[65]*65GILLETTE, J.
At issue in this case is whether an accused’s failure to give statutorily mandated notice of his intention to offer evidence of the alleged victim’s past sexual behavior requires a trial court to refuse to allow the accused to present such evidence at trial and, if it does, whether such a requirement is constitutional. Under the specific facts presented here, we hold that such a failure does so require and that the requirement is constitutional.
Defendant was charged with rape in the first degree, ORS 163.375, sodomy in the first degree, ORS 163.405, and sexual abuse in the first degree, ORS 163.427, involving a child under the age of 12 years. Seven days before the scheduled trial date, defendant made a written motion to offer evidence of the alleged victim’s past sexual behavior under OEC 412(2).1 The state moved to strike defendant’s motion on the ground that it was not timely filed, relying on OEC 412(3), which requires the motion to be made “not later than 15 days” before the scheduled trial date. The trial court granted the state’s motion, concluding that, because defendant’s motion was untimely, the court was required to preclude evidence offered by defendant at trial of the alleged victim’s past sexual behavior. Defendant attempted to introduce the same evidence during cross-examination of the state’s witnesses, but the trial court precluded the cross-examination as an extension of its ruling that the evidence was inadmissible for failure to comply with the notice procedure of OEC 412. A jury convicted defendant of all three charges.
On appeal, defendant argued that OEC 412 does not apply to evidence elicited on cross-examination where the cross-examination is properly within the scope of the direct examination. Defendant also argued that preclusion of evidence as a mandatory sanction for failure to comply with the notice requirement of OEC 412 is unconstitutional under the Oregon and United States Constitutions. The Court of [66]*66Appeals affirmed without opinion. State v. Lajoie, 105 Or App 226, 804 P2d 1230 (1991).
We first consider defendant’s argument that OEC 412 does not apply to evidence elicited on cross-examination. See Priest v. Pearce, 314 Or 411, 414, 840 P2d 65 (1992) (“As is customary under our methodology, we begin with the pertinent sub-constitutional law.”).
OEC 412 provides:
“(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in a prosecution for a crime described in ORS 163.355 to 163.425, or in a prosecution for an attempt to commit such a crime, reputation or opinion evidence of the past sexual behavior of an alleged victim of such crime is not admissible.
“(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in a prosecution for a crime described in ORS 163.355 to 163.425, or in a prosecution for an attempt to commit such a crime, evidence of a victim’s past sexual behavior other than reputation or opinion evidence is also not admissible, unless such evidence other than reputation or opinion evidence is:
“(a) Admitted in accordance with paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (3) of this section; and
“(b) Is evidence that:
“(A) Relates to the motive or bias of the alleged victim; or
“(B) Is necessary to rebut or explain scientific or medical evidence offered by the state; or
“(C) Is otherwise constitutionally required to be admitted.
“(3)(a) If the person accused of committing rape, sodomy or sexual abuse or attempted rape, sodomy or sexual abuse intends to offer under subsection (2) of this section evidence of specific instances of the alleged victim’s past sexual behavior, the accused shall make a written motion to offer such evidence not later than 15 days before the date on which the trial in which such evidence is to be offered is scheduled to begin, except that the court may allow the motion to be made at a later date, including during trial, if the court determines either that the evidence is newly discovered and could not have been obtained earlier through the exercise of due diligence or that the issue to which such evidence relates has newly arisen in the case. Any motion [67]*67made under this paragraph shall be served on all other parties, and on the alleged victim through the office of the prosecutor.
“(b) The motion described in paragraph (a) of this subsection shall be accompanied by a written offer of proof. If the court determines that the offer of proof contains evidence described in subsection (2) of this section, the court shall order a hearing in chambers to determine if such evidence is admissible. At such hearing the parties may call witnesses, including the alleged victim, and offer relevant evidence. Notwithstanding ORS 40.030(2), if the relevancy of the evidence which the accused seeks to offer in the trial depends upon the fulfillment of a condition of fact, the court, at the hearing in chambers or at a subsequent hearing in chambers scheduled for such purpose, shall accept evidence on the issue of whether such condition of fact is fulfilled and shall determine such issue.
