State v. Cyrus

1 A.3d 59, 297 Conn. 829, 2010 Conn. LEXIS 281

• Court: Supreme Court of Connecticut
• Decided: August 17, 2010
• Docket: SC 18326
• Status: Published

Opinions

Opinion

KATZ, J.

In this certified appeal,¹ the state appeals from the judgment of the Appellate Court affirming the judgment of the trial court dismissing the charges against the defendant, Gregory Cyrus, for operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor in violation of General Statutes (Rev. to 2005) § 14-227a, operating a motor vehicle without carrying an operator’s license in violation of General Statutes § 14-213, and operating a motor vehicle with an obstructed view in violation of General Statutes § 14-99f (c).² State v. Cyrus, 111 Conn. App. 482, 484, 959 A.2d 1054 (2008). On appeal to this court, the state claims that the Appellate Court improperly upheld the trial court’s conclusion that the state trooper who had arrested the defendant lacked a reasonable and articulable suspicion to stop the defendant to investigate a possible violation of § 14-99f (c), in contravention of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). We disagree with the state and, accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Appellate Court.

The record discloses the following undisputed facts and procedural history. On March 10, 2006, the state filed a three count information charging the defendant with the aforementioned motor vehicle offenses. The defendant pleaded not guilty and filed a motion to suppress evidence allegedly seized illegally by the police at the time of his arrest, claiming that the stop was unconstitutional because it was supported by neither probable cause nor a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the state’s principal contention was that, on the basis of two anonymous tips about an intoxicated person operating a motor vehicle that had identified the make and license plate number of a car that matched the defendant’s vehicle, State Trooper David Mattioli had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the defendant was operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol in violation of § 14-227a. After Mattioli offered testimony relating to those facts, the state’s attorney asked Mattioli whether he had “notice[d] any violations which would give [him] cause to stop the vehicle . . . .’’Mattioli responded that he had noticed that “the vehicle was in violation of [§ 14-99f], which is [obstruction of] view,” thereafter stating several times that, prior to the stop, he had observed a chain and a cross³ hanging from the defendant’s rearview mirror. In support of its position, the state offered into evidence the item that had been hanging from the defendant’s rearview mirror — a small woodlike cross (one inch wide by one and three-quarters inches long) attached to a beaded chain (one eighth of one inch wide by eight and one-half inches long). The defendant submitted as exhibits exterior photographs of his car, taken from various angles, with the cross hanging from the mirror.

In its memorandum of decision granting the defendant’s motion to suppress, the trial court addressed Mattioli’s testimony regarding the claimed violation of § 14-99f (c) only in connection with its resolution of the state’s principal claim, finding that, despite the anonymous tips, Mattioli’s personal observations of the defendant’s car did not disclose anything improper about its operation. The court thus concluded that the information provided was not sufficiently reliable to justify stopping the defendant’s car based on a suspicion of driving while intoxicated. The state then filed a motion to reconsider, arguing that the court had not considered Mattioli’s second justifiable basis for stopping the defendant’s car, namely, to investigate a violation of § 14-99f (c). The trial court summarily denied the state’s motion for reconsideration.

Thereafter, the state filed a request for a finding of fact, presumably to create a record for appeal, asking the trial court to make a finding solely as to the following issue: “[W]hether [the trial court had] found the testimony of Trooper Mattioli credible when he testified that he observed the chain hanging from the rearview mirror of the defendant’s vehicle prior to the investigatory stop.” In response, the trial court issued a “Supplemental Finding of Fact” setting forth the only factual findings in the record pertaining to the issue on appeal. Therein, the court found credible Mattioli’s testimony that he had seen “ ‘a chain hanging approximately [eight] to [ten] inches, hanging from the rearview mirror.’ ” The court noted as significant, however, the following exchange that had occurred on cross-examination of Mattioli, wherein he was asked: “ ‘[S]ometimes in your judgment there are things hanging from rearview mirrors that do [not] obstruct the view of the driver. Is that correct?’ ” Mattioli responded: “ ‘[I]f [it’s] not a busy night and I’m in a proactive mode, I try to stop as many cars as I can. If they have something hanging from the mirror, I will stop them, yes.’ ” After citing this testimony, the trial court stated the following factual and legal conclusion: “A reading of ... [§ 14-99f (c)] makes it clear that a violation of the statute is predicated upon an object obstructing the view of the driver or distracting the driver. Trooper Mattioli’s stop of the defendant was not based on a violation of the statute, but was based solely on the fact that there was something hanging from the defendant’s mirror.” Accordingly, the trial court dismissed the charges against the defendant.

