The opinion of the Court was delivered by
GARIBALDI, Justice.
In State v. Biegenwald, 106 N.J. 13 (1987) (Biegenwald II), we affirmed Richard Biegenwald’s conviction for the murder of Anne Olesiewicz but reversed his death sentence and remanded the case for a new sentencing procedure. This interlocutory appeal concerns the aggravating factors that may be used in defendant's new sentencing proceeding in the Olesiewicz case. Specifically, the issue here is whether in the new penalty phase of the Olesiewicz case the State may introduce as evidence of [525] aggravating factor N.J.S.A. 2C:ll-3c(4)(a)1 defendant’s murder conviction of William Ward, obtained after his Olesiewicz murder conviction, but before the resentencing phase of that case.
N.J.S.A. 2C:ll-3, the Capital Punishment Act (the Act), is silent with respect to proceedings on retrial. We entertain this interlocutory appeal in view of its importance to the State and to this defendant and similarly-situated defendants, in establishing some guidelines to be applied in the resentencing phase of a capital case.
I
On December 7,1983, a Monmouth County jury convicted the defendant, Richard Biegenwald, of the murder of Anna Olesiewicz and sentenced him to death. At the sentencing phase, the prosecutor sought to establish two aggravating factors: Sec. (c)(4)(a), which provided at that time that the State could introduce evidence that “[t]he defendant has previously been convicted of murder;” and Sec. c(4)(c), which provides that “[t]he murder was outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhuman in that it involved torture, depravity of mind, or an aggravated assault to the victim”. As evidence of Sec. (c)(4)(a) the State introduced defendant’s 1959 murder conviction for which he served almost eighteen years in prison.2 The defendant sought to establish three mitigating factors: Sec. c(5)(a), that “defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance insufficient to constitute a defense to [526] prosecution;” Sec. c(5)(d), that “defendant’s capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was significantly impaired as the result of mental disease or defect ... but not to a degree sufficient to constitute a defense to prosecution;” and Sec. c(5)(h), “[a]ny other factor which is relevant to the defendant’s character or record or to the circumstances of the offense.”
The jury found both aggravating factors beyond a reasonable doubt and two of the mitigating factors, Sec. c(5)(d) and (5)(h). However, the jury found that neither aggravating factor was outweighed by the combined mitigating factors. Accordingly, pursuant to Sec. c(3)(a), defendant was sentenced to death.
Defendant appealed to this Court as of right under Rule 2:2—1(a)(3). On March 5, 1987, this Court affirmed Biegenwald’s murder conviction but reversed the death sentence because the trial court failed to instruct the jury properly in the sentencing phase that it must find beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors. See Biegenwald II, supra, 106 N.J. at 18.
On February 16, 1984, after defendant’s conviction for the Olesiewicz murder, but before this Court’s disposition of his appeal in that case, defendant was convicted of the murder of William Ward. In the Ward case, the State again presented defendant’s 1959 murder conviction as evidence of aggravating factor c(4)(a), but also attempted to present defendant's prior conviction for the Olesiewicz murder as further evidence of that factor. Biegenwald I, supra, 96 N.J. at 633. In Biegenwald I, we held that during the penalty phase of the Ward capital proceeding the State could not use defendant’s Olesiewicz murder conviction to prove Sec. c(4)(a). The jury convicted defendant of Ward’s murder and the trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment with thirty years of parole ineligibility. The Appellate Division affirmed Biegenwald’s conviction for the murder of Ward. On May 28, 1987, we denied defendant’s petition for certification in the Ward case. 107 N.J. 649 (1987).
[527] In the new penalty phase of the Olesiewicz murder case, the State made a motion to admit defendant’s 1984 conviction for the murder of William Ward as evidence of aggravating factor See. c(4)(a). The trial court denied the State’s motion. By order dated February 19, 1988, we granted the State’s interlocutory motion for leave to appeal the trial court’s order, and now reverse.3
II
As enacted in 1982 and at the time of the original Olesiewicz trial, Sec. c(4)(a) of the Act provided that “[t]he aggravating factors which may be found by the jury or the court are: (a) the defendant has previously been convicted of murder ...” In 1985, the Legislature amended Sec. c(4)(a) to read “[t]he defendant has been convicted, at any time, of another murder. For purposes of this section, a conviction shall be deemed final when sentence is imposed and may be used as an aggravating factor regardless of whether it is on appeal.” L.1985, c. 178, § 2.