“(c) If the court determines on the basis of the hearing described in paragraph (b) of this subsection that the evidence which the accused seeks to offer is relevant and that the probative value of such evidence outweighs the danger of unfair prejudice, such evidence shall be admissible in the trial to the extent an order made by the court specifies evidence which may be offered and areas with respect to which the alleged victim may be examined or cross-examined. An order admitting evidence under this subsection may be appealed by the government before trial.
“(4) For purposes of this section, the term ‘past sexual behavior’ means sexual behavior other than the sexual behavior with respect to which rape, sodomy or sexual abuse or attempted rape, sodomy or sexual abuse is alleged.”
Neither defendant nor the state argues that the evidence at issue in this case is not evidence of the alleged victim’s “past sexual behavior” within the meaning of OEC 412.2 Defendant asserts, however, that failure to comply with the notice requirement of OEC 412 cannot be used to limit cross-examination, citing State v. Reiter, 65 Or App 304, 307, 672 P2d 56 (1983) (“Rule 412 is an evidentiary rule and does not by its terms or purpose limit a defendant’s right to cross-examine an adverse witness.”).
[68]*68The wording of OEC 412 provides no basis for defendant’s argument. OEC 412 is a blanket limitation on the introduction of “evidence” of an alleged victim’s past sexual behavior in a prosecution for a sexual crime.3 By its terms, OEC 412 does not distinguish between evidence offered on direct examination and evidence offered on cross-examination.
OEC 412(1) provides that “reputation or opinion evidence of the past sexual behavior of an alleged victim of [a sexual] crime is not admissible.” No distinction is made between reputation or opinion evidence introduced on cross-examination and such evidence introduced on direct examination. This type of evidence simply is “not admissible,” regardless of the method by which it is offered.
Similarly, OEC 412(2) provides that “evidence of a victim’s past sexual behavior other than reputation or opinion evidence [i.e., specific acts evidence] is also not admissible,” with only three exceptions. Subject to compliance with the procedural requirements of OEC 412(3), such evidence is admissible only if it “(A) [r] elates to the motive or bias of the alleged victim; or (B) [i]s necessary to rebut or explain scientific or medical evidence offered by the state; or (C) [i]s otherwise constitutionally required to be admitted.” OEC 412(2)(b). Each of those three exceptions applies to evidence that could be elicited on cross-examination. First, evidence relating to a victim’s motive or bias could be elicited on cross-examination. Second, evidence to rebut or explain medical evidence could be elicited on cross-examination; indeed, the cross-examination at issue in this case was an attempt to elicit such evidence. Third, constitutional requirements can demand the opportunity to elicit evidence on cross-examination. See Davis v. Alaska, 415 US 308, 94 S Ct 1105, 39 L Ed 2d 347 (1974) (denial of right of cross-examination to show bias violated Sixth Amendment).
Further, the notice requirement of OEC 412(3) makes no distinction between evidence sought to be elicited on direct examination and that sought to be elicited on cross-[69]*69examination. OEC 412(3)(a) provides an exception from the notice requirement “if the court determines either that the evidence is newly discovered and could not have been obtained earlier through the exercise of due diligence or that the issue to which such evidence relates has newly arisen in the case.” If either of those conditions is met, the defendant can introduce evidence of past sexual behavior even though the notice requirement was not met. The defendant could introduce such evidence either by cross-examination of the state’s witnesses or by direct examination of his own, and nothing in the wording of OEC 412(3)(a) suggests otherwise.
Finally, OEC 412(3)(c), which describes how the trial court is to determine the admissibility of evidence offered under OEC 412, expressly refers to evidence offered on cross-examination. If the trial court, following the hearing in chambers described in OEC 412(3)(b), determines that the evidence sought to be introduced is relevant and more probative than prejudicial, “such evidence shall be admissible in the trial to the extent an order made by the court specifies evidence which may be offered and areas with respect to which the alleged victim may be examined or cross-examined.” OEC 412(3)(c) (emphasis supplied). Thus, OEC 412(3) expressly directs the trial court to prescribe what evidence may be elicited, not only on direct examination, but on cross-examination as well, in a paragraph that treats the two kinds of examination as parallel.
