COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
§ THE STATE OF TEXAS, No. 08-13-00279-CR § Appellant, Appeal from the § v. 409th Judicial District Court § LUIS RAMOS, of El Paso County, Texas § Appellee. (TC# 20110D01868) §
OPINION
The State of Texas seeks reversal of the trial court’s order granting a new trial to Luis
Ramos, who was acquitted of murder but convicted of aggravated assault arising out of a
stabbing incident. Ramos’ only defense at trial was self-defense. In one issue, the State
contends that rendition of these apparently inconsistent verdicts is not proof that the jury
believed Ramos’ self-defense claim, and that verdict inconsistency does not justify acquittal or a
new trial grant on the aggravated assault charge when the evidence underpinning that charge was
legally sufficient. We agree, and reverse and reinstate Ramos’ conviction.
BACKGROUND
Factual History
On November 20, 2009, Ramos, his wife Jessica, their children, and Ramos’ friend Manny Rodriguez attended a party hosted by Jessica’s friend Fernanda Anguiano at her home on
5012 Sagittarius Avenue in Northeast El Paso. Anguiano’s then-boyfriend Samuel Reynosa was
also present at the house with his cousin Angel Garcia and his brothers Jose “Tudie” Reynosa
and Adrian Reynosa.
Samuel Reynosa testified that about fifteen people showed up to the party. He admitted
to smoking marijuana and drinking alcohol with others at the get-together. About an hour after
the Ramos’ arrival, Samuel and Anguiano began asking people to leave because Fernanda had
been drinking and felt bad. Samuel then left to pick up items at a nearby 7-11. He testified that
as he entered the house while Ramos was leaving, he told Ramos to watch out. Ramos accused
Samuel of trying to “punk him.” Ramos’ friend Manuel Rodriguez testified that Samuel had
pushed Ramos as he passed and swore at him, and that Ramos sarcastically replied “excuse me.”
Rodriguez further testified that exchange prompted expletive responses from Samuel and Adrian,
with Adrian throwing a punch at Rodriguez. Adrian Reynosa testified that Manny Rodriguez
threw the first punch after the argument started, striking him in the jaw. This exchange between
Adrian Reynosa and Manny Rodriguez set off a fistfight with the Reynosa brothers and Garcia
on one side and Ramos and Rodriguez on the other. Garcia and Adrian Reynosa fought Manny
Rodriguez, and Samuel and Jose Reynosa fought Ramos. During this fight, no one used any
weapons.
The fight briefly died down, but within a short period of time, a second fight broke out in
the street outside the yard. The evidence is disputed as to who started the second fight. Samuel
Reynosa testified that Ramos started the fight by punching him above the left eye as Samuel tried
to shepherd everyone back toward the house. Ramos’ wife Jessica testified that one of the
Reynosas started the second fight by hitting Rodriguez.
2 The evidence is also disputed as to whether Ramos was the only person carrying a knife
or a weapon. Jessica Ramos maintained at trial that she saw Samuel Reynosa swinging a knife at
her husband during the fight. Samuel Reynosa testified that he did not grab a steak knife until
after the fight had finished, and that all he did with it was throw it at Ramos’ truck as he fled
after the fight. Manuel Rodriguez testified that Angel Garcia also had a kitchen knife as he
moved toward Ramos. Adrian Reynosa admitted that he was carrying a blue Azteca vodka bottle
when he came back from the store and the first fight started, but denied using it as a weapon. He
also testified he only threw another bottle with a yellow cap at Ramos’ truck. Rodriguez stated
that Adrian Reynosa used a bottle to hit Ramos during the second fight. Samuel Reynosa
initially testified that it was Rodriguez who broke a bottle and used it as a weapon, but admitted
on cross-examination that he had not seen either Ramos or Rodriguez use a bottle as a weapon.
Adrian Reynosa testified that as the second fight got underway, three men pushed Ramos
away from his truck and his family and into the intersection. Adrian attacked Ramos when he
saw Ramos moving behind the truck toward Garcia. Ramos struck Adrian, who fell. Eventually,
Ramos and Garcia were the only two combatants left fighting in the street.
Samuel Reynosa testified that as Ramos and Garcia fought, Ramos swung an object in his
hand twice at Garcia. Garcia then ran toward Samuel, bleeding from his neck and saying that he
had been stabbed. Adrian and Jose Reynosa confirmed that they saw Garcia had been stabbed
after fighting one-on-one with Ramos. Jessica Ramos testified that as soon as the fight ended,
her husband ran in the house to get their child, buckled her into her seat in the truck, and they all
returned back to their apartment. Police later found the knife used in the stabbing at Ramos’
apartment.
