a final order under R.C. 2505.02 a judgment of conviction must satisfy the
substantive provision of Crim.R. 32(C) and include: 1) the fact of conviction; 2) the
sentence; 3) the judge’s signature; and 4) the time stamp indicating the entry upon the
journal by the clerk. State v. Lester, 130 Ohio St.3d 303, 2011-Ohio-5204, 958 N.E.2d
142, paragraph one of the syllabus. The Supreme Court of Ohio has also determined
that when a criminal case against a defendant initially consists of more than one charge,
it is not necessary that the judgment of conviction includes the dispositions of charges
that were terminated and do not form the basis of the conviction. See, State ex rel.
Rose v. McGinty, 128 Ohio St.3d 371, 2011-Ohio-761, 944 N.E.2d 672, at ¶ 3.
However, unless the charges that are not the basis of the conviction have been properly
terminated by a journal entry, they remain technically unresolved. This “hanging
charge” prevents the conviction from being a final order under R.C. 2505.02(B) because
it does not determine the action, i.e. resolve the case. See, generally, Painter and
Pollis, Ohio Appellate Practice (2011-2012 Ed.), §2.9. And because a court speaks
through its journal entry and not its oral pronouncements, see Reynolds v. Nibert, 4th
Dist. No. 01CA2771, 2002-Ohio-6133, at ¶ 13, the trial court’s equivocal statement of “it
appears that the disorderly conduct as a minor misdemeanor will be dismissed” cannot Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 4
be viewed as disposing of that charge in a manner that complies with R.C. 2505.02 and
Crim.R. 32(C). As the disorderly conduct charge technically remains pending, there is
no final appealable order of conviction in Mr. Marcum’s case. Had a separate journal
entry indicated that the prosecution had actually dismissed Mr. Marcum’s charge of
disorderly conduct, the sentencing entry in his case would be a final appealable order.
See State v. Smead, Summit App. No. 24903, 2010-Ohio-4462, at ¶ 10. However, as
the record now stands, we lack jurisdiction to address his appeal and we must dismiss
it.
{¶7} Conversely, the sentencing entry from which Ms. Marcum appeals does
note that in addition to being convicted of obstructing official business and misuse of
911, the prosecution dismissed her charge of disorderly conduct. Therefore, all the
charges brought against her were properly terminated and it is a final appealable order.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
{¶8} Trial courts have broad discretion in imposing community control
sanctions. State v. Talty, 103 Ohio St.3d 177, 2004-Ohio-4888, 814 N.E.2d 1201, at ¶
10. R.C. 2929.27 governs the authority of the trial court to impose conditions of
community control in misdemeanor cases. R.C. 2929.27(C) provides that when
sentencing a defendant for a misdemeanor, other than a minor misdemeanor, the trial
court “may impose any other sanction that is intended to discourage the offender or
other persons from committing a similar offense if the sanction is reasonably related to
the overriding purposes and principles of misdemeanor sentencing.” We therefore
review the trial court’s imposition of community control sanctions under an abuse of Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 5
discretion standard. Id. at ¶ 10. “Nevertheless, a trial court’s discretion in imposing
probationary conditions is not limitless.” Id. at ¶ 11.
V. ANALYSIS
{¶9} In State v. Jones (1990), 49 Ohio St.3d 51, 550 N.E.2d 469, the Supreme
Court set forth a three-part test by which courts determine whether a trial court has
abused its discretion when presented with a nonconstitutional challenge to the
conditions of community control. 1 See also Talty, supra, at ¶ 12.
{¶10} “Jones stands for the proposition that probation conditions must be
reasonably related to the statutory ends of probation and must not be overbroad.” Id. at
¶ 16. The three probationary goals are “rehabilitation, administering justice, and
ensuring good behavior.” Id. As a result, courts must “consider whether the condition
(1) is reasonably related to rehabilitating the offender, (2) has some relationship to the
crime of which the offender was convicted, and (3) relates to conduct which is criminal
or reasonably related to future criminality and serves the statutory ends of probation.”
Jones, supra, 49 Ohio St.3d at 53, 550 N.E.2d 469. Recognizing that “no meaningful
distinction between community control and probation,” the court also adopted this three-
part test for reviewing the reasonableness of community control conditions. State v.
Talty, supra, at ¶ 16.
{¶11} Generally, where a no contact order between spouses has been upheld as
a condition of community control, the martial relationship was abusive and the
defendant was convicted of domestic violence, which is distinguishable from the present
case. See City of Garfield Heights v. Tvergyak, Cuyahoga App. No. 84825, 2005-Ohio-
1 Although the wording of the assignments of error appears to raise a constitutional challenge, the argument sections focus upon a nonconstitutional analysis. We do likewise. Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 6
2445; State v. Brillhart (1998), 129 Ohio App.3d 180, 717 N.E.2d 413; State v. Conkle
(1998), 129 Ohio App.3d 177, 717 N.E.2d 411. See also State v. Harford (Mar. 6,
2001), Richland App. No. 00CA89; City of University Heights v. Roders (Aug. 19, 1999),
Cuyahoga App. No. 76252.