On appeal to the Appellate Court, the state did not contest the trial court’s conclusion that the anonymous tips were an insufficient basis to justify the initial stop of the defendant. State v. Cyrus, supra, 111 Conn. App. 485. Rather, as the Appellate Court noted, “[i]n its principal brief, the state . . . relied on cases in other jurisdictions that have held that even relatively small objects hanging from a rearview mirror justify the minimal intrusion engendered by a motor vehicle stop. In its reply brief, however, the state concede [d] that our statute does not proscribe ‘all items hanging from a rear-view mirror’ but instead requires a showing that the item or object be hung in such a manner as to ‘interfere’ with the unobstructed view of the highway or to ‘distract the operator.’ ... In its reply brief, the state effectively agree[d] with the defendant that, on its face, § 14-99f (c) does not make the hanging of an object from a rearview mirror a per se infraction. ... In light of the state’s concession that § 14-99f (c) requires proof of interference with an operator’s unobstructed view or the operator’s distraction, the state [was] left with the difficult task of showing that the [trial] court improperly found that the state [had] failed to meet its burden of proof. It urge[d] the [Appellate Corut] to conclude that, even if Mattioli improperly [had] stopped the defendant’s car simply because he observed a chain or [cross] hanging from the defendant’s rearview mirror, ‘[i]f the facts are sufficient to lead an officer to reasonably believe there was a violation, that will suffice, even if the officer is not certain about exactly what it takes to constitute a violation.’ ” (Citation omitted.) Id., 488-89. The Appellate Court concluded that the trial court’s judgment must be affirmed because the state had failed to prove to the trial court that Mattioli held a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the statute, as properly interpreted, was being violated or was about to be violated. Id., 490.

Significantly, before reaching this conclusion, the Appellate Court had rejected as inadequately briefed the state’s contention that the trial court’s ultimate finding of fact — that the stop of the defendant was not based on a violation of § 14-99f (c) but on the simple fact that Mattioli had observed something hanging from the defendant’s mirror — was clearly erroneous. Id., 486-87. In so doing, the Appellate Court further noted that any ambiguities in the record could not be read in the state’s favor because, although the state had sought and obtained a finding regarding the credibility of Mattioli’s observation of the hanging chain, “the state did not ask for a supplemental finding, and the court made none, that Mattioli credibly testified that he had seen anything attached to the rearview mirror ‘which moved back and forth’ in a distracting or obstructive manner. We cannot fill this gap in the record. Accordingly, we have no basis for faulting the trial court’s factual finding that Mattioli stopped the defendant’s car in accordance with his routine practice of stopping cars whenever he observed something attached to their rearview mirrors.” (Emphasis in original.) Id., 487.

On appeal to this court, the state claims that the Appellate Court improperly upheld the trial court’s conclusion that Mattioli lacked a reasonable and articulable justification for stopping the defendant’s car. Specifically, the state claims that the Appellate Court failed to apply the reasonable and articulable suspicion standard established by Terry to Mattioli’s stop of the defendant’s car, and instead improperly required the state to prove that Mattioli stopped the defendant because he had committed a violation of § 14-99f (c).⁴ The defendant responds that the state lacked the reasonable and articulable suspicion required by Terry for stopping him and that the Appellate Court properly determined, in essence, that the mere fact that he had a cross hanging from the rearview mirror of the car that he was driving did not give rise to a reasonable and articulable suspicion by the officer stopping the car that he was violating § 14-99f (c). Although we agree with the state as to the standard that governs this appeal, we conclude that the record reflects that the state failed to establish the requisite evidentiary record in support of that standard.