Like the wording of OEC 412, the purposes sought to be served by OEC 412 also rebut defendant’s argument as to the proper scope of the rule. “OEC 412 is a statute ‘the principal purpose of [which] is to protect victims of sexual crimes from degrading and embarrassing disclosure of intimate details about their private lives.’ ” State ex rel Davey v. Frankel, 312 Or 286, 290, 823 P2d 394 (1991) (quoting Legislative Commentary to OEC 412, reprinted in Kirkpatrick, Oregon Evidence 202 (2d ed 1989)) (brackets in original). Another purpose of OEC 412 is “to encourage victims of sexual misconduct to report and assist in the prosecution of the crime* * * by preventing highly prejudicial evidence from reaching the jury and thus helping to protect jury impartiality.” Id. at 300 (Unis, J., dissenting). “The prospect of having past sexual conduct divulged affects not [70]*70only the victim’s decision to report [the sex crime], but also the victim’s willingness to see the prosecution through.” Note, The Constitutionality of Statutorily Restricting Public Access to Judicial Proceedings: The Case of the Rape Shield Mandatory Closure Provision, 66 BUL Rev 271, 276 (1986).
The notice requirement set forth in OEC 412(3) serves a number of functions:
“ ‘The notice motion requirement essentially forces the defendant to tell the prosecutor and the court in advance of trial of his intention to use certain evidence and to ask that it be admitted at trial. * * * In addition, an offer of proof or depiction of what the defendant will attempt to prove must be provided so that all parties know what is at issue. The notice requirement prevents surprise to the prosecutor, the victim and the court. The prosecutor can weigh the evidence and determine whether or not he will object to its admission, confer with the victim on its truthfulness, and organize legal argument to oppose it if that is the chosen strategy. The notice requirement also signals the court of the importance of the issue since some judges have tended to assume the relevancy of prior sexual conduct. The procedure encourages judges to act less automatically.’ ”
23 Wright & Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure, 608 § 5390 (1980) (quoting Nat Inst L Enf & Crim Just, Forcible Rape: An Analysis of Legal Issues 26 (1978)).
Regarding a similar rape shield statute in Michigan, the Supreme Court of the United States has stated, “The notice-and-hearing requirement serves legitimate state interests in protecting against surprise, harassment, and undue delay.” Michigan v. Lucas, 500 US_, 111 SCt 1743, 1748, 114 L Ed 2d 205 (1991). By requiring 15-day pre-trial notice, a rape shield statute like OEC 412 protects against surprise by allowing the prosecution time to investigate the defendant’s evidence and to prepare arguments against its admission. The statute protects against undue delay by allowing time for the court to hold a hearing on the admissibility of the proposed evidence. As Justice Blackmun stated in a separate opinion concurring in the judgment in Michigan v. Lucas, supra, “a notice-and-hearing requirement is specifically designed to minimize trial delay by providing the trial court the opportunity to rule on the admissibility of the proffered evidence in advance of trial.” 111 S Ct at 1749.
[71]*71Most importantly, however, the rule protects against harassment. The “shield” in a rape shield statute like OEC 412 is for the benefit of the alleged victim. The trial of a sexual crime requires the alleged victim to discuss painfully intimate matters in front of strangers and to allow others to discuss these matters. A notice requirement such as the one contained in OEC 412(3) protects the alleged victim against surprise and needless anxiety by ensuring adequate warning of the extent of the ordeal that he or she will face at trial. Under OEC 412(3), if the fifteenth day before trial passes and the defendant has not filed a written motion to admit past sexual behavior evidence, then the alleged victim knows that, except under two relatively exceptional circumstances (the evidence is newly discovered or the issue is newly arisen), he or she will not be required at trial to discuss any intimate sexual matters beyond the criminal incident itself, nor to listen as others discuss those matters.
None of those purposes — the avoidance of surprise, the prevention of undue delay, and, foremost, the protection of the alleged victim — would be served by an interpretation of OEC 412 that rendered cross-examination immune from the rule’s limitations and procedural requirements. To serve those purposes, OEC 412 must apply to evidence sought on cross-examination, as well as to that sought on direct examination. Because this interpretation is supported by the statute’s language and best fulfills the statute’s purposes, we hold that OEC 412, including the 15-day notice requirement of OEC 412(3), applies to evidence offered on direct examination and cross-examination.