The legislative history of the 1985 amendments discloses that the amendments were made directly in response to this Court’s decisions in Biegenwald I, supra, and State v. Bey, 96 N.J. 625 (1984). In Biegenwald I, the sole issue was whether during the penalty phase of a capital case the State could use as an aggravating factor under See. c(4)(a) a defendant’s prior conviction for murder when the appeal of that conviction was not final. There we noted that the relevant language “has previously been convicted of murder” was unclear on its face, and simply did not “explicate the necessity for or degree of finality” that must attach to a prior conviction for its use pursuant to Section c(4)(a). 96 N.J. at 634-35. While recognizing that “our resolution of the question presented is not free from doubt,” id. [528] at 639, we held that a prior conviction could not be used as a Sec. c(4)(a) aggravating factor until appellate review of that conviction was final. Ultimately, however, we concluded, “this is a matter committed to the wisdom of the Legislature.” Id. at 640. “[T]he Legislature,” we wrote, “may clarify or modify the present scheme to the extent that our interpretation does not commend itself to some as yet unarticulated statutory purpose or policy.” Ibid. The same issue was also present in State v. Bey.
The Legislature responded to these decisions by amending c(4)(a) in 1985. The legislative history of the 1985 amendment discloses that the Legislature specifically intended to permit the use of convictions on appeal to insure that serial killers do not evade the consideration of their multiple murder convictions as aggravating factors:
In two recent decisions, State v. Bey and State v. Biegenwald, both decided on June 26 of this year, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that a defendant found guilty of murder cannot, pending the conclusion of direct appeal proceedings challenging the guilty verdict, be considered as “having been convicted” for sentencing purposes under the capital punishment statute.
Prosecutors are concerned about this ruling because they feel that it will hamper the prosecution of so-called "serial murder[ers],” individuals who kill victims randomly in a series of unrelated crimes. When discovered, these murderers usually undergo a separate trial on each murder charge. Often a trial will begin while a prior conviction is still in the appeal process. Prosecutors are concerned that if prior convictions on appeal cannot be introduced, in effect the death penalty will not be able to be used against the type of murderer for which capital punishment was intended. The Senate committee amendments would permit the introduction of prior murder convictions while on appeal during the sentencing phase of a death penalty trial. It should be noted with regard to this amendment that the majority of states with capital punishment statutes do permit convictions on appeal to be introduced as prior convictions. [Statement of Assembly Judicial Committee to Senate No. 950, February 4, 1985, at 3.]
Although the Legislature’s policy underlying the amendment of Sec. c(4)(a)—endorsing application of the factor to serial killers—favors allowing the use of the Ward conviction at the Olesiewicz resentencing, the amendment is not determinative of the issue. Defendant’s appeal of his Ward murder conviction [529] has been finalized; hence, the specific issue that the 1985 amendment addressed is not present in this case.
Instead, we find that the Ward conviction is admissible under the original language of Sec. e(4)(a). This conclusion is supported by the other issue we decided in State v. Bey. There we held that the Sec. c(4)(a) language “has previously been convicted of murder” did not require that the previous conviction occur before the commission of the murder being tried in order to have it considered as an aggravating factor at the penalty phase of the capital case. State v. Bey, supra, 96 N.J. at 628-29.
In Bey, defendant argued that “previously” meant prior to the commission of the offense for which he was being tried. In rejecting that position, we stated:
We find no legislative history, decisional law, or policy considerations to recommend defendant’s interpretation. We are satisfied that the status of the prior conviction at the time of its intended use—the penalty phase of the subsequent murder prosecution—is determinative. The relevance of such a conviction ... inheres in the fact that the conviction has occurred prior to the jury’s consideration of the appropriate penalty to be imposed. [/d at 629 (emphasis added).]
