State v. Mallory

2021 Ohio 1542

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: May 3, 2021
• Docket: 2020-T-0070
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as State v. Mallory, 2021-Ohio-1542.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION

Plaintiff-Appellee, : CASE NO. 2020-T-0070 - vs - :

ANTONIO DARNELL MALLORY, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

Criminal Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas. Case No. 2019 CR 00062.

Judgment: Affirmed.

Dennis Watkins, Trumbull County Prosecutor; Ashleigh Musick and Ryan J. Sanders, Assistant Prosecutors, Administration Building, Fourth Floor, 160 High Street, N.W., Warren, OH 44481-1092 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Richard E. Hackerd, 3539 West Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio 44111 (For Defendant- Appellant).

MARY JANE TRAPP, P.J.

{¶1} Appellant, Antonio Darnell Mallory (“Mr. Mallory”), appeals from the

judgment of conviction in the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas following his guilty

pleas to aggravated robbery, robbery, and aggravated burglary.

{¶2} Mr. Mallory presents two assignments of error, contending that (1) the trial

court erred by failing to inform him during the plea colloquy of his constitutional right to

trial by the judge or a jury, and (2) he was provided ineffective assistance of counsel. {¶3} After a careful review of the record and pertinent law, we find as follows:

{¶4} (1) The trial court complied with Crim.R.11(C)(2)(c). Although the trial court

informed Mr. Mallory that he had the right to “a trial” rather than “a jury trial,” the trial court

expressly informed Mr. Mallory that the state would have to prove the elements of each

of the three offenses to which he pleaded guilty “by proof beyond a reasonable doubt to

the unanimous satisfaction of a jury.”

{¶5} (2) By pleading guilty, Mr. Mallory waived a claim for ineffective assistance

of counsel other than a claim that his guilty pleas were involuntary as a result of defense

counsel’s errors, which he has not asserted. Even if the claim were not waived, Mr.

Mallory has not established deficient performance or resulting prejudice.

{¶6} Thus, we affirm the judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common

Pleas.

Substantive and Procedural History

{¶7} In April 2019, the Trumbull County Grand Jury indicted Mr. Mallory on the

following five counts: two counts of aggravated robbery, first-degree felonies, in violation

of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) and (C) (counts 1 and 3); two counts of robbery, second-degree

felonies, in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2) and (B) (counts 2 and 4); and aggravated

burglary, a first-degree felony, in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1) and (B) (count 5). Mr.

Mallory was appointed counsel and pleaded not guilty to the charges.

{¶8} The record indicates that the trial court held several pretrial conferences in

this matter. At the first pretrial, which was held immediately following Mr. Mallory’s

arraignment, Mr. Mallory was represented by the public defender. Defense counsel

informed the trial court that there was “DNA evidence which I believe is a large part of the

2 prosecution’s case” and indicated Mr. Mallory was prepared to waive his speedy trial

rights “for a reasonable period to allow preparation.” The trial court inquired if the defense

had retained its own expert, to which defense counsel responded, “Not yet. I just got the

discovery but there is a significant DNA so I’ll need to get --. * * * I need to see his printouts

and reports and see how solid the alleged CODIS hit is and match.” The state indicated

that it would provide defense counsel with the requested material.

{¶9} At the second pretrial, the state indicated that it had provided the DNA

material to defense counsel as well as a proposed plea agreement to resolve the case.

Defense counsel indicated that he had not had an opportunity to discuss the plea

agreement with Mr. Mallory.

{¶10} At the third pretrial, the trial court granted Mr. Mallory’s request for a

continuance to hire private counsel and subsequently permitted the public defender to

withdraw.

{¶11} At the fourth and fifth pretrials, Mr. Mallory had not obtained private counsel.

The trial court granted his request to appoint counsel, who was present in the courtroom.

The state indicated that Mr. Mallory’s new counsel should be able to obtain the discovery,

including DNA analysis, as well as the proposed plea agreement it had provided to the

public defender. The trial court granted a continuance to allow Mr. Mallory’s new counsel

to prepare for trial.

{¶12} In November 2019, Mr. Mallory withdrew his former pleas of not guilty and

entered written and oral pleas of guilty to count 1 (aggravated robbery), count 4 (robbery),

and count 5 (aggravated burglary). The parties jointly recommended sentences of five

years in prison on each count to run concurrent to each other and concurrent to the prison

3 sentence imposed in an unrelated case. The state agreed to dismiss count 2 (robbery)

and count 3 (aggravated robbery) at sentencing.

{¶13} The trial court held a plea hearing and engaged in a colloquy with Mr.

Mallory pursuant to Crim.R. 11. Relevant here, the trial court notified Mr. Mallory as

follows:

{¶14} “THE COURT: You have the right to go forward with a trial and have the

State of Ohio prove its case by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Do you understand

that?

{¶15} “[MR. MALLORY]: Yes, sir.”