The law in this area is well settled. A stop pursuant to Terry v. Ohio, supra, 392 U.S. 21-22, is legal if three conditions are met: (1) the officer must have a reasonable suspicion that a crime has occurred, is occurring, or is about to occur; (2) the purpose of the stop must be reasonable; and (3) the scope and character of the detention must be reasonable when considered in light of its purpose. See Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1051 n.16, 103 S. Ct. 3469, 77 L. Ed. 2d 1201 (1983). The United States Supreme Court has further defined “reasonable suspicion” for a traffic stop as requiring “some minimal level of objective justification for making the stop.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7, 109 S. Ct. 1581, 104 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1989). Because a reasonable and articulable suspicion is an objective standard, we focus “not on the actual state of mind of the police officer, but on whether a reasonable person, having the information available to and known by the police, would have had that level of suspicion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Torres, 230 Conn. 372, 379, 645 A.2d 529 (1994). On appeal, “[t]he determination of whether a reasonable and articulable suspicion exists rests on a two part analysis: (1) whether the underlying factual findings of the trial court are clearly erroneous; and (2) whether the conclusion that those facts gave rise to such a suspicion is legally correct.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Santos, 267 Conn. 495, 504-505, 838 A.2d 981 (2004).

Therefore, to demonstrate that the stop in the present case was proper, the state was required to show that Mattioli had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the chain and/or cross that he had observed was, or had been, obstructing the defendant’s vision or distracting his attention. In other words, although Mattioli did not have to know that the cross and chain was in fact either obstructing the defendant’s view or distracting his attention in order to determine that the stop was proper, the trial court was required to conclude that Mattioli reasonably suspected that the defendant was violating § 14-99f (c). Accordingly, there had to be some evidentiary basis upon which the court could have drawn that conclusion. See State v. Trine, 236 Conn. 216, 224-25, 673 A.2d 1098 (1996) (“[i]n justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion” [internal quotation marks omitted]).

In determining whether such a basis existed in fact and law, “[o]ur standard of review of a trial court’s findings and conclusions in connection with a motion to suppress is well defined. A finding of fact will not be disturbed unless it is clearly erroneous in view of the evidence and pleadings in the whole record .... [When] the legal conclusions of the court are challenged, [our review is plenary, and] we must determine whether they are legally and logically correct and whether they find support in the facts set out in the court’s memorandum of decision . . . .” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Pierre, 277 Conn. 42, , 890 A.2d 474, cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1197, 126 S. Ct. 2873, 165 L. Ed. 2d 904 (2006).

As we previously have indicated, the sole finding by the trial court was that Mattioli had stopped the defendant’s car because he saw the cross hanging from the rearview mirror and mistakenly believed that § 14-99f (c) makes it an infraction for a car to be driven with any object hanging from a rearview mirror.⁵ Although Mattioli’s misunderstanding of the applicable law would not be dispositive,⁶ there still would have to be some evidence upon which the trial court could have concluded that Mattioli nevertheless had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the defendant was engaged in criminal activity — in the present case, that meant that Mattioli had a reasonable suspicion, one that necessarily could be articulated, that the hanging cross interfered with the defendant’s unobstructed view or distracted his attention. That is the burden the state failed to satisfy.⁷

Commonwealth v. Brazeau, 64 Mass. App. 65, 831 N.E.2d 372 (2005), presents a compelling treatment of this issue under facts quite similar to those in the present case. In Brazeau, the items that had served as the basis for the motor vehicle stop in question were two small wooden hearts and one plastic diamond shaped object. Id., 67. “[The] objects were hanging together from a narrow piece of string or fishing line; their total width was about one and one-half inches, and their total height about one inch. To put their size into perspective, the vehicle’s windshield was approximately sixty inches wide and forty inches tall, or in the vicinity of 2,400 square inches. The [police] officer acknowledged that the total area of the clustered items was only about one inch square.” Id. The officer further acknowledged that he had effectuated the stop because he observed these objects hanging from the rearview mirror and, on that basis alone, had determined that the operation of the vehicle was or may have been impeded.⁸ Id. The Massachusetts Appeals Court determined that the officer did not have a particularized and objective basis for suspecting a traffic violation, concluding that “[t]he mere existence of two or three small items hanging from a rearview mirror does not suffice, we think, to constitute a violation of [Mass. Ann. Laws] c. 90, § 13 [LexisNexis 2005], or warrant police investigation. Although the [legislature could have chosen to do so, it has not specifically prohibited the hanging of objects from a vehicle’s rearview mirror. Contrast Minn. Stat. § 169.71 (1) [2004] (‘[n]o person shall drive or operate any motor vehicle . . . with any objects suspended between the driver and the windshield, other than sun visors and rear vision mirrors . . .’); S.D. Codified Laws § 32-15-6 (2002) (‘[i]t is a petty offense for any person to drive any vehicle upon a highway with any object or gadget dangling between the view of the driver and the windshield of the vehicle’). Indeed, we take judicial notice of the fact that objects such as air fresheners, graduation tassels, and religious medals commonly are hung from the rearview mirrors of motor vehicles driven in the Commonwealth. We doubt that the [legislature intended this ordinary practice to be grounds, without more, for issuing a citation or for justifying a stop by police.” Commonwealth v. Brazeau, supra, 68.