Because the Ward conviction became final prior to the resentencing hearing for the Olesiewicz murder, under the terms of the original enactment it is relevant to “the jury’s consideration of the appropriate penalty to be imposed.” The amended language of Sec. c(4)(a) does not lead us to abandon this interpretation. The legislative statements accompanying S.950 are silent concerning the proper construction of the amended provision, which now reads “[t]he defendant has been convicted, at any time, of another murder.” (emphasis added). Nonetheless, we believe that this language is merely a ratification of this Court’s holding in Bey that prior convictions need not have been entered prior to the commission of the death-eligible murder. This reasoning is supported by the previously quoted statement accompanying S.950, in which the Legislature registered its concern that capital juries not be foreclosed from considering the most aggravating evidence against serial kill[530] ers—their other murders—by procedural hurdles created because “these murderers usually undergo a separate trial on each murder charge.” Adoption of this position furthers the Legislature’s clear intent to prevent the frustration of the State’s prosecution of serial murderers by allowing each successful prosecution of a serial murderer to inure to the State’s benefit in a resentencing proceeding.
The cases in other jurisdictions support our decision here. We recognize that the relevance of other states’ capital cases depend in part on the state’s specific capital punishment statutes. Nevertheless, the reasoning behind these decisions as well as the Supreme Court decisions on this issue support our position that prior convictions entered after the original trial but before the resentencing proceeding should be considered by the jury as an aggravating factor.
The United States Supreme Court has held that there is no federal constitutional prohibition against a statute, like Sec. c(4)(a), that allows the state to introduce evidence of defendant’s prior convictions in the penalty phase of a bifurcated capital sentencing proceeding. See, e.g., Poland v. Arizona, 476 U.S. 147, 150, 158, 106 S.Ct. 1749, 1752, 1756, 90 L.Ed.2d 123, 129, 134 (1986) (both majority and dissent note without comment that the prosecutor alleged as an additional aggravating circumstance against one defendant a felony conviction arising after the first penalty proceeding); Zant v. Stephens, 462 U.S. 862, 886, 103 S.Ct. 2733, 2747, 77 L.Ed.2d 235, 255-56 (1983); Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 165 n. 9, 193-95, 96 S.Ct. 2909, 2921 n. 9, 2934-36, 49 L.Ed.2d 859, 870 n. 9, 886 (1976); Biegenwald II, supra, 106 N.J. at 53-54 n. 7.
Other jurisdictions have specifically allowed the use on remand of a conviction gained after imposition of the death sentence that is being retried. In State v. Teague, 680 S.W.2d 785, 789-90 (1984), the Supreme Court of Tennessee relied on a reading of its statute’s “previously convicted” aggravating circumstance that paralleled this Court’s reading in Bey, and [531] held that the defendant’s “plea and conviction ... occurred after [his] first trial ... but before the re-sentencing hearing and, consequently, may be used as an aggravating factor.” In reaching that conclusion, the Court noted that the important point was that the conviction be entered before the resentencing hearing. See also State v. Adkins, 725 S.W.2d 660, 665 (Tenn.) (conviction of defendant for aggravated assault obtained after defendant’s first trial for murder was properly admitted in resentencing hearing as “previous conviction,” in support of aggravating circumstances), cert. den., — U.S. -, 107 S.Ct. 2491, 96 L.Ed.2d 383 (1987); cf. Oats v. State, 446 So.2d 90, 94-95 (Fla.1984) (trial court erred in finding prior violent crime aggravating factor existed where prior conviction was later vacated; when prior crime was retried and conviction affirmed on appeal, however, it could again be presented at resentencing).