{¶16} In explaining the elements for each of the three offenses to which he was

pleading guilty, the trial court informed Mr. Mallory that the state “would have to prove the

following elements by proof beyond a reasonable doubt to the unanimous satisfaction of

a jury.” Each time, Mr. Mallory indicated that he understood.

{¶17} Following the colloquy, Mr. Mallory entered oral pleas of guilty to counts 1,

4, and 5. As the factual basis, the state indicated as follows:

{¶18} “On or around the 22nd day of May, 2016, at 357 West Park Avenue, in the

City of Niles, Trumbull County, Ohio, this Defendant along with another unidentified

Defendant entered into the residence belonging to Michael Crain and Natalie Rittman,

which was located at 357 West Park in the City of Niles. They struck the victim, Mr. Crain,

taking money – or taking various items from him. They also threatened to assault the

female victim in this case. They then fled the residence after taking those items from the

various victims.”

4 {¶19} The trial court found that Mr. Mallory knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily

waived his constitutional rights and understood the penalties involved. The court

accepted Mr. Mallory’s guilty pleas and found him guilty.

{¶20} Mr. Mallory waived a presentence investigation, and the matter proceeded

immediately to sentencing. The trial court imposed sentences in accordance with the

parties’ joint recommendation, i.e., five years in prison on each count to run concurrent to

each other and concurrent to the prison sentence imposed in an unrelated case. It

subsequently issued a judgment entry memorializing Mr. Mallory’s guilty pleas and

sentences.

{¶21} Mr. Mallory filed a notice of appeal, which this court dismissed as untimely

in State v. Mallory, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2019-T-0090, 2020-Ohio-441. Mr. Mallory

filed a motion for a delayed appeal, which this court granted.

{¶22} Mr. Mallory now presents the following two assignments of error for our

review:

{¶23} “[1.] Defendant’s Counsel was Ineffective.

{¶24} “[2.] The Trial Court committed reversible error when it failed to inform the

Defendant of his constitutionally mandated right to trial by judge or to a jury under the

Federal and State Constitution.”

{¶25} We review Mr. Mallory’s assignments of error in reverse order.

Guilty Pleas

{¶26} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Mallory contends that the trial court

erred during the plea colloquy by failing to specifically inform him that he was waiving his

right to a trial by jury or the court.

5 {¶27} This court reviews de novo whether the trial court accepted a plea in

compliance with Crim.R. 11. State v. Shepard, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2019-A-0024,

2019-Ohio-3995, ¶ 39.

{¶28} “When a defendant enters a plea in a criminal case, the plea must be made

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Failure on any of those points renders

enforcement of the plea unconstitutional under both the United States Constitution and

the Ohio Constitution.” State v. Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527, 660 N.E.2d 450 (1996).

{¶29} Crim.R. 11 was adopted to give detailed instructions to trial courts on the

procedures to follow before accepting pleas of guilty or no contest. State v. Barker, 129

Ohio St.3d 472, 953 N.E.2d 826, 2011-Ohio-4130, ¶ 9. Relevant here is Crim.R.

11(C)(2)(c), which provides, in part, as follows:

{¶30} “In felony cases the court * * * shall not accept a plea of guilty * * * without

first addressing the defendant personally and * * * [i]nforming the defendant and

determining that the defendant understands that by the plea the defendant is waiving the

rights to jury trial, to confront witnesses against him or her, to have compulsory process

for obtaining witnesses in the defendant’s favor, and to require the state to prove the

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt at a trial at which the defendant cannot be

compelled to testify against himself or herself.” (Emphasis added.)

{¶31} The preferred method of informing a criminal defendant of his or her

constitutional rights during the plea colloquy is to use the language contained in Crim.R.

11(C). Barker at ¶ 14. However, “[f]ailure to use the exact language contained in Crim.R.

11(C), in informing a criminal defendant of his constitutional right to a trial and the

constitutional rights related to such trial, including the right to trial by jury, is not grounds

6 for vacating a plea as long as the record shows that the trial court explained these rights

in a manner reasonably intelligible to that defendant.” State v. Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d 473,

423 N.E.2d 115 (1981), paragraph two of the syllabus. In other words, “‘[m]atters of

reality, and not mere ritual, should be controlling.’” Id. at 480, quoting McCarthy v. United

States, 394 U.S. 459, 468, 89 S.Ct.1166, 22 L.Ed.2d 418 (1969), fn. 20. A Crim.R. 11(C)

colloquy “may be looked to in the totality of the matter.” Id. at 481.

{¶32} As indicated, Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) requires the trial court to inform the

defendant that he or she is waiving the rights to a “jury trial” and to require the state to

prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt “at a trial.” It does not require the

trial court to inform a defendant of a right to a bench trial. See State v. Kittelson, 2016-

Ohio-8430, 78 N.E.3d 355, ¶ 30 (11th Dist.) (“Contrary to [appellant’s] position, he was

advised of his right to a bench trial, despite the fact that the trial court is under no

obligation to advise him of that right”).