As in Brazeau, in the present case, there was no testimony by Mattioli that he had in fact relied upon “objectively verifiable qualities of the hanging items that made them distracting or that interfered with the driver’s view . . . .’’Id.; compare State v. Quinlan, 921 A.2d 96, 108 (R.I. 2007) (The court concluded that, in contrast to the facts in Brazeau, the evidence before the trial court established “ ‘objectively verifiable qualities of the hanging items that made them distracting or that interfered with the driver’s view’ ” because “the cluster of items hanging from the mirror included a flag that was several inches wide and long, with an inch of fringe on each side. This obstruction spanned from the rearview mirror to the dashboard and also included a thick strand of beads and several cardboard air fresheners. There was testimony from [the police officer who effectuated the stop] that the obstruction was visible from his traffic post. The photographs introduced establish objectively verifiable evidence that this cluster of material and objects impeded the driver’s view and fall within the parameters of the statute.”). Mattioli simply testified that, prior to effectuating the stop, he had observed a chain, approximately eight to ten inches long, hanging from the mirror. The object that Mattioli saw hanging from the rearview mirror, which was offered into evidence, was not large enough by any objective measure in and of itself to prove that it would obstruct a driver’s view. To the contrary, the object was relatively small and dwarfed by the size of the motor vehicle’s windshield, as captured in the photographs submitted as exhibits by the defendant. Moreover, although, at oral argument to this court, the defendant conceded that the chain could sway, there is no evidence: that it was swinging back and forth in front of the defendant’s field of vision; that, in light of its size and placement relative to the driver’s field of vision, it was capable of swinging that far; or that it appeared to move in such a way or to such an extent that it could distract the driver.⁹ Indeed, the trial court, as the finder of fact, did not conclude that the eight and one-half inches long chain and attached cross could have obstructed the defendant’s vision or served as a distraction. Nor did Mattioli testify as to any facts from which the trial court could have made such a finding— Mattioli did not say that he had seen the defendant peering around the object, glancing toward the object and away from the road ahead of him or driving his car in such a manner to suggest that his view was obstructed or that he was distracted. Indeed, the state presented no testimony that Mattioli considered the hanging chain to present an obstruction to the defendant’s view of the roadway. Compare People v. White, 107 Cal. App. 4th 636, 642, 132 Cal. Rptr. 2d 371 (2003) (concluding that, because officer stopping vehicle never had testified that he believed air freshener hanging from rearview mirror obstructed driver’s view, or to alternative facts that would suggest driver’s view was impeded, there was no objectively reasonable and articulable basis to stop vehicle), People v. Arias, 159 P.3d 134, 138-39 (Colo. 2007) (concluding that motor vehicle stop was unjustified because officer had not testified as to how hanging air freshener obstructed driver’s view, including how object was displayed or angle of vision that was obstructed) and People v. Cole, 369 Ill. App. 3d 960, 969, 874 N.E.2d 81 (concluding that motor vehicle stop was unjustified because arresting officer had not testified how hanging object materially obstructed driver’s view), cert. denied, 223 Ill. 2d 644, 865 N.E.2d 971 (2007), with People v. Colbert, 157 Cal. App. 4th 1068, 1070, 68 Cal. Rptr. 3d 912 (2007) (concluding that stop was justified because officer had testified that he believed that hanging air freshener was “ ‘large enough to obstruct [the driver’s] view through the front windshield, ’ ” because tree shaped air freshener was four and three-quarters inches tall and two and three-quarters inches wide, and because officer testified that the defendant “had found it necessary to remove a similar-sized object that he had hung from the rearview mirror in his personal vehicle because it obstructed his view”) and People v. Jackson, 335 Ill. App. 3d 313, 314, 316, 780 N.E.2d 826 (2002) (reversing trial court’s order suppressing evidence when police officer credibly testified that his quick glance at two air fresheners hanging from rearview mirror of passing car “ ‘appeared to be a large obstruction in [the defendant’s] front windshield’ ” in violation of statute prohibiting hanging object that “ ‘materially obstructs] the driver’s view’ ”).