Similarly, in State v. Gretzler, 135 Ariz. 42, 659 P.2d 1, cert. den., 461 U.S. 971, 103 S.Ct. 2444, 77 L.Ed.2d 1327 (1983), the Supreme Court of Arizona upheld the use at resentencing of a conviction entered after the first sentencing trial, holding that “[c]onvictions entered prior to a sentencing hearing may ... be considered regardless of the order in which the underlying crimes occurred ... or the order in which the convictions were entered.” 135 Ariz. at 57 n. 2, 659 P.2d at 16 n. 2. The court relied on its view that the purpose of the sentencing hearing “ ‘is to determine the character and propensities of the defendant____ Revelation of subsequent lawless acts ... would help to attain the objectives of the sentencing statute.’ ” Id. (quoting State v. Valencia, 124 Ariz. 139, 141, 602 P.2d 807, 809 (1979)); see Richmond v. Ricketts, 640 F.Supp. 767 (D.Ariz. 1986) (conviction for first degree murder that could not have been presented at trial was admitted at resentencing hearing as an aggravating circumstance); State v. Richmond, 136 Ariz. 312, 666 P.2d 57 (prior murder conviction entered against defendant subsequent to conviction in present case was proper aggravating circumstance in resentencing proceeding), cert. [532] den., 464 U.S. 986, 104 S.Ct. 435, 78 L.Ed.2d 367 (1983); Jones v. State, 381 So.2d 983, 994 (Miss.1980) (words “previously convicted” applied so that defendant’s armed robbery conviction entered after the murder was committed could be considered as an aggravating factor during sentencing phase of murder case; “the legislature undoubtedly intended a weighing of both [aggravating and mitigating factors] at the time of sentencing so the past behavioral patterns likely to affect the defendant’s future behavior may be evaluated by the jury in deciding whether the defendant will live or die”).
Defendant also maintains that the application of amended Sec. c(4)(a) in his case constitutes an impermissible ex post facto law. His Ward murder conviction is final. Thus, we find it to be admissible under the original Sec. c(4)(a) statutory language. Consequently, there is no possible ex post facto issue in this case because the amended provision is not before us.
Ill
We also conclude that the admission of the Ward conviction as evidence of aggravating factor c(4)(a) does not violate the double jeopardy clauses of the Federal and State constitutions. The fifth amendment guarantee against double jeopardy protects criminal defendants (1) against a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal; (2) against a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction; and (3) from multiple punishments for the same offense. North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656, 665 (1969); Note, “Twice in Jeopardy,” 75 Yale L.J. 262, 265-66 (1965). In North Carolina v. Pearce, the Supreme Court held that there was no constitutional limitation if on retrial a court imposes a harsher sentence than imposed after the first conviction. The Court observed that this was a long-established principle of double jeopardy. Id. at 719, 89 S.Ct. at 2077, 23 L.Ed.2d at 666; Stroud v. United States, 251 U.S. 15, 40 S.Ct. 50, 64 L.Ed. 103 (1919). The fundamental principle, the Court wrote, rests “ulti[533] mately upon the premise that the original conviction has, at the defendant’s behest, been wholly nullified and the slate wiped clean.” North Carolina v. Pearce, supra, 395 U.S. at 721, 89 S.Ct. at 2078, 23 L.Ed.2d at 667. However, the Court held that if the imposition of the greater sentence results from the vindictiveness of a sentencing court against a defendant exercising his right of appeal, there may be a violation of the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment. Id. at 725, 89 S.Ct. at 2080, 23 L.Ed.2d at 669-70. To assure that such vindictiveness is not a motivation, the trial court, in imposing a more severe sentence at the subsequent trial, must set forth its reasons. Such reasons should be based on “objective information concerning identifiable conduct” on the defendant’s part. Id. at 726, 89 S.Ct. at 2081, 23 L.Ed.2d at 670.
In Bullington v. Missouri, 451 U.S. 430, 443, 101 S.Ct. 1852, 1860, 68 L.Ed.2d 270, 281 (1981), the Supreme Court held a death sentence could not be imposed on retrial of a defendant who had successfully appealed a conviction of life imprisonment. The Court reasoned that the sentence of life imprisonment at the first trial meant that a jury had “acquitted” defendant of what was necessary to impose a death sentence. Id. at 446, 101 S.Ct. at 1862, 68 L.Ed.2d at 284; see also Arizona v. Rumsey, 467 U.S. 203, 104 S.Ct. 2305, 81 L.Ed.2d 164 (1984) (followed Bullington and held that double jeopardy clause prohibited state from sentencing defendant to death after life sentence he received was set aside on appeal because of trial court’s error of law).
