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1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Filing Date: July 16, 2018
3 NO. S-1-SC-36164
4 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
5 Plaintiff-Appellee,
6 v.
7 IVAN CALES,
8 Defendant-Appellant.
9 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TAOS COUNTY 10 Sarah C. Backus, District Judge
11 Robert E. Tangora, L.L.C. 12 Robert E. Tangora 13 Santa Fe, NM
14 for Appellant
15 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 16 John Kloss, Assistant Attorney General 17 Santa Fe, NM 1 for Appellee
2 DECISION
3 NAKAMURA, Chief Justice.
4 {1} Defendant Ivan Cales was convicted of first-degree murder and tampering with
5 evidence. He was sentenced to life imprisonment plus six years. Article VI, Section
6 2 of the New Mexico Constitution and Rule 12-102(A)(1) NMRA grant us jurisdiction
7 over his direct appeal. Cales challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, argues that
8 the district court admitted evidence in error, asserts that his trial counsel was
9 ineffective, and contends that these errors—taken together—constitute cumulative
10 error. He asks that we reverse his “conviction.” We reject these arguments and affirm
11 Cales’ convictions. We issue this non-precedential decision because the issues
12 presented have been sufficiently addressed in existing New Mexico case law. Rule
13 12-405(B)(1) NMRA.
14 I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
15 {2} Cales claims that the State failed to submit sufficient evidence to support his
16 first-degree murder conviction. Specifically, Cales contends that “the court cannot
17 affirm his guilt because the evidence of his intent to commit first degree murder was
2 1 insufficient.” He asserts, in support of this claim, that there was no evidence
2 presented that he shot and killed the victim, no forensic evidence linking him to the
3 homicide, no witness testimony that he killed the victim, and no forensic or
4 testimonial evidence that he killed the victim in reaction to an earlier argument. The
5 nature of these arguments compel us to offer some preliminary remarks before
6 attending to the merits of Cales’ sufficiency claim.
7 {3} The specific question presented is whether the State submitted sufficient
8 evidence to support the jury’s determination that Cales did act with the mens rea for
9 first-degree murder. Yet Cales’ varying and broad assertions about how the evidence
10 was allegedly deficient appear designed to establish that Cales was not responsible for
11 the victim’s death. It is unclear how Cales’ broad assertions bear on the specific
12 question presented, and we remind counsel that we do “not review unclear arguments,
13 or guess at what [the litigants’] arguments might be.” Dominguez v. State,
14 2015-NMSC-014, ¶ 15, 348 P.3d 183 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks
15 and citation omitted). Nevertheless and despite the shortcomings of Cales’ sufficiency
16 challenge, we proceed to review the merits of this claim.
17 {4} “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence in the
18 light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and
3 1 resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” State v. Cunningham,
2 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176. “The relevant question is
3 whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
4 rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
5 reasonable doubt.” Id. (emphasis, internal quotation marks, and citations omitted).
6 “[J]ury instructions become the law of the case against which the sufficiency of the
7 evidence is to be measured.” State v. Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-013, ¶ 18, 278 P.3d
8 517 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
9 {5} Cales’ jury was properly instructed that to find him guilty of first-degree murder
10 by a deliberate killing the State was required to establish that
11 1. The defendant killed Roxanne Houston;
12 2. The killing was with the deliberate intention to take away the life 13 of Roxanne Houston;
14 3. This happened in New Mexico on or about the 13th day of June, 15 2014.
16 The jury was also instructed as follows:
17 A deliberate intention refers to the state of mind of the defendant. 18 A deliberate intention may be inferred from all of the facts and 19 circumstances of the killing. The word deliberate means arrived at or 20 determined upon as a result of careful thought and the weighing of the 21 consideration for and against the proposed course of action. A calculated 22 judgment and decision may be arrived at in a short period of time. A
4 1 mere unconsidered and rash impulse, even though it includes an intent 2 to kill, is not a deliberate intention to kill. To constitute a deliberate 3 killing, the slayer must weigh and consider the question of killing and his 4 reasons for and against such a choice.