We next consider the sub-constitutional question whether OEC 412 required preclusion as a mandatory sanction under the facts of this case. OEC 412(2) states that “evidence of a victim’s past sexual behavior other than reputation or opinion evidence is * * * not admissible, unless such evidence * * * is * * * [ajdmitted in accordance with paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (3) of this section.” OEC 412(3)(a) provides:
“If the person accused* * * intends to offer under subsection (2) of this section evidence of specific instances of the alleged victim’s sexual behavior, the accused shall make a written motion to offer such evidence not later than 15 days [72]*72before the date on which the trial in which such evidence is to be offered is scheduled to begin, except that the court may allow the motion to be made at a later date, including during trial, if the court determines either that the evidence is newly discovered and could not have been obtained earlier through the exercise of due diligence or that the issue to which such evidence relates has newly arisen in the case.”
(Emphasis supplied.) Under the literal words of OEC 412(2) and 412(3)(a), then, evidence of specific instances of an alleged victim’s past sexual behavior is not admissible unless the defendant moves to introduce the evidence at least 15 days before trial or unless the evidence sought to be admitted falls within the stated exceptions for newly discovered evidence or evidence related to a newly arisen issue.
In this case, defendant admittedly failed to meet the 15-day notice requirement. And, although defendant argued that some of the evidence he sought to introduce related to a newly arisen issue, the trial court correctly concluded that the issue in question was present from the outset of the case. Consequently, under the literal words of OEC 412, the evidence defendant sought to introduce was “not admissible,” and preclusion was mandated by the statute.
This brings us to defendant’s constitutional argument. Defendant argues that the preclusion of evidence as a mandatory sanction for failure to comply with the notice requirement of OEC 412 violates the confrontation and compulsory process clauses of Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution, and the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. According to defendant, those constitutional provisions require a finding of a willful violation or of prejudice before the preclusion sanction may be exercised.
We address defendant’s state constitutional claims first. See Sterling v. Cupp, 290 Or 611, 614, 625 P2d 123 (1981) (“The proper sequence is to analyze the state’s law, including its constitutional law, before reaching a federal constitutional claim.”). The pertinent state constitutional provision is Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution, which provides:
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to public trial by an impartial jury in the county in which the offense shall have been committed; to be heard by [73]*73himself and counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, and to have a copy thereof; to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; provided, however, that any accused person, in other than capital cases, and with the consent of the trial judge, may elect to waive trial by jury and consent to be tried by the judge of the court alone, such election to be in writing; provided, however, that in the circuit court ten members of the jury may render a verdict of guilty or not guilty, save and except a verdict of guilty of first degree murder, which shall be found only by a unanimous verdict, and not otherwise; provided further, that the existing laws and constitutional provisions relative to criminal prosecutions shall be continued and remain in effect as to all prosecutions for crimes committed before the taking effect of this amendment.”
Although this court has never before confronted the constitutionality, under Article I, section 11, of the preclusion sanction under OEC 412, it has confronted a similar question under the reciprocal discovery statutes. In State v. Mai, 294 Or 269, 280, 656 P2d 315 (1982), the court held that
“the preclusion sanction of ORS 135.865 is not inconsistent with Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution, provided that the court finds that the prosecution is prejudiced by the defendant’s failure to comply with the reciprocal discovery statutes, and provided further, that it appears that no sanction short of preclusion effectively will avoid the prejudice which the defendant’s lack of compliance created.”
That passage suggests that the constitutional requirements of Mai are twofold. First, Mai requires actual prejudice to the prosecution. Second, Mai requires a “least restrictive means” approach to sanctions. Not surprisingly, defendant relies (as does the dissent) on this passage; he argues that the trial court erred by not requiring a showing of prejudice to the prosecution from the late motion before exercising the preclusion sanction. We believe, however, that defendant and the dissent have mistaken the statement of the holding in Mai for the rationale of the case and that a true appreciation of the holding permits a result in this case that respects and complies with the legislative choice of preclusion as the sanction for violation of the notice requirement of OEC 412.
[74]*74At an earlier point in the Mai opinion, the court stated its holding in a more general manner, as follows:
“In short, although we hold that the sanction procedures under the discovery statutes are permissible under Article I, section 11, we also hold that the statute must be applied in a reasonable manner by imposing the sanction which will infringe least upon the defendant’s rights and which will achieve the goal of the statute.”