In Biegenwald II, supra, 106 N.J. at 68, we distinguished Bullington from that case by stating that “retrial of the instant case on the issue of penalty would result in no escalation in the severity of the potential punishment,” since defendant received the death sentence at his first trial. We now reaffirm the rule adopted in Biegenwald II, and required by Bullington, that a defendant who receives life imprisonment at his first capital murder trial, cannot at his resentencing [534] proceeding receive the death sentence. Ibid. Nevertheless, as we stated in Biegenwald II:
The only constitutional restriction applied to retrials in criminal cases is that the defendant may not be subject to punishment beyond that imposed in the first trial, and since death was the verdict in the first trial that issue is immaterial here.
[Id. at 72 (emphasis added).]
Specifically, in discussing double jeopardy we held that “[rjesentencing cannot be considered double-jeopardy where the first sentence was a death sentence and the evidence was sufficient.” Id. at 68. We also noted, however, that “[tjhis does not mean that the State can charge any aggravating factors at resentencing that were not found by the jury in the first sentencing phase.” Ibid. Thus, the fact that a defendant at the original capital trial received the death sentence does not automatically mean that at defendant’s resentencing, the State is not constrained by principles of double jeopardy and fundamental fairness.
Courts recognize that there is a distinction between the sentencing procedure in a capital case and sentencing in a noncapital case. For example, in Bullington and Rumsey, the Supreme Court based its decisions on the analogy drawn between an “acquittal at trial” and “acquittal of death at sentencing.” In Poland v. Arizona, 476 U.S. 147, 106 S.Ct. 1749, 90 L.Ed.2d 123 (1986), the Supreme Court interpreted Bullington and Rumsey as adopting the general Pearce principle that a convicted defendant may be constitutionally subject to greater punishment on retrial, unless a jury or an appellate court decides that the prosecution has not proved its case. In Poland, the Supreme Court held that the double jeopardy clause did not bar a further capital sentencing proceeding where the reviewing court found the evidence insufficient to support the only aggravating factor on which the sentencing judge relied but did not find the evidence insufficient to support the death penalty. Id. at 156-57, 106 S.Ct. at 1756, 90 L.Ed.2d at 133.
[535] The majority and dissent in Poland v. Arizona both recognized that the analogy between “acquittal at trial” and “acquittal of death at sentencing” is not perfect. Id. at 159-60, 106 S.Ct. at 1757, 90 L.Ed.2d at 132; id. at 159, 106 S.Ct. at 1757. 90 L.Ed.2d at 135 (Marshall, J., dissenting). All the justices in Poland found that the issue in a capital sentencing proceeding is whether death is the appropriate punishment and that the “offense” for which the defendant receives his “conviction” or “acquittal” is that of the “appropriateness of the death penalty, not the elements of any particular aggravating factor.” Id. at 160, 106 S.Ct. at 1757, 90 L.Ed.2d at 135 (Marshall, J., dissenting). Both the majority and dissenting opinions rejected a view of capital sentencing as a set of mini-trials on each aggravating factor. Id. at 155-57, 106 S.Ct. at 1755-56, 90 L.Ed.2d at 132-133; id. at 159-61, 106 S.Ct. at 1757-58, 90 L.Ed.2d at 135-136 (Marshall, J., dissenting). The Poland dissent is based on the view that because the evidence of “depravity,” the sole basis initially offered by the trial court to support its “conviction” of petitioners was insufficient as a matter of law, the insufficiency constituted an “acquittal” that barred reimposition of the death penalty. Thus, the relevant issue, as both opinions in Poland make clear, is whether the sentencing jury or judge has decided that the State has not proved its case for the death penalty and hence has “acquitted” the defendant of the appropriateness of that penalty.