5 Our case law further clarifies that “[i]ntent is subjective and is almost always inferred
6 from other facts in the case, as it is rarely established by direct evidence.” State v.
7 Duran, 2006-NMSC-035, ¶ 7, 140 N.M. 94, 140 P.3d 515 (internal quotation marks
8 and citations omitted). For this reason, we have explained that, “[i]n determining
9 whether a defendant made a calculated judgment to kill, the jury may infer intent from
10 circumstantial evidence; direct evidence of a defendant’s state of mind is not
11 required.” State v. Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 28, 284 P.3d 1076.
12 {6} The State presented the following evidence to Cales’ jury in support of its claim
13 that Cales killed the victim with deliberate intent. Cales expressed interest in Native
14 American philosophy and the history and lore of “skinwalkers” or Native American
15 witches. Cales stated that, “if a native found [a skinwalker,] that they would kill
16 them.” Cales made a detailed drawing of a Native American “witch hunter” walking
17 away from a slain body. Cales made remarks that Native Americans kill witches who
18 curse people and that he would feel justified in killing someone who cursed him.
19 Cales claimed to be part Native American. He also claimed that the victim once made
20 spell-casting motions over him with her hands, and he considered the victim to be a
5 1 witch and a practitioner of witchcraft. Cales harbored animus towards the victim and
2 frequently stated that he did not trust her. Cales’ jury was provided with the following
3 additional evidence.
4 {7} The victim was killed by a single gunshot to the center of her forehead.
5 Witnesses testified that Cales possessed a distinctive and high-powered handgun.
6 Cales boasted—after the victim’s disappearance—that his handgun could fire a
7 projectile through someone’s head. Yet, Cales informed law enforcement that he did
8 not own a handgun. The State’s forensic expert testified that, although she could not
9 say with any certainty that the handgun Cales possessed fired the bullet that killed the
10 victim, she observed similarities between test bullets fired from Cales’ handgun and
11 the bullet found in the victim’s skull. Lastly, we note that Cales’ jury also learned that
12 he slipped away before attending a follow-up police interview, went into hiding,
13 drastically changed his appearance, and pretended to be mute when officers finally
14 encountered him again.
15 {8} The evidence discussed above is sufficient to support the jury’s determination
16 that Cales acted with deliberate intention when he killed the victim. That evidence
17 showed that Cales had reason to kill the victim, murdered her in an execution style,
18 lied about owning the type of weapon that was used to perpetrate the killing, and
6 1 attempted to evade capture for his offense. See State v. Flores, 2010-NMSC-002,
2 ¶ 23, 226 P.3d 641 (“[E]vidence of flight or an attempt to deceive the police may
3 prove consciousness of guilt.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); State
4 v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 24, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829 (concluding that
5 evidence bearing on the method used to kill the victim was adequate to support a
6 conclusion that the killing was deliberate). We reject Cales’ sufficiency challenge.
7 II. EVIDENTIARY ISSUES
8 A. Video Footage of the Police Interview
9 {9} Cales argues, citing State v. Franklin, 1967-NMSC-151, 78 N.M. 127, 428 P.2d
10 982, and State v. Boyer, 1985-NMCA-029, 103 N.M. 655, 712 P.2d 1, that the district
11 court erred by admitting the video of the second police interview of Cales because he
12 had “not waived his Miranda rights prior to the interrogation . . . .” Preliminarily, we
13 observe that Cales’ brief in chief inadequately describes the circumstances
14 surrounding the admission of the video and what, precisely, was errantly admitted.
15 While we acknowledge that this argument is advanced under Franklin and Boyer,
16 Cales’ failure to dedicate sufficient discussion to the facts surrounding the admission
17 of the video makes it very challenging to meaningfully review his argument that the
18 video’s admission is grounds for reversal of his convictions. Moreover, Cales’ naked
7 1 assertions force the State and this Court to expend time and resources on basic
2 matters—like what happened and when—to which Cales’ appellate counsel should
3 have attended. “This court will not search the record to find error upon which the trial
4 court may be reversed.” State v. Weber, 1966-NMSC-164, ¶ 37, 76 N.M. 636, 417
5 P.2d 444. Nevertheless, we have independently reviewed the record and are
6 persuaded that Cales’ arguments about the video are entirely without merit.