Id. at 277 (emphasis supplied). It is that passage that is the key to understanding Mai and to applying it in the present case, because that passage states the governing principle of Mai. The passage on which defendant relies, on the other hand, was derived from the application of those principles to the specific statute in question there — ORS 135.865. Because this case involves a different statute — OEC 412 — the principles behind Mai do not necessarily require the same result here.
Mai suggests two basic principles concerning the effect of Article I, section 11, on the preclusion sanction: (1) a statute providing for preclusion of evidence is not facially unconstitutional under that provision of the Oregon Constitution (“the sanction procedures under the discovery statutes are permissible under Article I, section 11”); and (2) a statute providing for preclusion of evidence is unconstitutional as applied only if a trial court employs the sanction of exclusion of evidence when a less drastic sanction will serve the same purpose as preclusion.
The latter inquiry necessarily is case- and statute-specific. In Mai, the statute at issue, ORS 135.865, provided a range of sanctions:
“Upon being apprised of any breach of the duty imposed by the provisions of ORS 135.805 to 135.873, the court may order the violating party to permit inspection of the material, or grant a continuance, or refuse to permit the witness to testify, or refuse to receive in evidence the material not disclosed, or enter such other order as it considers appropriate.”
(Emphasis supplied.) And, although it never expressly stated as much, the court in Mai implicitly identified avoiding prejudice to the prosecution as the purpose behind ORS 135.865. Based on the range of available sanctions and that [75]*75putative purpose of the statute, the court reasonably could conclude that, if one of the lesser sanctions available under ORS 135.865 would serve the purpose of the statute by avoiding any prejudice to the prosecution, preclusion of evidence was not constitutionally permissible.
Under the foregoing analysis, a correct application of the principles of Mai in the context of OEC 412 requires that this court determine (1) what other sanctions are available under the statute, (2) what the purpose of the notice requirement is, and (3) whether any lesser sanction in this case would serve that purpose fully. We turn to that analysis of OEC 412.
We consider first the sanctions that are available under the rule. Unlike ORS 135.865, OEC 412 does not provide a wide range of sanctions: The wording of OEC 412 provides for only a single sanction, viz., preclusion. Thus, in the case of a late motion where the evidence is neither newly discovered nor related to a newly arisen issue, the court has two options: (1) preclude the evidence or (because this always is an available choice) (2) grant a continuance, which might have the effect of “recreating” the 15-day notice period required by OEC 412(3)(a). (We need not decide in this case whether following the second option would, in fact, reopen the 15-day period.) OEC 412 is not the same kind of statute that the court had under consideration in Mai.
We next consider the purposes of the notice requirement of OEC 412. As we already have discussed at some length in our examination of the scope of the rule, the purposes behind the notice requirement are to prevent unfair surprise, to avoid undue trial delay, and, foremost, to protect the alleged victim. The first two purposes may be said to be analogous to the ‘ ‘prejudice to the state” rationale underlying the statute in Mai. As such, they arguably would permit the same kind of balancing analysis used in Mai — a balancing of the extent of the defendant’s need for the evidence against the state’s need to avoid surprise and undue delay (i.e., to avoid prejudice). But the third purpose — protection of the alleged victim — cannot be balanced. The legislature has already struck the balance between defendant and alleged victim in OEC 412. It has said that alleged victims are to be protected. If a defendant has evidence that will interfere with that [76]*76protection, the defendant must say so in a timely manner. Any other rule — any “balancing” beyond that already found in the statute — destroys the clarity and relative peace of mind that the rule was intended to confer on the alleged victim. Put differently: The legislature has looked this court in the eye and said, “We wish to exclude evidence about which there is not timely notice, unless a constitution flatly forbids our doing so.” That is a permissible policy choice, couched as it is in terms that will relieve a defendant of the rule’s requirements in situations that are beyond the defendant’s control. Defendant in this case did not assert the existence of any such situation.