We also recognize that sentencing in a capital proceeding under the Act calls for different treatment from that in the ordinary sentencing proceeding. Biegenwald II, supra, 106 N.J. at 60. Moreover, our construction of the Act “is based to some extent on the functional similarity of aggravating factors and the weighing process itself to the traditional proof of ‘elements of an offense.’ ” Id. at 59, 524 A.2d 130. Nevertheless, we recognize that such an analogy is not perfect.
In Biegenwald II, we specifically discussed the admission of new evidence on an aggravating factor found by the sentencing jury at the original trial. In that case, the sentencing jury at [536] the trial found aggravating factors c(4)(a) and c(4)(c). We held that at Biegenwald’s resentencing proceeding (at issue in this case) the State could not present evidence that an “aggravated battery” or “torture” of the victim occurred because under State v. Ramseur, 106 N.J. 123, 207-11, the evidence for those elements of c(4)(c) presented at trial was insufficient to go to the jury. Consequently, we concluded that to allow the State another opportunity to present that evidence would violate fundamental double jeopardy principles. Biegenwald II, supra, 106 N.J. at 51 (citing State v. Tropea, 78 N.J. 309, 36 (1978)). Nevertheless, we held that on retrial the jury would be entitled to consider whether the evidence of “depravity of mind” was sufficient to justify imposition of the death penalty based on that element in Sec. c(4)(c). In reaching that conclusion, we drew from Poland v. Arizona:
[T]he Double Jeopardy Clause does not require the reviewing court, if it sustains [the] claim [that the evidence was as a matter of law insufficient to support the aggravating circumstances on which defendant’s death sentence was based], to ignore evidence in the record supporting another aggravating circumstance which the sentencer has erroneously rejected. [Poland v. Arizona, 476 U.S. 147, 157, 106 S.Ct. 1749, 1756, 90 L.Ed.2d 123, 133 (1986).]
We concluded, in Biegenwald II, that both the State and the defendant could present new evidence:
[T]he State and the defense are free to present new evidence, testimony or documentation not presented at the original sentencing proceeding, and ... the new jury may reach conclusions concerning aggravating factors and mitigating factors different from and inconsistent with the findings at the original sentencing proceeding. In other words, neither side is assured, at the new trial, of the "benefits” gained in the original trial.
[Biegenwald II, supra, 106 N.J. at 72.]
The State asserts that since the original sentencing jury found aggravating factor c(4)(a) on the basis of defendant’s 1959 murder conviction, evidence of defendant’s Ward murder conviction is merely additional evidence of a factor already proven and found. Thus, the State contends, it should be admitted at resentencing. It is clear, of course, that the State did not “hold back” the evidence of the Ward murder conviction since the Ward conviction was not in existence at the trial. [537] Defendant, however, argues that because of the weighing process in a capital sentencing proceeding, evidence of a subsequent murder conviction constitutes a new aggravating factor, not simply additional evidence of an aggravating factor already found. Thus, defendant submits, the jury will count factor c(4)(a) twice when it weighs the aggravating factors against the mitigating. Implicit in defendant’s reasoning is the conclusion that new aggravating factors not alleged at the original trial may not be alleged at resentencing. The State disagrees, and argues instead that all we held in Biegenwald II was that the State may not assert at resentencing any aggravating factor specifically rejected by the first sentencing phase jury. Thus, the State maintains, it may proffer new factors at resentencing.
There is no federal constitutional prohibition of seeking on resentencing an aggravating factor not found at the first sentencing phase where defendant is sentenced to death at the conclusion of the first sentencing phase. Poland v. Arizona, supra, 476 U.S. 147, 106 S.Ct. 1749, 90 L.Ed.2d 123; Knapp v. Cardwell, 667 F.2d 1253 (9th Cir.1982) (evidence of both aggravating and mitigating circumstances may be introduced at a resentencing hearing even if evidence developed or discovered after original sentencing hearing or not introduced there for some other reason; there is no such thing as an “acquittal” from an aggravating circumstance in the penalty phase); Pickens v. State, 292 Ark. 362, 730 S.W.2d 230 (1987) (at resentencing State could present as additional relevant evidence testimony of witness not present at original trial); Hopkinson v. State, 664 P.2d 43, 70-71 (Wyo.1983) (statutory aggravating circumstances found not to exist in first trial could be submitted and found to exist at resentencing, without subjecting defendant to double jeopardy); Davis v. State, 242 Ga. 901, 252 S.E.2d 443 (1979) (no double jeopardy violation in submitting an additional aggravating circumstance to jury for its consideration in resentencing trial).