7 {10} The district court first considered the admissibility of the video at a March 11,
8 2016 motion hearing. At that hearing, the court denied Cales’ motion to suppress the
9 video and emphasized that Cales had been Mirandized prior to making the statements
10 captured in the recording.
11 {11} Cales submitted the motion to suppress the video only one day prior to the
12 motion hearing and the motion hearing itself was scheduled only four days before
13 trial. On the day of the motion hearing, the district court received a fifty-seven-page
14 transcript of the video. The district court did not view the actual video and we cannot
15 tell from the record whether the court was ever asked to do so before a portion of the
16 video was shown to the jury. This sequence of events precluded the district court
17 from adequately comprehending the details of the officers’ interactions with Cales.
8 1 {12} At trial, and after laying the necessary foundation, the State began to play the
2 interview for the jury. The jury viewed a roughly ten-minute conversation between
3 Cales and two officers. This conversation occurred before Cales received his Miranda
4 warnings.
5 {13} In the portion of the video played to the jury, the officers effectively informed
6 Cales—as the district court ultimately found—that he could decline to speak to them
7 and exercise his rights but that this would ensure that he would spend the next year-
8 and-a-half incarcerated awaiting a jury trial where he was likely to be sentenced to
9 lifetime imprisonment. The officers alternatively suggested that Cales could speak
10 with them and that they could, in turn, speak with the presiding judge. In response to
11 the varying statements made by the officers, Cales made only three short statements
12 during the ten-minute portion of the video: “You’re wrong;” “I don’t know, I don’t
13 have to [tell you,];” and “I don’t want [your help].”
14 {14} The video was stopped, at Cales’ request, seconds before the officers issued
15 Cales’ Miranda warnings, and a bench conference ensued. At that conference, Cales
16 renewed his motion to suppress the video of the second interview, and the district
17 court informed the parties that it did not realize that a significant exchange had
18 occurred between the officers and Cales prior to them issuing Miranda warnings. The
9 1 court expressed preliminary agreement with Cales that the officers appeared to be
2 engaged in improper coercive tactics.
3 {15} After excusing the jury from the courtroom, the district court invited the parties
4 to present argument on the issue of Cales’ renewed suppression motion. But before
5 receiving argument, the district court offered a point of clarification.
6 Previously, I ruled that this interview could be admitted because the 7 Miranda warnings were made. This conversation that’s going on right 8 before the tape was paused—where Mr. Cales is being told he could 9 serve thirty-three years, and they’re his only hope for a lesser sentence, 10 that talking to them can only help him—I believe, based upon our earlier 11 conversation last week about this that that occurred after he had been 12 Mirandized. And, uh, I mean, they keep saying ‘you don’t have to talk 13 to us, it’s up to you,’ but then they keep pressuring him to talk to them 14 with essential threats of life imprisonment. And I’m real concerned 15 about that and that’s what [defense counsel] brought up. I think that 16 there is a violation of Miranda. I think Miranda warnings have to be 17 given clearly and explicitly before the person is questioned and 18 interviewed in any way, and that any time a person says ‘I don’t want to 19 talk to you,’ that has to be respected and the interview has to end. And, 20 so I think I just made [defense counsel’s] arguments for him but I need 21 to hear from the State.
22 {16} The State responded that the district court had been presented with a copy of
23 the transcript where the pre-Miranda exchange was plain to see and expressed surprise
24 that the court had not addressed this concern at the motion hearing. To this, the court
25 admitted that it clearly “misunderstood” when and under what circumstances Cales
26 was given the Miranda warnings and also pointed out that
10 1 this transcript was given to me on Friday, at the time of the hearing. I’d 2 seen the other one, and read the other one in its entirety. But this one 3 was given to me at the time and so, I didn’t see where the Miranda 4 warnings were given, I was just told that they were given.
5 At this juncture, defense counsel interjected and suggested that he was, in all fairness,
6 partly to blame for the district court’s confusion and oversight.