Finally, we consider whether a continuance — the only option other than preclusion even arguably available under these circumstances — would serve these purposes and “achieve the goal of the statute” as well as preclusion. Although a continuance might mitigate any prejudice due to surprise, it would aggravate trial delay and (as we have explained) would defeat the purpose of protecting the alleged victim from needless anxiety. As the legislature’s selection of a single sanction reflects, only preclusion can accomplish all three purposes fully. Where, as here, only preclusion can “achieve the goal[s] of the statute,” State v. Mai, supra, 294 Or at 277, Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution, permits that sanction.4
Based on the foregoing analysis, we hold that the trial court’s imposition of a sanction of preclusion for failure to comply with the notice requirement of OEC 412 does not violate this defendant’s rights under the confrontation clause or the compulsory process clause of Article I, section 11, of the Oregon Constitution. The notice requirement of the rule is a reasonable condition on the defendant’s right to present evidence.5
[77]*77We turn now to the same question under the federal constitution. Based on recent precedent from the Supreme Court of the United States, we reach the same conclusion under the Sixth Amendment that we reached under Article I, section 11: Preclusion of evidence does not violate this defendant’s rights under the confrontation clause or the compulsory process clause of the Sixth Amendment, because the OEC 412 notice requirement is a reasonable condition on the defendant’s right to present evidence.
The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States provides in part: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor * * I n Michigan v. Lucas, supra, the Supreme Court addressed the interplay between the Sixth Amendment and a Michigan rape-shield statute. In Lucas, the Supreme Court made it clear that courts may, in some cases, employ the sanction of preclusion of evidence without violating the criminal defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights to confront adverse witnesses and to present a defense.
The background to the Supreme Court’s decision in Michigan v. Lucas is as follows. In Michigan, the rape-shield statute provides, in part, that if a defendant proposes to offer evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct with the defendant, he or she must file a written motion and an offer of proof within 10 days of arraignment. Mich Comp Laws § 750.520j (1979). The trial court may then order an in camera hearing to determine whether the evidence is admissible. Id. In People v. Williams, 95 Mich App 1, 289 NW2d 863 (1980), rev’d on other grounds, 416 Mich 25, 330 NW2d 823 (1982), the Michigan Court of Appeals held that the notice-and-hearing requirement was unconstitutional where it barred the defendant from offering evidence of past sexual conduct with the alleged victim. Seven years later, in People v. Lucas, 160 Mich App 692, 408 NW2d 431 (1987), the Michigan Court of Appeals followed its earlier opinion in Williams. The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari in Lucas “to determine whether the Michigan Court of Appeals’ [78]*78per se rule is consistent with our Sixth Amendment jurisprudence.” Michigan v. Lucas, supra, 111 S Ct at 1746.
Because Lucas involved a per se rule against preclusion of evidence in a certain class of cases, the Court framed the issue before it very narrowly: “The sole question presented for our review is whether the legitimate interests served by a notice requirement can ever justify precluding evidence of a prior sexual relationship between a rape victim and a criminal defendant.” Ill S Ct at 1747. The Court determined that the answer was “yes.” According to the Court, “The notice-and-hearing requirement serves legitimate state interests in protecting against surprise, harassment, and undue delay. Failure to comply with this requirement may in some cases justify even the severe sanction of preclusion.” Ill S Ct at 1748. The Court relied primarily on two earlier opinions in which it had concluded that evidence preclusion as a sanction for a discovery violation did not violate the Sixth Amendment: Taylor v. Illinois, 484 US 400, 108 S Ct 646, 98 L Ed 2d 798 (1988); and United States v. Nobles, 422 US 225, 95 S Ct 2160, 45 L Ed 2d 141 (1975).
Unfortunately, the Lucas Court declined to consider whether preclusion was justified in the case before it. Although the defendant had argued “that preclusion was an unconstitutional penalty in this case” (emphasis in original), the Court declined to address that question:
“We express no opinion as to whether or not preclusion was justified in this case. The Michigan Court of Appeals, whose decision we review here, did not address whether the trial court abused its discretion on the facts before it. Rather, the Court of Appeals adopted a per se rule that preclusion is unconstitutional in all cases where the victim had a prior relationship with the defendant. That judgment was error. We leave it to the Michigan courts to address in the first instance whether Michigan’s rape-shield statute authorizes preclusion and whether, on the facts of this case, preclusion violated Lucas’ rights under the Sixth Amendment.”
Michigan v. Lucas, supra, 111 S Ct at 1748. Nonetheless, the Court’s opinion in Lucas and several of the cases on which the Lucas opinion relied permit us to fashion a satisfactory Sixth Amendment analysis for OEC 412.