The trial court recognized that there must be more than a hypothetical possibility that the driver’s vision would be obstructed or that he would be distracted to constitute a violation of § 14-99f (c). Mattioli had to have reasonably believed that the statute was being violated or was about to be violated, and he must have been able to articulate this reasonable belief to the court. It would have been improper to conclude that Mattioli reasonably suspected that the chain and cross hanging from the defendant’s rearview mirror was in violation of § 14-99f (c) without regard to whether there was a factual basis for Mattioli to conclude that the defendant’s field of vision appeared to be obstructed or that the defendant appeared to be distracted by the hanging object. Because Mattioli’s testimony provided no such facts, he did not provide any basis to persuade the court that he had believed that the hanging cross obstructed the defendant’s view or that such a belief would have been reasonable. Thus, the trial court was left with a record that did not, as a matter of law, give rise to a reasonable and articulable suspicion of a violation of § 14-99f (c). Therefore, we agree with the Appellate Court’s determination that the trial court properly dismissed the charges against the defendant.

The judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed.

In this opinion ROGERS, C. J., and NORCOTT and McLACHLAN, Js., concurred.

1 We granted the state’s petition for certification to appeal from the Appellate Court limited to the following issue: “Did the Appellate Court correctly determine that the state police did not have a reasonable and articulable suspicion to stop the defendant for driving with obstructed vision under General Statutes § 14-99f (c)?” State v. Cyrus, 290 Conn. 919, 919-20, 966 A.2d 238 (2009).

2 Although the information charged the defendant with violating General Statutes § 14-99, both parties acknowledge that the proper statutory reference is to § 14-99f (c). See State v. Cyrus, 111 Conn. App. 482, 484 n.1, 959 A.2d 1054 (2008). General Statutes § 14-99i (c) provides: “No article, device, sticker or ornament shall be attached or affixed to or hung on or in any motor vehicle in such a manner or location as to interfere with the operator’s unobstructed view of the highway or to distract the attention of the operator.”

3 Mattioli’s initial description and the state’s motion for articulation incorrectly refer to the object hanging from the chain as a crucifix, which is defined as a cross bearing the figure of Jesus Christ. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1993). The object hanging from the defendant’s mirror was a simple wooden cross, which functioned as an air freshener.

4 The state focuses on the fact that, in rejecting the state’s position, the Appellate Court noted that the state’s argument “assume[d] that which the state was required to prove, namely, that there was credible evidence that the chain or crucifix that Mattioli observed was in fact interfering with the defendant’s vision or distracting his attention.” State v. Cyrus, supra, 111 Conn. App. 489. On the basis of that lone statement, the state claims that the Appellate Court failed to apply the reasonable and articulable suspicion test and instead improperly required the state to prove that Mattioli had stopped the car based on an actual violation of § 14-99f (c). We disagree with that interpretation of the Appellate Court’s decision.

On more than one occasion, the Appellate Court expressly recognized that the issue was whether the facts were sufficient to lead Mattioli to have had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that § 14-99f (c) was being violated. Indeed, two sentences of the Appellate Court opinion after the one on which the state relies, the Appellate Court properly framed the issue in concluding that “the state did not establish that Mattioli stopped the defendant’s car for any reason other than his mistaken, albeit good faith, belief that § 14-99f (c) makes it an infraction for a car to be driven with any object hanging from a rearview mirror”; id., 490; and deciding to “leave for another day, on another record, the question of how much of a distraction or impairment of an operator’s vision the state must establish to prove a violation of § 14-99f (c).” Id. Certainly, if the Appellate Court actually had demanded that the state establish proof of a completed offense rather than simply whether Mattioli lacked the reasonable and articulable suspicion that the defendant was violating § 14-99f (c), it necessarily would have had to examine that question. We, therefore, have no doubt that the Appellate Court clearly understood the state’s burden of proof at the suppression hearing as opposed to what its burden would be at trial and determined only that the state had failed to prove to the trial court that Mattioli had held a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the statute, as properly interpreted by the court, was being violated or was about to be violated. Although the language of the Appellate Court opinion that the state highlights, in isolation, appears to conflate that issue with what the state ultimately would have to prove at trial, read in context, the statement means simply that the trial court’s decision reflects a lack of proof by the state. Of course, because we exercise plenary review over the legal standards governing the appeal, we need not defer, in any event, to the Appellate Court’s legal conclusions. Cf. State v. Cruz, 269 Conn. 97, 104, 848 A.2d 445 (2004) (“[w]hether the Appellate Court properly employed Golding review presents a question of law over which our review is plenary”); see State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-10, 567 A.2d 823 (1989).