[538] Thus, the cases largely reject the claim that introduction of a new aggravating factor at resentencing constitutes double jeopardy. Defendant also raises a fundamental fairness claim, however. He urges that even though the first jury’s failure to find an aggravating factor may not constitute an “acquittal” for double jeopardy purposes, it would be fundamentally unfair to allow the State to pursue a new theory on which to gain a death sentence each time an appeal is successful.
Defendant’s contention, to be sure, is generally consistent with this State’s fundamental fairness jurisprudence. See, e.g., State v. Gregory, 66 N.J. 510 (1975) (requiring joinder of known offenses based on same conduct, arising from same criminal episode); State v. Godfrey, 139 N.J.Super. 135 (App.Div.1976) (State, which has knowledge of facts of case, cannot prosecute under one statute and then, when it has lost, subject defendant to reprosecution under another statute).
Capital sentencing is a hybrid: the penalty phase of a capital prosecution has many similarities to a criminal guilt/innocence determination at trial. Despite any similarity to a basic criminal trial, however, a penalty phase in a capital prosecution is a sentencing proceeding, not a guilt/innocence determination proceeding. This is particularly apparent with a straightforward aggravating factor such as See. c(4)(a). All of the other seven aggravating factors relate to the specific circumstances of the capital crime that is the subject of the prosecution. Sec. c(4)(a) relates solely to the accused’s prior acts, specifically any previous murder convictions. Therefore, aggravating factor c(4)(a) focuses on a defendant’s character, and thus far more clearly resembles a standard sentencing factor than relevant evidence at a trial.
It is well established that individualized sentencing, the consideration of the individual characteristics of the offender and his crime, is “a constitutionally indispensable part of the process of inflicting the penalty of death.” Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 304, 96 S.Ct. 2978, 2991, 49 L.Ed.2d [539]*539944, 961 (1976); see also Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 605, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 2965, 57 L.Ed.2d 973, 990 (1978) (“an individualized decision is essential in capital cases”). In sentencing, the jury must have before it all the possible relevant information “regarding the individual characteristics of the defendant and his offense, including the nature and circumstances of the crime and the defendant’s character, background, history, mental condition, and physical condition.” California v. Ramos, 463 U.S. 992, 1006, 103 S.Ct. 3446, 3455, 77 L.Ed.2d 1171, 1184 (1983); Jurek v. Texas, 428 U.S. 262, 276, 96 S.Ct. 2950, 2958, 49 L.Ed.2d 929, 941 (1976).
In sentencing a defendant in a capital murder case, it is extremely important that the jury, in determining whether a defendant should receive the death penalty or life imprisonment, know that the defendant has previously been convicted of one or more murders. Indeed, previous convictions are always central to sentencing determinations. The Supreme Court has observed the importance of intervening convictions in resentencing proceedings in a noncapital case. In Wasman v. United States, 468 U.S. 559, 104 S.Ct. 3217, 82 L.Ed.2d 424 (1984), the Supreme Court held that imposition of a greater sentence on retrial of a passport offense because of the defendant’s intervening conviction of a previously committed offense did not pose any constitutional issues. In finding no evidence of enhanced vindictiveness, the Court stated: “Consideration of a criminal conviction obtained in the interim between an original sentencing and a sentencing after retrial is manifestly legitimate. This amply rebuts any presumption of vindictiveness.” Id. at 569-70, 104 S.Ct. at 3223, 82 L.Ed.2d at 434. Indeed, the court remarked, a trial judge’s failure at sentencing to consider such convictions “would have been inappropriate.” Id. at 570, 104 S.Ct. at 3223, 82 L.Ed.2d at 434. Justice Powell, in his concurring opinion in Washman, observed:
It would be difficult to think of an event or occurrence more relevant to the determination of a proper sentence than a criminal conviction obtained in the interim between an original sentencing and a sentencing following retrial.
