State v. Cortez

512 S.W.3d 915, 2017 WL 491961
CourtCourt of Appeals of Texas
DecidedMay 3, 2017
DocketNo. 07-15-00196-CR
StatusPublished
Cited by3 cases

This text of 512 S.W.3d 915 (State v. Cortez) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals of Texas primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
State v. Cortez, 512 S.W.3d 915, 2017 WL 491961 (Tex. Ct. App. 2017).

Opinions

OPINION1

Brian Quinn, Chief Justice

At the suppression hearing, the trooper was asked: “So you’re telling the Court that because you see a van, it’s clean and it’s got two people in it, that [sic] was [918]*918indicators of potential criminal activity for you?” The trooper answered: “Yes, sir, they are. They — in and of themselves are nothing, but in the total — when you start adding them all together, they can be.” When two people in a clean car indicate criminal activity, then the words of John Lennon have come to fruition: “Strange days indeed — most peculiar, mama.”3

Nonetheless, the foregoing circumstances led the trooper to first follow Cortez’s minivan down Interstate 40 and then stop him after it may have twice crossed onto but not over the “fog line” appearing on the right side of the lane.4 Cortez believed that the stop was illegal. The trial court agreed and granted his motion to suppress evidence. This decision, according to the State, evinced an abuse of discretion, and the findings of fact and conclusions of law issued by the trial court to support it allegedly lacked evidentiary basis. We affirm.

Applicable Law

First, the applicable standard of review is that enunciated in State v. Iduarte, 268 S.W.3d 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). There, we are told that:

When reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. When the trial court makes explicit fact findings, we determine whether the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports those findings. We review the trial court’s legal ruling de novo. We uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is supported by the record and correct under any theory of law applicable to the case.
We afford a great deal of deference to a trial judge’s rulings on questions of historical fact, and also on rulings that both apply the law to facts and turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Nonetheless, mixed questions of law and fact may be reviewed de novo when they do not depend on credibility or disputed facts. This case presents mixed questions of law and fact, and we will therefore review the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law de novo.

Id. at 548-49 (citations omitted); accord, Jaganathan v. State, 479 S.W.3d 244, 247-48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (criticizing the intermediate appellate court because it “did not view the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling”).

Second, when a warrantless stop is made, the burden lies with the State to prove its legitimacy. Grimaldo v. State, 223 S.W.3d 429, 432 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 2006, no pet.). It may fulfill the burden by illustrating that the law enforcement official making the stop had reasonable suspicion to believe a traffic infraction occurred. See Jaganathan v. State, 479 S.W.3d at 247 (stating that “[a]n officer may make a warrantless traffic stop if the ‘reasonable suspicion’ standard is satisfied”). Such suspicion arises when the officer has “ ‘specific articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences from those facts, would lead him to reasonably suspect that a particular person has engaged or is (or soon will be) engaging in criminal activity.’” Id., quoting, Abney v. State, 394 S.W.3d 542, 548 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).

Third, and as previously mentioned, the traffic infraction at issue here involved Cortez supposedly driving on an improved shoulder. Per § 545.058(a) of the Texas Transportation Code, one operating a motor vehicle “may drive on an improved [919]*919shoulder to the right of the main traveled portion of a roadway if that operation is necessary and may be done safely, but only” under seven enumerated circumstances. Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 545.058(a) (West 2011). Those seven circumstances consist of 1) “to stop, stand, or park,” 2) “to accelerate before entering the main traveled lane of traffic,” 3) “to decelerate before making a right turn,” 4) “to pass another vehicle that is slowing or stopped on the main traveled portion of the highway, disabled, or preparing to make a left turn,” 5) “to allow another vehicle traveling faster to pass,” 6) “as permitted or required by an official traffic-control device,” or 7) “to avoid a collision.” I'd5 The legislature defined “improved shoulder” to mean “a paved shoulder.” Id. § 541.302(6). It defined “shoulder” to mean that “portion of a highway” 1) “adjacent to the roadway,” 2) “designed or ordinarily used for parking,” 3) “distinguished from the roadway by different design, construction, or marking,” and 4) “not intended for normal vehicular travel.” Id. § 541.302(15). Noticeably absent from both these definitions and § 545.058(a) of the Transportation Code is any reference to a solid white line or “fog line,” though, arguably, the “fog line” may be the “different ... marking” referred to in § 541.302(15).

Application of Law

Again, the trial court granted Cortez’s motion to suppress and executed written findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting its decision. Among the findings were those stating that:

7. [The trooper] began following the Defendant’s vehicle while Defendant’s vehicle was traveling in an easterly direction in the right hand lane of the four lane roadway. He then sped up and pulled into the left hand lane as his vehicle approached the Defendant’s vehicle. As [the trooper’s] vehicle approached and pulled into the left hand lane, Defendant’s vehicle moved toward the improved shoulder.
8. A short time later, Defendant’s vehicle moved toward the improved shoulder a second time as the Defendant’s vehicle exited the Interstate to the right at a marked exit ramp.
9. [The trooper] stated he stopped Defendant’s vehicle because he observed [ ] the Deféndant’s vehicle drive on the improved shoulder of the roadway on the two occasions noted above, each of which event he believed to constitute violations of state traffic laws.
10. During the suppression hearing, an oral and video tape recorded by equipment maintained in [the trooper’s] patrol vehicle was played. On the tape, [the trooper] approached the driver’s side of the van and told Defendant that he stopped the Defendant because he had driven ... “onto the white line> that little ivhite line.”
11. The video recording played at the hearing clearly demonstrated each of [920]*920the two occasions upon which [the trooper] testified he had observed the Defendant’s vehicle drive upon the improved shoulder. On each occasion the right rear tire (or its shadow) was observed by the Court to come in the proximity of and possibly touch

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State v. Cortez
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Bluebook (online)
512 S.W.3d 915, 2017 WL 491961, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/state-v-cortez-texapp-2017.