7 {17} In the end, the district court concluded that Cales was coerced into waiving his
8 Miranda rights and determined that the remainder of the video would not be played
9 to the jury. The court consulted the parties with respect to what the jury should be
10 told, and after the jury returned to the courtroom, the court addressed them as follows:
11 Ladies and Gentlemen, I’m just gonna tell you what happened here. With 12 regard to the second interview that you were just viewing portions of, the 13 issue of whether or not the Miranda warnings were effectively given was 14 brought to my attention before we started trial, and I didn’t have the 15 benefit of watching the video, I hadn’t watched it. And during the break 16 what I decided was that this, the way that the warnings were given 17 effectively violated what you all know as the Miranda rule which says 18 that you’re, the rights that you have, need to be, you need to be advised 19 of those prior to any custodial interrogation. And those are, you’ve 20 heard them on T.V., the right to remain silent, the right to counsel, et 21 cetera, the right to an attorney. So, we’re not going to be reviewing the 22 remainder of the, this particular interview. And, I’m gonna ask that you 23 not speculate as to what may or may not have been said during that 24 interview. And, we’ll go forward. So, also, counsel for the State, I’m 25 not faulting them, because they did, we did discuss this before the trial 26 started and I was not as quite as informed about what was on that video, 27 so it’s really not their fault and please don’t hold it against them either.
11 1 {18} We are not, in this case, concerned with whether the district court correctly
2 determined that the officers coerced Cales or whether the video footage was correctly
3 suppressed. All that we are asked to decide is whether the errant admission of the
4 portion of the video inadvertently played for the jury is grounds for reversal.
5 {19} “Improperly admitted evidence is not grounds for a new trial unless the error
6 is determined to be harmful . . . [and] the State bears the burden of proving that the
7 error is harmless.” State v. Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, ¶ 25, 275 P.3d 110. The error
8 that occurred here was of constitutional dimension; statements were elicited from
9 Cales before the officers read him his Miranda rights. Accordingly, the error here
10 may be deemed “harmless only if we conclude that there is no reasonable possibility
11 the error contributed to the jury’s decision to convict [Cales].” Id. ¶ 45.
12 {20} The statements Cales made in the ten-minute portion of the video that was
13 errantly played were non-incriminating. Cales himself acknowledges this fact.
14 Moreover, as soon as the district court realized that the video was inadmissible, it
15 immediately stopped its playback and issued a curative instruction. “[G]enerally, a
16 prompt admonition . . . to the jury to disregard and not consider inadmissible evidence
17 sufficiently cures any prejudicial effect which might otherwise result.” State v.
18 Armijo, 2014-NMCA-013, ¶ 9, 316 P.3d 902 (alteration omitted). There is no
12 1 possibility that the portion of the video errantly admitted could have affected the
2 jury’s verdict. We conclude that its admission was harmless error.
3 B. Character Evidence
4 {21} Cales argues that inadmissible character evidence, offered by witness Raymond
5 Martinez, was erroneously admitted at trial in violation of Rule 11-404(A) NMRA.
6 Martinez and Cales were incarcerated together, and Martinez testified that “Cales told
7 him he believed [the victim] was a witch.” Martinez “also identified several drawings
8 made by . . . Cales,” one of which depicts a “witch hunter” slaying a witch. Cales
9 argues that the “sole purpose of Mr. Martinez’s testimony was to infer Mr. Cales
10 killed [the victim] in conformity with his character[, a] use clearly prohibited by Rule
11 11-404 NMRA.” This argument is also woefully underdeveloped; Cales dedicates
12 less than a single page of writing to it.
13 {22} Character evidence is inadmissible when it is used to “prove that on a particular
14 occasion the person acted in accordance with the character or trait.” Rule 11-404(A).