[79]*79As the Supreme Court stated in Lucas, a defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights are not absolute: “ ‘[T]he right to present relevant testimony is not without limitation. The right “may, in appropriate cases, bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.” ’ ” 111 SCt at 1746 (quoting Rock v. Arkansas, 483 US 44, 55, 107 S Ct 2704, 97 L Ed 2d 37 (1987), which in turn quoted Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 US 284, 295, 93 S Ct 1038, 35 L Ed 2d 297 (1973)). According to the Court, “[restrictions on a criminal defendant’s rights to confront adverse witnesses and to present evidence ‘may not be arbitrary or disproportionate to the purposes they are designed to serve.’ ” 111 S Ct at 1747 (quoting Rock v. Arkansas, supra, 483 US at 56). And, as the Court stated in Rock v. Arkansas: “In applyingits evidentiary rules a State must evaluate whether the interests served by a rule justify the limitation imposed on the defendant’s constitutional rightts] * * 483 US at 56.6
Thus, to determine the constitutionality of preclusion under the Sixth Amendment, we must determine whether the purposes that OEC 412 is designed to serve justify the limitation that the rule imposes on a defendant’s constitutional rights or whether, instead, that limitation is arbitrary or disproportionate to those purposes. We already have identified the purposes behind the notice requirement of OEC 412: preventing surprise to the prosecution and the alleged victim, avoiding undue trial delay, and protecting the alleged victim from needless anxiety concerning the scope of the evidence to be produced at trial. The limitation imposed is the entire procedural scheme discussed above: (1) the defendant must move to introduce the specific evidence at least 15 days before trial, except where (2) he or she did not discover the evidence (and could not have discovered it in the exercise of due diligence) or the evidence relates to an issue newly arisen in the case.
Are those procedural requirements justified, or are they “arbitrary or disproportionate” to the purposes they are [80]*80designed to serve? We conclude that those procedural requirements are justified and are neither arbitrary nor disproportionate to their intended purposes. The legislature has identified a specific type of evidence — past sexual behavior of an alleged victim of a sexual crime — the disclosure of which may be particularly “degrading and embarrassing.” To protect the alleged victim, the legislature has created an elaborate and comprehensive scheme for the admission of this type of evidence. First, the legislature has decided that reputation. and opinion evidence of the alleged victim’s past sexual behavior is totally inadmissible. OEC 412(1). Second, the legislature has decided that evidence of specific instances of the alleged victim’s past sexual behavior may be admitted only under very narrow circumstances. Before it can be admitted, the evidence must be carefully “screened” by the trial court to determine whether it is relevant and whether its probative value outweighs its prejudicial effect. To allow time for this screening process, which must include time for the prosecution to respond to the defendant’s motion and time for the court to conduct a hearing, the legislature has chosen to set a 15-day pre-trial notice period. As we have explained, this notice period also serves the very important purpose of giving to the alleged victim-fair warning as to the scope of any inquiry into the victim’s past sexual activity.
In creating this scheme to protect the alleged victim, the legislature did not ignore the rights of the defendant. As the Legislative Commentary to OEC 412 states: “The rule balances the interests involved: the interest of the victim of a sexual crime in protecting a private life from unwarranted public exposure, and the defendant’s interest in being able to present adequately a defense by offering relevant and probative evidence.” Legislative Commentary to OEC 412, reprinted in Kirkpatrick, Oregon Evidence 202 (2d ed 1989). Moreover, the legislature created two exceptions to the requirement of 15 days’ notice (the evidence is newly discovered or the issue is newly arisen), which apply when a defendant cannot comply for reasons beyond the defendant’s control. As we have earlier noted, defendant in this case asserts no such reasons.
Based on the foregoing analysis, we conclude that the process required by OEC 412 for the admission of evidence of [81]*81past sexual behavior of an alleged victim of a sexual crime is neither arbitrary nor disproportionate to the purposes that it is intended to serve. The process established by OEC 412 is a reasonable condition on the defendant’s exercise of the right to present evidence. This condition is justified by legitimate state interests, including especially the interests in avoiding undue trial delay and in protecting the alleged victims of sexual crimes from harassment. Moreover, the rule contains adequate mechanisms for excusing noncompliance in those situations in which the noncompliance occurs for reasons beyond the defendant’s control. We therefore hold that preclusion of evidence of the complaining witness’ prior sexual behavior under OEC 412 does not violate defendant’s rights under the Sixth Amendment.
The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.