Garcia died of a transectional cut across the trachea. El Paso County Chief Medical
3 Examiner Dr. Juan Contin testified that a toxicology screening showed a .145 blood-alcohol
concentration and marijuana metabolites in Garcia’s blood, with another screening done at
William Beaumont Army Medical Center showing a blood-alcohol concentration of .21.
Procedural History
The State indicted Ramos on one count of murder. Ramos requested and received jury
instructions on the law of self-defense, defense of third parties, and duty to retreat. Before the
trial court submitted the case to the jury, the State also received, over objection, a lesser-included
offense instruction on aggravated assault by threat.
The jury returned verdicts of not guilty on the murder count, but guilty on the aggravated
assault count, assessing punishment at 15 years’ in prison. Ramos moved for a new trial and to
arrest the verdict. See TEX.R.APP.P. 22.1. The trial court initially denied Ramos’ request for a
new trial. However, it later reconsidered its ruling sua sponte, granting Ramos’ new trial request
and entering a judgment of acquittal.1 The State appealed.
DISCUSSION
The State maintains that the trial court abused its discretion in granting a new trial when
it had no legal justification for doing so. Ramos counters that the trial court could have granted a
new trial when the jury returned inconsistent verdicts that showed it believed his self-defense
argument, but erroneously convicted him of aggravated assault anyway. Ramos also asserts that
we can uphold the trial court’s new trial grant on the basis that the lower court erred in
submitting a State-requested lesser-included offense instruction. We find no serious flaws that
1 The trial court sentenced Ramos on June 28, 2013. It initially denied Ramos’ motion for new trial on September 9, 2013, before rescinding its prior decision and ordering a new trial on September 11, 2013. Trial courts possess the plenary power to “rescind a prior order granting or denying a new trial for up to seventy-five days after sentencing.” State v. Barron, No. 08-12-00245-CR, 2014 WL 505497, at *2 (Tex.App.--El Paso Feb. 7, 2014, pet. ref’d)(not designated for publication). Here, the trial court’s plenary power expired on September 12, 2013—the seventy-sixth day after sentencing.
4 would justify the new trial grant.
Standard of Review
We review the trial court’s new trial ruling for abuse of discretion. State v. Herndon, 215
S.W.3d 901, 906 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). A trial judge “cannot grant a new trial on mere
sympathy, an inarticulate hunch, or simply because he personally believes that the defendant is
innocent or received a raw deal.” Id. at 907 [Internal quotation marks omitted]. Instead, even
where a defendant urges a new trial on interest of justice grounds, “[a] motion for a new trial,
whether for guilt or punishment, requires a valid legal claim.” State v. Thomas, 428 S.W.3d 99,
107 (Tex.Crim.App. 2014). “To grant a new trial for a non-legal or legally invalid reason is an
abuse of discretion.” Herndon, 215 S.W.3d at 907.
The trial court must grant the defendant a new trial for any of the reasons articulated in
TEX.R.APP.P. 21.3, including “when the verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence.”
TEX.R.APP.P. 21.3(h). “The trial court retains the discretionary power to grant a new trial for
any legal reason not listed in TEX.R.APP.P. 21.3.” State v. Vigil, No. 08-13-00273-CR, 2015 WL
2353507, at *3 (Tex.App.--El Paso May 15, 2015, no pet. h.)(not designated for publication).
While “[t]he defendant need not establish reversible error as a matter of law before the trial court
may exercise its discretion in granting a motion for new trial[,] . . . trial courts do not have the
discretion to grant a new trial unless the defendant demonstrates that his first trial was seriously
flawed and that the flaws adversely affected his substantial rights to a fair trial.” Herndon, 215
S.W.3d at 909. The Court of Criminal Appeals has declined to set bright-line rules for the
appellate courts to use in assessing the trial court’s exercise of discretion on a ground not
enumerated in TEX.R.APP.P. 21.3, but the Court has suggested that “a trial court would not
generally abuse its discretion in granting a motion for new trial if the defendant: (1) articulated a
5 valid legal claim in his motion for new trial; (2) produced evidence or pointed to evidence in the
trial record that substantiated his legal claim; and (3) showed prejudice to his substantial rights
under the standards in Rule 44.2 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.” Herndon, 215
S.W.3d at 909.