{¶12} In this case, Ms. Marcum was convicted of misuse of 911 and obstructing
official business. She contends that the condition of community control ordering her to
have no contact with her husband is invalid because it does not meet the three-part
Jones test and thus is not reasonably related to the statutory goals of community
control. The state concedes that current precedent does not support the imposition of a
no contact order between Ms. Marcum and her husband as a condition of her
community control. We agree.
{¶13} First, the condition is not reasonably related to rehabilitating Ms. Marcum
because it does nothing to ensure that she only uses 911 for legitimate purposes or
does not obstruct official business. The record shows that on September 19, 2010, the
Hocking County 911 system received three separate phone calls from the same
address. These all started at 12:12 a.m. and ended at 8:25 a.m. with the sheriff’s office
responding to two of the calls. According to the deputy’s statement of facts, the first call
was apparently placed by a child. In the second call Ms. Marcum described some
arguing. And in the third call Ms. Marcum said she was not sure what was going on, but
it amounted to nothing.
{¶14} At sentencing, Ms. Marcum admitted that the incident started because of
“the lie that [Mr. Marcum] said he took a bunch of pills and so then I actually worked in a
nursing home for twenty-three years so I called the sheriff. Then I found them in his Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 7
pocket * * *.” The trial court responded, “well, he sounds like he’s an extremely
disagreeable person and lies to you all the time so I have no idea why you would want
to have any contact with him so I’m just simply going to order you to stay away from
him.” Accordingly, it does not appear that the trial court imposed the no contact order to
rehabilitate Ms. Marcum and thus it does not meet the first prong of the Jones test.
{¶15} The no contact order does, however meet the second prong of the Jones
test because it bears a relationship to the crimes for which Ms. Marcum was convicted.
Because Ms. Marcum stated she called 911 due to her husband’s conduct, the no
contact order with her husband relates to her convictions.
{¶16} Finally, contact with her husband is not related to conduct that is criminal
or reasonably related to future criminality. The record in this case does not show that
there is a pattern of conduct between Mr. and Ms. Marcum that has led to criminal
activity. Although the parties may have a history of domestic problems that the trial
court was aware of, there is nothing in our record to establish that pattern. In the
absence of this evidence, we fail to see how prohibiting contact with her husband is
reasonably related to preventing future criminal behavior by Ms. Marcum. Because the
no contact order with her husband prohibits conduct that is not reasonably related to the
risk of future criminality or to conduct that is by itself criminal, the community control
condition also fails to meet the third prong of the Jones test.
{¶17} Consequently, we sustain Ms. Marcum’s sole assignment of error. The
trial court abused its discretion when it imposed a no contact order with her husband as
a condition of her community control. Therefore, we reverse the judgment of the Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 8
Hocking County Municipal Court in our case No. 11CA8, and remand it for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
JUDGMENT REVERSED AND REMANDED.
{¶18} We also dismiss case No. 11CA10, Mr. Marcum’s appeal, for lack of a
final appealable order.
APPEAL DISMISSED. Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 9
Kline, J., dissenting as to 11CA10.
{¶19} I respectfully dissent as to James Marcum’s appeal. Here, I believe that a
sentencing entry is final and appealable “[s]o long as the record reveals that all of a
defendant’s counts have been resolved[.]” State v. McClanahan, 9th Dist. No. 25284,
2010-Ohio-5825, ¶ 7. And after reviewing the record, I would find that the trial court
dismissed the disorderly-conduct charge against James Marcum. Therefore, I would
find that James Marcum’s sentencing entry is a final appealable order, and I would
review his appeal.
{¶20} Furthermore, I respectfully disagree with the following proposition of law:
“[U]nless the charges that are not the basis of the conviction have been properly
terminated by a journal entry, they remain technically unresolved.” I cannot agree
because, in many circumstances, dismissed or acquitted charges can be resolved even
though they have not been terminated by a journal entry. For example, I believe that
dismissed or acquitted charges can be resolved by (1) a valid not-guilty verdict form, (2)
the oral grant of a Crim.R. 29 motion, (3) the state agreeing, on the record, to dismiss a
charge with prejudice, or (4) other evidence within the record.
{¶21} Accordingly, I respectfully dissent as to James Marcum’s appeal. I concur
in judgment and opinion as to Patricia Marcum’s appeal. Hocking App. Nos. 11CA8 and 11CA10 10
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS REVERSED AND REMANDED in Case No. 11CA8 and that Appellee shall pay the costs. It is ordered that the APPEAL IS DISMISSED in Case No. 11CA10 and Appellant shall pay the costs.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Hocking County Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution.
IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. Exceptions.
McFarland, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion. Kline, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion as to Case No. 11CA8; Dissents with Opinion as to Case No. 11CA10.
For the Court
BY: ________________________ William H. Harsha, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.