IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED OCTOBER 1997 SESSION May 14, 1998
Cecil W. Crowson STATE OF TENNESSEE ) Appellate Court Clerk ) NO. 01C01-9609-CC-00391 Appellee, ) ) WILLIAMSON COUNTY v. ) ) Hon. Donald P. Harris JARROD C. ADREON ) ) (Crim. Neg. Homicide) Appellant ) )
For the Appellant: For the Appellee:
Thomas L. Whiteside John Knox Walkup Fowlkes & Whiteside Attorney General & Reporter 172 Second Avenue N., Ste. 214 Nashville, TN. 37201-1908 Lisa A. Naylor Assistant Attorney General 2nd Floor Cordell Hull Building 425 Fifth Avenue North Nashville, TN. 37243-0493
Joseph D. Baugh, Jr. District Attorney General
Derek K. Smith Assistant District Attorney Williamson Co. Cthse. Ste. G-6 Franklin, TN. 37065
John W. Barringer, Jr. Assistant District Attorney Williamson Co. Cthse. Ste. G-6 Franklin, TN. 37065
OPINION FILED:______________________
AFFIRMED
WILLIAM M. BARKER OPINION
The appellant, Jarrod C. Adreon, appeals as of right the conviction and
sentence he received in the Circuit Court of Williamson County. The appellant was
indicted for vehicular homicide resulting from alleged conduct creating a substantial
risk of death or serious bodily injury to a person. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-213(a)(1)
(Supp. 1994). After a jury trial, appellant was convicted of criminally negligent
homicide and was sentenced as a Range I offender to one (1) year in the Department
of Correction.
He contends on appeal that he was improperly convicted and sentenced for an
unindicted offense that is not a lesser included or lesser grade or class offense of
vehicular homicide. After a review of the record, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
On November 11, 1994, the appellant, at the age of eighteen, attended a party
with some friends near Franklin, Tennessee. While socializing and playing drinking
games, the appellant consumed two shots of vodka and a drink mixed with vodka and
orange juice. He stayed at the party for approximately three hours before leaving to
drive the victim, Danielle Fawcett, home in her black Chevrolet Camaro.
Around 12:20 a.m. that morning, Officer Steven Sullivan of the Franklin Police
Department observed a black Camaro exit Interstate 65 and turn onto Highway 96.
He began following the Camaro after he clocked it accelerating above 46 miles per
hour. When the Camaro reached a speed of 79 miles per hour, Officer Sullivan
turned on his blue lights to pull the vehicle over. The driver of the car, later identified
as the appellant, ignored the Officer’s lights and accelerated to get away. Officer
Sullivan continued to follow the Camaro and a high-speed chase ensued.
Officer Sullivan stayed behind the Camaro for approximately two hundred yards
before sounding his sirens. The appellant admitted that he observed the flashing
lights and sirens; however, he continued to accelerate hoping to out run the police
officer. The appellant swerved to and from the right-hand lane of Highway 96 and
2 eventually turned onto Mack Hatcher Bypass. Officer Sullivan testified that he stayed
behind the Camaro for approximately two miles at speeds above ninety miles per
hour.
The chase came to an abrupt end after the appellant drove across the second
bridge on Mack Hatcher Bypass. While crossing the bridge, appellant hit a dip in the
road and lost control of the car. Officer Sullivan observed the car swerve into the left-
hand lane, spin back across the road, and launch off an embankment into a grassy
field. The car flipped several times across the field before coming to rest upon its
wheels. The passenger, Danielle Fawcett, was thrown from the car and killed almost
instantly.
On appeal, the appellant contends that he was improperly convicted of an
unindicted offense that is not a lesser included or lesser grade or class offense of
vehicular homicide.
We find that by neglecting to raise the issue during the jury charge and at the
motion for a new trial, the appellant has waived this challenge to his conviction.
Nevertheless, assuming arguendo that the issue is properly before this Court,
we conclude that it is without merit. Criminally negligent homicide is a lesser grade or
class offense of vehicular homicide. See State v. Hollis Ray Williams, No. 03C01-
9406-CR-00209 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, July 23, 1996). Therefore, in light of
the evidence supporting appellant’s conviction, the trial court properly instructed the
jury on criminally negligent homicide. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-18-110(a) (Supp.
1994); State v. Trusty, 919 S.W.2d 305, 310-11 (Tenn. 1996).
The appellant next contends that the trial court erred in considering two
enhancement factors: (10) the defendant had no hesitation about committing a crime
when the risk to human life was high; and (16) the crime was committed under
circumstances in which the potential for bodily injury to a victim was great. Tenn.
3 Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (10),(16) (Supp. 1994). He argues that both enhancers are
essential elements of vehicular homicide and criminally negligent homicide.
Although we find that enhancer (16) does not apply to the convicted offense,
we nevertheless conclude that the appellant’s one (1) year sentence is appropriate.
When an appellant complains of his sentence, we must conduct a de novo
review of the record. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d) (Supp. 1994). The
sentence imposed by the trial court is accompanied by a presumption of correctness
and the appealing party has the burden of showing that the sentence is improper.