Analysis
Ramos’ defense of the new trial grant on appeal rests heavily on Alonzo v. State, 353
S.W.3d 778 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011). Ramos argues that Alonzo stands for the proposition that
when a defendant pleads self-defense and the jury believes his self-defense claim, it cannot
acquit the defendant of murder but still convict him of aggravated assault. As such, the trial
court was justified in ordering a new trial here in light of inconsistent verdicts that indicated the
jury believed his self-defense argument.
In Alonzo, the defendant was charged with murder arising out of a stabbing incident in a
prison. The defendant claimed self-defense, and the jury charge included instructions on the
lesser-included offenses of manslaughter and aggravated assault. Id. at 779-80. During
deliberations, the jury, by note, asked the trial court two questions: (1) “If we find ‘not guilty’ of
count 1 murder by reason of self-defense does that preclude us from considering the 2 lesser
offenses in count 1?;” and (2) “Can self-defense be applied to all 3 offenses in count 1? i.e. can
‘self-defense’ be used as a reason for finding ‘not guilty’ to the 2 lesser included offenses in
count 1?” Id. at 780. In response, the trial court stated that if the jury believed self-defense as to
the murder charge, they could still consider convicting on the lesser-included offenses of
manslaughter and aggravated assault. Specifically, the trial court responded: “In response to
your question: Self–Defense does apply to Murder. Self–Defense does not apply to
Manslaughter. Self–Defense does not apply to Aggravated Assault if the jury finds the
6 defendant committed Aggravated Assault recklessly.” Alonzo, 353 S.W.3d 780. [Emphasis in
original]. The jury convicted the defendant on manslaughter, but acquitted on murder. The
Corpus Christi Court of Appeals affirmed his conviction. Id.
On discretionary review, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that the trial court should
have instructed that jury that if it believed the defendant’s self-defense claim, it should acquit
him on the lesser-included offense as well, since the defendant presented a justification defense
that was applicable to offenses generally, and not merely those requiring a knowing or
intentional mens rea. Id. at 783.
Ramos correctly states the legal precept handed down in Alonzo: if the jury believes the
defendant’s self-defense argument, then his actions were justified as to both murder and
aggravated assault. However, the issue here is whether Ramos’ acquittal for murder indicated
that the jury made an implicit finding he acted in self-defense. Ramos maintains that such a
conclusion is inescapable under these facts, since his entire defense rested on admitting to the
charged conduct, but arguing his actions were justified. See Stoltz v. State, No. 08-10-00048-CR,
2011 WL 3199337, at *4 (Tex.App.--El Paso July 27, 2011, pet. ref’d)(not designated for
publication); Meadows v. State, No. 08-05-00394-CR, 2007 WL 1651324, at *10 (Tex.App.--El
Paso June 7, 2007, no pet.)(not designated for publication)(cases stating that self-defense is a
justification defense predicated on a tacit admission to otherwise criminal conduct). As such, the
only logical way for the jury to acquit him for murder would be to find he acted in self-defense,
and that self-defense finding should have collaterally estopped an inconsistent conviction on the
lesser-included offense of aggravated assault per Alonzo.
The State points us to a contravening line of federal authority holding that appellate
courts should not read implicit special findings into conflicting, logically irreconcilable general
7 verdicts in criminal trials and then use those implicit findings to issue-preclude acquittals on
other counts. In those cases, the Supreme Court acknowledged that even where inconsistencies
in a verdict suggested the jury made a mistake or engaged in “compromise,” appellate courts
should not overturn the jury’s decision based on speculation over what the jury’s general verdict
truly meant. United States v. Agofsky, 516 F.3d 280, 283-84 (5th Cir. 2008)(summarizing history
of U.S. Supreme Court cases Dunn v. United States2 and United States v. Powell3 dealing with
inconsistent verdicts). Instead, the appellate court should review each charge individually for
legal sufficiency and affirm if the evidence supporting the charge is sufficient. Id. The rationale
articulated for this rule is that it is impossible to speculate on whether the windfall from an
inconsistent verdict helped the government or the defendant; while the jury may have thought the
prosecution overreached but convicted because they thought the defendant was guilty of
something, it could also be that the jury exercised lenity and the prosecution is precluded from
seeking review of an erroneous acquittal. Powell, 468 U.S. at 65, 105 S.Ct. at 477. Inability to
determine what happened in the jury room from the face of a general verdict, coupled with
evidentiary rules prohibiting inquiry into the jury’s thought processes, make consistent review of
inconsistent verdicts unworkable. Id. Consequently, an appellate court should limit itself to
reviewing the conviction standing alone under the ordinary legal sufficiency standard. Id. at 67,