15 We do not agree that Martinez’s testimony that Cales thought the victim was a witch
16 and drew a picture of a witch hunt that resulted in the death of a witch is character
17 evidence. “‘Character’ is a propensity that is both general (i.e. propensity for
18 ‘honesty’ or ‘dishonesty,’ ‘violence’ or ‘non-violence’) as opposed to specific (i.e.,
13 1 propensity for executing certain kinds of violent or dishonest acts, or for executing
2 them in a certain manner) and possessed of good or bad moral connotations.” State
3 v. Lamure, 1992-NMCA-137, ¶ 44, 115 N.M. 61, 846 P.2d 1070 (Hartz, J., specially
4 concurring) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Martinez’s testimony was
5 not offered to prove that Cales had a propensity to kill witches, that his belief in
6 witchcraft was evidence of a murderous nature, or that he was in some way morally
7 flawed as a consequence of his belief that witches should be killed. Rather,
8 Martinez’s testimony was offered to establish that Cales had a specific reason to kill
9 this particular victim and that, when he did so, he acted with deliberate intention. The
10 admission of Martinez’s testimony did not violate Rule 11-404(A).
11 III. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
12 {23} Cales claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move for a
13 mistrial when the portion of the video of the second police interview was played in
14 error. He alleges that “trial counsel acknowledged his ineffectiveness for failing to
15 move for a mistrial . . . .” This argument is neither adequately developed nor
16 supported by sufficient authority. Indeed, Cales has not even identified where in the
17 record trial counsel allegedly conceded ineffectiveness. These failings are significant
18 and we could reject Cales’ argument as a consequence of them. See State v. Cooper,
14 1 1998-NMCA-180, ¶ 27, 126 N.M. 500, 972 P.2d 1 (“Because Defendant has not
2 offered any facts of record or citations to authority to support his position on these
3 issues, we do not address them.”). Despite these shortcomings, we will, as before,
4 address the merits of Cales’ argument.
5 {24} A prima facie case of ineffective assistance of counsel requires that a defendant
6 establish that “(1) counsel’s performance fell below that of a reasonably competent
7 attorney; (2) no plausible, rational strategy or tactic explains counsel’s conduct; and
8 (3) counsel’s apparent failings were prejudicial to the defense.” State v. Bahney,
9 2012-NMCA-039, ¶ 48, 274 P.3d 134. Cales has not met his burden.
10 {25} As we have already explained, the erroneous admission of the portion of the
11 interview did not prejudice Cales. Its admission was harmless error. Moreover, the
12 court issued a curative instruction directing the jury not to rely on the wrongly
13 admitted evidence. Trial counsel did not err in failing to move for a mistral when
14 portions of the video were admitted in error and did not provide ineffective assistance
15 of counsel as alleged by Cales.
16 IV. CUMULATIVE ERROR
17 {26} Cales contends that the district court’s alleged errors “accumulate to the point
18 of rendering the verdict inherently unreliable.” We disagree.
15 1 {27} “The doctrine of cumulative error applies when multiple errors, which by
2 themselves do not constitute reversible error, are so serious in the aggregate that they
3 cumulatively deprive the defendant of a fair trial.” State v. Roybal, 2002-NMSC-027,
4 ¶ 33, 132 N.M. 657, 54 P.3d 61. “Where there is no error to accumulate, there can be
5 no cumulative error.” State v. Samora, 2013-NMSC-038, ¶ 28, 307 P.3d 328
6 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).
7 {28} The discussion in the previous sections of this decision shows that there was no
8 accumulation of errors in this case: (1) the evidence presented was not insufficient;
9 (2) no evidence was admitted in violation of Rule 11-404(A); (3) trial counsel was not
10 ineffective; and (4) while a portion of the video of the interview was admitted in error,
11 that error did not prejudice Cales and the court issued a curative instruction directing
12 the jury not to rely on the wrongly admitted evidence. We reject Cales’ cumulative
13 error claim.
14 {29} For the reasons discussed above, Cales’ convictions are affirmed.
15 {30} IT IS SO ORDERED.
16 1 _________________________________ 2 JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Chief Justice
3 WE CONCUR:
4 __________________________________ 5 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice
6 ____________________________________ 7 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice
8 ____________________________________ 9 BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice
10 __________________________________ 11 GARY L. CLINGMAN, Justice