See id (Sentencing Commission Comments). However, the presumption of
correctness is conditioned upon an affirmative showing in the record that the trial court
considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances. See
State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).
In this case, the appellant’s sentence is entitled to a presumption of
correctness. The trial court started at the one (1) year presumptive sentence for
Range I offenders convicted of criminally negligent homicide. From evidence adduced
at trial and the sentencing hearing, the trial court found that the sentence should be
enhanced by two aggravating factors: (10) no hesitation about committing a crime
when the risk to human life was high; and (16) the crime was committed under
circumstances in which the potential for bodily injury to a victim was great. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (10), (16).
The trial court next balanced those enhancers against a finding of two
mitigating factors: (6) the defendant, because of his youth, lacked substantial
judgment in committing the offense; and (11) the defendant committed the offense
under such unusual circumstances that it is unlikely that a sustained intent to violate
the law motivated his conduct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113 (6), (11). From those
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED OCTOBER 1997 SESSION May 14, 1998
Cecil W. Crowson STATE OF TENNESSEE ) Appellate Court Clerk ) NO. 01C01-9609-CC-00391 Appellee, ) ) WILLIAMSON COUNTY v. ) ) Hon. Donald P. Harris JARROD C. ADREON ) ) (Crim. Neg. Homicide) Appellant ) )
For the Appellant: For the Appellee:
Thomas L. Whiteside John Knox Walkup Fowlkes & Whiteside Attorney General & Reporter 172 Second Avenue N., Ste. 214 Nashville, TN. 37201-1908 Lisa A. Naylor Assistant Attorney General 2nd Floor Cordell Hull Building 425 Fifth Avenue North Nashville, TN. 37243-0493
Joseph D. Baugh, Jr. District Attorney General
Derek K. Smith Assistant District Attorney Williamson Co. Cthse. Ste. G-6 Franklin, TN. 37065
John W. Barringer, Jr. Assistant District Attorney Williamson Co. Cthse. Ste. G-6 Franklin, TN. 37065
OPINION FILED:______________________
AFFIRMED
WILLIAM M. BARKER OPINION
The appellant, Jarrod C. Adreon, appeals as of right the conviction and
sentence he received in the Circuit Court of Williamson County. The appellant was
indicted for vehicular homicide resulting from alleged conduct creating a substantial
risk of death or serious bodily injury to a person. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-213(a)(1)
(Supp. 1994). After a jury trial, appellant was convicted of criminally negligent
homicide and was sentenced as a Range I offender to one (1) year in the Department
of Correction.
He contends on appeal that he was improperly convicted and sentenced for an
unindicted offense that is not a lesser included or lesser grade or class offense of
vehicular homicide. After a review of the record, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
On November 11, 1994, the appellant, at the age of eighteen, attended a party
with some friends near Franklin, Tennessee. While socializing and playing drinking
games, the appellant consumed two shots of vodka and a drink mixed with vodka and
orange juice. He stayed at the party for approximately three hours before leaving to
drive the victim, Danielle Fawcett, home in her black Chevrolet Camaro.
Around 12:20 a.m. that morning, Officer Steven Sullivan of the Franklin Police
Department observed a black Camaro exit Interstate 65 and turn onto Highway 96.
He began following the Camaro after he clocked it accelerating above 46 miles per
hour. When the Camaro reached a speed of 79 miles per hour, Officer Sullivan
turned on his blue lights to pull the vehicle over. The driver of the car, later identified
as the appellant, ignored the Officer’s lights and accelerated to get away. Officer
Sullivan continued to follow the Camaro and a high-speed chase ensued.
Officer Sullivan stayed behind the Camaro for approximately two hundred yards
before sounding his sirens. The appellant admitted that he observed the flashing
lights and sirens; however, he continued to accelerate hoping to out run the police
officer. The appellant swerved to and from the right-hand lane of Highway 96 and
2 eventually turned onto Mack Hatcher Bypass. Officer Sullivan testified that he stayed
behind the Camaro for approximately two miles at speeds above ninety miles per
hour.
The chase came to an abrupt end after the appellant drove across the second
bridge on Mack Hatcher Bypass. While crossing the bridge, appellant hit a dip in the
road and lost control of the car. Officer Sullivan observed the car swerve into the left-
hand lane, spin back across the road, and launch off an embankment into a grassy
field. The car flipped several times across the field before coming to rest upon its
wheels. The passenger, Danielle Fawcett, was thrown from the car and killed almost
instantly.
On appeal, the appellant contends that he was improperly convicted of an
unindicted offense that is not a lesser included or lesser grade or class offense of
vehicular homicide.
We find that by neglecting to raise the issue during the jury charge and at the
motion for a new trial, the appellant has waived this challenge to his conviction.