105 S.Ct. at 478.
We note that this approach has met with resistance over the years in the federal courts of
appeals, see Agofsky, 516 F.3d at 283-84 (noting that Powell reaffirmed the Dunn rule because
courts of appeal tried to erode its application), and with criticism from the academy. See
generally Eric L. Muller, The Hobgoblin of Little Minds? Our Foolish Law of Inconsistent
2 284 U.S. 390, 391-92, 52 S.Ct. 189, 190, 76 L.Ed. 356 (1932) 3 469 U.S. 57, 69, 105 S.Ct. 471, 479, 83 L.Ed.2d. 461 (1984)
8 Verdicts, 111 HARV.L.REV. 771, 794-820 (1998)(criticizing the lenity, equity, and state inability
to appeal rationales underpinning Powell). We also note that the United States Supreme Court’s
holding in Powell was non-constitutional and rested on the high court’s “supervisory powers
over the federal criminal process,” meaning that Powell’s holding is not binding on the states.
See Powell, 469 U.S. at 65, 105 S.Ct. at 477. Although a large majority of states follow the
federal approach to this issue, a minority of states have read their state law as providing
defendants more protection against such inconsistent verdicts than that under federal criminal
process. See, e.g., Travis v. State, 98 A.3d 281, 303 (Md. 2014); People v. Muhammad, 959
N.E.2d 463, 467-68 (N.Y. 2011); State v. Halstead, 791 N.W.2d 805, 814 (Iowa 2010); Brown v.
State, 959 So.2d 218, 220-221 (Fla. 2007); DeSacia v. State, 469 P.2d 369, 375, 378 (Alaska
1970)(pre-Powell).
Neither side offers any authority from the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals on how
Texas courts should approach this issue, nor could we find any Court of Criminal Appeals cases
directly on point in our research. The Court of Criminal Appeals has cited Powell only one time
in passing in Zuniga v. State, 144 S.W.3d 477, 481 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004), overruled by Watson
v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). There, the State complained that “the Court of
Appeals should not have used any purported inconsistency in the jury’s verdicts as support for its
holding that the evidence of appellant’s guilt was factually insufficient.” Zuniga, 144 S.W.3d at
481. The Court of Criminal Appeals did not discuss Powell in depth and instead only reviewed
the trial evidence under the now-abrogated factual sufficiency standard. Id. at 485-87.
However, this Court previously followed the federal approach in Viera v. State, No. 08-
10-00332-CR, 2012 WL 4101904 (Tex.App.--El Paso Sept. 19, 2012, pet. ref’d)(not designated
for publication), cert. denied 134 S.Ct. 267, 187 L.Ed.2d 150 (2013). We did not expound upon
9 our rationale for following the federal approach in Viera, but absent further guidance from the
high court on this issue, we will follow our previous approach—and that of our sister courts—
and look to see only if there was sufficient evidence to support an aggravated assault conviction.
See Williams v. State, No. 03-11-00598-CR, 2013 WL 6921489, at *6 (Tex.App.--Austin
Dec. 31, 2013, pet. ref’d)(mem. op., not designated for publication), cert. denied 135 S.Ct. 103,
190 L.Ed.2d 83 (2014); Moore v. State, No. 04-12-00490-CR, 2013 WL 3148650, at *1
(Tex.App.--San Antonio June 19, 2013, pet. ref’d)(mem. op., not designated for publication);
Dulaney v. State, No. 10-08-00152-CR, 2010 WL 486742, *1 (Tex.App.--Waco Feb. 10, 2010,
pet. ref’d)(mem. op., not designated for publication); Green v. State, 233 S.W.3d 72, 84
(Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d); Ward v. State, 113 S.W.3d 518, 522-23
(Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d); Jackson v. State, 3 S.W.3d 58, 60-62
(Tex.App.--Dallas 1999, no pet.); Ward v. State, 938 S.W.2d 525, 528 (Tex.App.--Texarkana
1997, pet. ref’d); Ruiz v. State, 641 S.W.2d 364, 366 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1982, no pet.).
We acknowledge that this case is arguably distinguishable because unlike other
inconsistency cases, in which a jury viewing a shared set of facts could chose to convict for some
crimes and not others based on its lenity powers, this case involves an affirmative defense that
would justify all the crimes charged and not merely murder. That being said, we still cannot say
for certain whether the jury’s verdict actually rested on an implicit self-defense finding, even
under the unique circumstances presented. It would seem anomalous to us that a jury would
convict on one charge and not another when a defendant essentially admits to the conduct but
claims self-defense. Then again, it is possible the jury believed the State proved the elements of
aggravated assault by threat, but not murder. It is also conceivable that the jury could have
disbelieved Ramos’ self-defense claim and found that legally sufficient evidence underpinned
10 both the murder and aggravated assault charges, but then chose the nullify the murder conviction.