5 As the Appellate Court noted, “[a]s the trier of fact, the [trial] court had the authority to find, on the credible record before it, that the state did not establish that Mattioli stopped the defendant’s car for any reason other than his mistaken, albeit good faith, belief that § 14-99f (c) makes it an infraction for a car to be driven with any object hanging from a rearview mirror. Although our legislature might have enacted such a statute, the state now concedes that it has not done so.” State v. Cyrus, supra, 111 Conn. App. 490.

6 When a traffic stop is based upon a mistake of law, that mistake cannot provide the objective grounds for reasonable suspicion to render the stop constitutional. United States v. McDonald, 453 F.3d 958, 961 (7th Cir. 2006). Although this court has not spoken directly to this issue, we presume for purposes of this opinion that an otherwise improper stop based on a mistake of law may nonetheless be deemed reasonable and constitutional if the facts known to the officer raised a reasonable suspicion that the defendant was in fact violating the law as properly interpreted. See United States v. Delfín-Colina, 464 F.3d 392, 399 (3d Cir. 2006) (concluding that, if objective review of record establishes reasonable grounds to conclude identified law actually was broken, stop is constitutional despite fact that officer was mistaken about scope of activities law actually prohibited).

7 Indeed, as the Appellate Court’s rejection of the state’s challenge to the trial court’s ultimate finding of fact demonstrates, the record reflects that the state belatedly recognized that the record was deficient as to essential factual findings, but for whatever reason, failed to elicit essential testimony from Mattíoli or to obtain essential findings from the trial court. The reason the state failed to meet its burden appears to be directly related to how it initially presented this issue to the trial court, wherein the evidence adduced and the findings sought supported only the fact that Mattioli had stopped the defendant because something was hanging from the rearview mirror, not that this object appeared to obstruct the defendant’s view. The Appellate Court properly observed the key problem in the record that compelled its affirmance of the trial court’s judgment in this case — specifically, the state’s “shifting” interpretation of § 14-99f (c) and hence what it was required to prove to establish the validity of the stop. State v. Cyrus, supra, 111 Conn. App. 488.

8 In Brazeau, the trial court had found that the diamond shaped prism, one of the objects suspended from the mirror, possessed reflective characteristics and that the investigating police officer had observed the reflection of the prism as the motor vehicle passed him. Commonwealth v. Brazeau, supra, 64 Mass. App. 66. The Massachusetts Appeals Court concluded, however, that there was no evidentiary basis for this finding. Id. “Rather, the evidence adduced at the motion hearing established only that the officer effectuated the stop because he observed one or more small objects hanging from the rearview mirror and, on that basis alone, determined that the operation of the vehicle was or may have been impeded.” Id.

9 We note that, at the hearing on the motion to suppress, Mattioli did testify that he had observed the chain moving back and forth after the defendant’s car turned a comer onto the street where Mattioli effectuated the stop. As we previously have noted, however, the state did not request, and the trial court did not make, any finding as to whether Mattioli’s testimony that he had seen the chain moving prior to the stop was credible and, if so, whether the facts objectively gave rise to a reasonable suspicion that the chain could have been moving in such a manner that it either obstructed the defendant’s view or distracted him. Indeed, we note that the state implicitly has conceded that the record does not support a finding that Mattioli suspected that the chain was distracting the defendant because it sought certification to appeal solely on the question of whether “the Appellate Court correctly determine[d] that the state police did not have a reasonable and articulable suspicion to stop the defendant for driving with obstructed vision under ... § 14-99f (c)?” State v. Cyrus, 290 Conn. 919, 919-20, 966 A.2d 238 (2009).