Nevertheless, assuming arguendo that the issue is properly before this Court,
we conclude that it is without merit. Criminally negligent homicide is a lesser grade or
class offense of vehicular homicide. See State v. Hollis Ray Williams, No. 03C01-
9406-CR-00209 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, July 23, 1996). Therefore, in light of
the evidence supporting appellant’s conviction, the trial court properly instructed the
jury on criminally negligent homicide. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-18-110(a) (Supp.
1994); State v. Trusty, 919 S.W.2d 305, 310-11 (Tenn. 1996).
The appellant next contends that the trial court erred in considering two
enhancement factors: (10) the defendant had no hesitation about committing a crime
when the risk to human life was high; and (16) the crime was committed under
circumstances in which the potential for bodily injury to a victim was great. Tenn.
3 Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (10),(16) (Supp. 1994). He argues that both enhancers are
essential elements of vehicular homicide and criminally negligent homicide.
Although we find that enhancer (16) does not apply to the convicted offense,
we nevertheless conclude that the appellant’s one (1) year sentence is appropriate.
When an appellant complains of his sentence, we must conduct a de novo
review of the record. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d) (Supp. 1994). The
sentence imposed by the trial court is accompanied by a presumption of correctness
and the appealing party has the burden of showing that the sentence is improper.
See id (Sentencing Commission Comments). However, the presumption of
correctness is conditioned upon an affirmative showing in the record that the trial court
considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances. See
State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).
In this case, the appellant’s sentence is entitled to a presumption of
correctness. The trial court started at the one (1) year presumptive sentence for
Range I offenders convicted of criminally negligent homicide. From evidence adduced
at trial and the sentencing hearing, the trial court found that the sentence should be
enhanced by two aggravating factors: (10) no hesitation about committing a crime
when the risk to human life was high; and (16) the crime was committed under
circumstances in which the potential for bodily injury to a victim was great. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (10), (16).
The trial court next balanced those enhancers against a finding of two
mitigating factors: (6) the defendant, because of his youth, lacked substantial
judgment in committing the offense; and (11) the defendant committed the offense
under such unusual circumstances that it is unlikely that a sustained intent to violate
the law motivated his conduct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113 (6), (11). From those
findings, the trial court ordered appellant to serve the minimum one (1) year sentence.
4 The appellant argues that enhancers (10) and (16) are not applicable because
they are essential elements of vehicular homicide and criminally negligent homicide.
Initially, we note that the appellant was not convicted or sentenced for the offense of
vehicular homicide. We, therefore, limit our analysis to the application of enhancers
(10) and (16) to the conviction of criminally negligent homicide.
The Tennessee Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 provides that a
sentence may not be enhanced by factors constituting “essential elements” of the
convicted offense. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (Supp. 1994). The test for
determining if an enhancer is an essential element of an offense is whether the same
facts necessary to establish the enhancer would also prove an element of the offense.
See State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 601 (Tenn. 1994).
Criminally negligent homicide is defined as criminally negligent conduct which
results in death to a person. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-212. This Court has
previously held that an essential element of criminally negligent homicide is that the
defendant’s conduct created a substantial and unjustifiable risk resulting in death.
See State v. Derek Denton, No. 02C01-9409-CR-00186 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson,
Aug. 2, 1996). The same facts necessary to establish that element are also required
to show that “the potential for bodily injury to a victim was great.” See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-114(16). Therefore, enhancer (16) was not applicable to the appellant’s
sentence.
Nevertheless, we find that the one (1) year sentence was justified in this case.
First, the evidence supports a finding that the appellant had no hesitation about
committing a crime when the risk to human life was high. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
114 (10) (Supp. 1994). While the risk of death to the victim, Danielle Fawcett, was an
essential element of criminally negligent homicide, there was proof that the appellant
also jeopardized his own life, the lives of other drivers, and the life of the pursuing
officer. That evidence was not necessary to establish appellant’s guilt and was
5 properly considered under enhancer (10). See State v. Bingham, 910 S.W.2d 448,
452 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995), per. app. denied (Tenn. 1995).
Moreover, we agree with the trial court that a sentence of confinement was
warranted. The trial court acknowledged that although the appellant was a
presumable candidate for alternative sentencing,1 a sentence of confinement was
necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offense and to deter others
likely to commit similar offenses involving police chases. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
103 (1)(B) (Supp. 1994). We find no evidence to disturb that finding and accordingly
affirm the appellant’s sentence.
Based upon the foregoing, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
_____________________________ WILLIAM M. BARKER, JUDGE
CONCUR:
___________________________ JOE B. JONES, Presiding Judge
___________________________ JOE G. RILEY, JUDGE
1 Ten nes see Cod e An nota ted s ectio n 40- 35-1 02(5 ) prov ides that c onvic ted fe lons who com mit the most severe offenses, possess criminal histories, or demonstrate an inability to reform under past efforts at rehabilitation shall be given first priority for sentences involving incarceration. Under section 40-35-102(6), “[a] defendant who does not fall within the parameters of subdivision (5) and is an especially mitigated or standard offender convicted of a Class C, D, or E felony is presumed to be a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing options in the absence of evidence to the contrary.” The appellan t was co nvicted o f a Class of E felon y at Rang e I.