Powell suggests that such an act of lenity is a permissible jury function that should be insulated
from appellate review. See Powell, 469 U.S. at 58, 105 S.Ct. at 473 (noting that courts
recognized the jury’s traditional role as a check on executive power and stating that “[t]he fact
that the inconsistency may be the result of lenity, coupled with the Government’s inability to
invoke review, suggests that inconsistent verdicts should not be reviewable . . .”); Jackson, 3
S.W.3d 61 (noting that verdict inconsistency may be evidence fact finder is “exercising its desire
to be lenient, or executing its own brand of executive clemency”). Or it is possible that the jury
otherwise made some mistake or reached an illegal compromise. In any event, we cannot
definitively say what went through the jurors’ minds in reaching their decision, and even the
Texas Rules of Evidence largely prohibit inquiry into deliberations. See TEX.R.EVID. 606(b).
Jury error may have occurred, but even if it did, “it is unclear whose ox has been gored.”
Powell, 469 U.S. at 65, 105 S.Ct. at 477.
We are mindful of the jury’s role as voice of the community, and of our role in not
overturning the jury’s verdicts without just cause. Had the jury made a special finding that
Ramos acted in self-defense, we would likely have had to enter judgments of acquittal on all
included charges in the spectrum, per Alonzo, because the jury made a justification finding that
superseded any conclusions to the contrary. But see TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 37.07,
§ 1(a)(“The verdict in every criminal action must be general.”). However, because we are faced
with a general verdict, we cannot speculate and jump to conclusions about the jury’s decision-
making process, and are forced to look only at the guilty verdict’s legal sufficiency. Indeed, on
remand in Alonzo, the Corpus Christi Court of Appeals reversed the appellant’s conviction for
the jury charge error, but noted in its harm analysis that it could not determine whether the jury
11 believed Alonzo’s self-defense claim, or whether it convicted him on manslaughter because they
believed he did not possess the requisite intent for murder. See Alonzo v. State, No. 13-09-
00395-CR, 2012 WL 4758061, at *5-*6 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi Oct. 4, 2012, no pet.)(mem.
op. on remand, not designated for publication). Here, we find ourselves in the same
predicament.
In sum, the mere existence of inconsistent verdicts is not enough to raise the specter of
jury misconduct and justify the trial court’s exercise of discretionary power in granting a new
trial. Verdict inconsistency is also not enough to entitle Ramos to acquittal on the aggravated
assault charge simply because he pleaded self-defense. We must assess the legal sufficiency of
the aggravated assault conviction on its own merits. Because Ramos does not dispute that the
evidence underpinning that conviction was legally sufficient, and because in our independent
review we confirm legal sufficiency, the trial court’s new trial order could not have properly
rested on legal sufficiency or jury misconduct grounds.
Ramos alternatively argues that the trial court could have granted a new trial because it
erred in granting the State’s instruction on the lesser-included offense of aggravated assault. We
disagree. The trial court properly grants the State’s request for a lesser-included offense
instruction where proof of “the lesser-included offense [is] included within the proof necessary
to establish the offense charged[.]” Quintanilla v. State, No. 08-07-00220-CR, 2011 WL
809995, at *1 (Tex.App.--El Paso Mar. 9, 2011, no pet.)(not designated for publication).
Although in reviewing State-requested instructions such as this one, Texas appellate courts
previously had to also determine whether there was “some evidence in the record that would
permit a jury to rationally determine that if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser
offense[,]” the Court of Criminal Appeals abrogated this requirement. Id. Now, under Texas
12 jurisprudence, State requests for lesser-included offense instructions are analyzed under the same
framework as defense-requested instructions. Quintanilla, 2011 WL 809995, at *1.
Here, the proof necessary to establish aggravated assault was also necessary to prove
murder. Because of this overlap, the State could properly request and obtain the lesser-included
offense instruction. The trial court’s new trial grant could not rest on that ground.
CONCLUSION
The State has shown that the trial court lacked legal grounds for issuing its new trial
order. Issue One is sustained. We reverse the trial court’s order and reinstate Ramos’
conviction.
July 15, 2015 YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.
(Do Not Publish)