{¶33} Although the trial court informed Mr. Mallory that he had the right to “a trial”

rather than “a jury trial,” the trial court expressly explained that a jury would be the arbiter

of his guilt if he exercised his right to a trial. Specifically, in explaining the elements for

each offense to which he was pleading guilty, the trial court informed Mr. Mallory that the

state “would have to prove the following elements by proof beyond a reasonable doubt to

the unanimous satisfaction of a jury.” This court has found compliance with Crim.R.

11(C)(2)(c) in identical circumstances. See State v. Myers, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2020-

T-0006, 2021-Ohio-475, ¶ 37-41; State v. Perkins, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2018-T-0012,

2018-Ohio-5335, ¶ 15-18; State v. Young, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2009-T-0130, 2011-

Ohio-4018, ¶ 39-42.

7 {¶34} As this court explained in State v. Ralston, 2018-Ohio-4946, 126 N.E.3d

234 (11th Dist.), “[i]n order to satisfy constitutional due process, there must be some

actual indication the trial court orally mentioned a jury would be involved were the matter

tried. This does not necessarily mean the reference to a jury must overtly advise a

defendant she has a right to a jury trial which she would be waiving by pleading guilty;

nevertheless, the reference or statement must meaningfully inform a defendant of the

right in a reasonably intelligible fashion.” Id. at ¶ 9. “[W]hen a court advises a defendant

that the state will have to prove all elements of the charge(s) to the unanimous satisfaction

of a jury, it necessarily follows that the defendant would be entitled to a jury trial if he or

she elected to so proceed.” Id.

{¶35} Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court’s failure to provide a rote

recitation of Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c) did not invalidate Mr. Mallory’s guilty pleas. The totality

of the record demonstrates that the trial court explained Mr. Mallory’s right to a jury trial

in a manner reasonably intelligible to him.

{¶36} Mr. Mallory’s second assignment of error is without merit.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

{¶37} In his first assignment of error, Mr. Mallory contends that his counsel

provided ineffective assistance by failing to retain a DNA expert even though counsel had

obtained a continuance for that purpose.

{¶38} “To obtain a reversal of a conviction on the basis of ineffective assistance

of counsel, the defendant must prove (1) that counsel’s performance fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) that counsel’s deficient performance

prejudiced the defendant resulting in an unreliable or fundamentally unfair outcome of the

8 proceeding.” State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 388-389, 721 N.E.2d 52 (2000); see

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).

{¶39} According to the Supreme Court of the United States, “a guilty plea

represents a break in the chain of events which has preceded it in the criminal process.

When a criminal defendant has solemnly admitted in open court that he is in fact guilty of

the offense with which he is charged, he may not thereafter raise independent claims

relating to the deprivation of constitutional rights that occurred prior to the entry of the

guilty plea. He may only attack the voluntary and intelligent character of the guilty plea

by showing that the advice he received from counsel was not within the standards set

forth in McMann [v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763 (1970)].”

Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267, 93 S.Ct. 1602, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1973); see State

v. Spates, 64 Ohio St.3d 269, 271-273, 595 N.E.2d 351 (1992) (applying this holding).

{¶40} Thus, this court has held that “[a] plea of guilty waives the right to appeal

issues of counsel’s purported ineffectiveness, unless the alleged ineffective assistance

caused the guilty plea to be involuntary.” State v. Muhammad, 11th Dist. Geauga No.

2014-G-3182, 2014-Ohio-5771, ¶ 41.

{¶41} In the present case, Mr. Mallory has not contended that his guilty pleas were

involuntary as a result of defense counsel’s failure to retain a DNA expert. Rather, as set

forth above, he argues that the trial court failed to comply with a portion of Crim.R.

11(C)(2)(c) during the plea colloquy. Therefore, Mr. Mallory has waived a claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel.

{¶42} Even if the claim were not waived, it would lack merit. Counsel’s failure to

retain an expert does not necessarily constitute deficient performance. In State v.

9 Nicholas, 66 Ohio St.3d 431, 613 N.E.2d 225 (1993), the Supreme Court of Ohio held

that “the failure to call an expert and instead rely on cross-examination does not constitute

ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id. at 436.

{¶43} Further, Mr. Mallory has not established resulting prejudice. During the first

pretrial, Mr. Mallory’s prior counsel mentioned the possibility of retaining a DNA expert

depending on his receipt and review of the DNA data. There is no indication in the record

that defense counsel subsequently found the state’s DNA evidence to be lacking or that

the results of further DNA analysis would have been favorable to the defense. See State

v. Foust, 105 Ohio St.3d 137, 2004-Ohio-7006, 823 N.E.2d 836, ¶ 97 (ineffective

assistance of counsel not established where “the results of defense DNA testing might

not have turned out to be favorable to the defense”).

{¶44} Mr. Mallory’s first assignment of error is without merit.

{¶45} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Trumbull County Court of

Common Pleas is affirmed.

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J.,

MATT LYNCH, J.,

concur.