[540] [Id. at 574, 104 S.Ct. at 3225-26, 82 L.Ed.2d at 436.]
Biegenwald’s prior murder convictions are an indispensable consideration in determining whether death is the appropriate punishment. For the jury to make a knowledgeable decision, it is essential that it know the prior murder conviction record of defendant. A juror who does not know this pertinent evidence may not form an accurate opinion of the defendant, and is ill-equipped to render an individualized decision on whether death is the appropriate punishment. Indeed, it is to enable the jury to consider the individual characteristics of a defendant that a defendant at a resentencing proceeding may produce evidence of any new mitigating factor and any new evidence of previously presented mitigating factors.
Furthermore, there is no element of unfairness or surprise to the defendant since previous murder convictions have always been an aggravating factor under our statute. Since the passage of the Act in 1982, capital defendants have known that their prior murder convictions would be deemed an aggravating factor. Consequently, we find no merit in defendant’s argument that because his resentencing procedure was not instituted until four years after his original sentence proceeding it is fundamentally unfair for the Court to consider as an aggravating factor his intervening Ward murder conviction. Likewise, we find no merit in the State’s position that because the Court allowed the retroactive application of certain 1985 amendments that were favorable to defendants, it would be fundamentally unfair to the State not to allow the retroactive application of 1985 amendments not favorable to defendants.
In sum, we find that there is no constitutional limitation imposed on the use, in a resentencing phase, of a defendant’s murder conviction, entered subsequently to defendant’s original trial, as an aggravating factor under Sec. c(4)(a). Nor does this Court’s doctrine of fundamental fairness prohibit its use at resentencing. Indeed, to prohibit the use of such a murder conviction would violate the Legislature’s expressed intent to [541] use such convictions against serial murderers and be fundamentally unfair to the State.
A more difficult issue, however, is posed regarding the State’s ability to introduce evidence of new aggravating factors. While we recognize that such an issue is not present in this case, it may arise in other resentencing proceedings.
The principle of fundamental fairness is based on the premise that the State with all the resources and power at its command should not be permitted to make repeated attempts to convict a person for the same offense, thereby compelling him or her to live in a continuing state of anxiety and insecurity. State v. Tropea, supra, 78 N.J. at 316; State v. Gregory, supra, 66 N.J. at 518; State v. Godfrey, supra, 139 N.J.Super. at 140-41. Certainly, the anxiety, expense, and ordeal suffered by a capital defendant in undergoing a new sentencing phase equals or exceeds the anxiety, expense, and ordeal suffered by a defendant in a retrial of a noncapital prosecution.
Given the punishment at stake in a capital prosecution, the State should be compelled to offer all its proof of any applicable aggravating factors against the defendant at his or her first trial. This is particularly so because under the Act, the presence of aggravating factors determines the death-eligibility of a defendant. We realize the great burden imposed on the State and its resources in conducting a capital prosecution. We do not mean to imply that the State will hold back evidence of an aggravating factor in the first trial. Indeed, we can envisage few instances in which evidence of a new aggravating factor, concerning the circumstances of the crime, would arise after the first trial.
At this time, however, we will not completely foreclose the State from introducing new aggravating factors at resentencing in what could be those truly rare occasions in which the introduction of new factors would not offend the principles of double jeopardy or fundamental fairness. The State will be [542] permitted to introduce new aggravating factors only when it proves to the court that it has discovered new evidence sufficient to establish at resentencing a new aggravating factor and that such evidence was unavailable and undiscoverable at the original trial despite the State’s diligent efforts. When such rare occasions occur, we rely on the trial court to determine whether the admissibility of the new aggravating factor would violate the principles of double jeopardy or the doctrine of fundamental fairness.
IV
With our disposition of the instant case, the following rules emerge regarding capital resentencing:
If a defendant is sentenced .to life imprisonment at the original trial, he or she cannot be sentenced to death at the resentencing proceeding.
If the sentencing jury in the first trial specifically rejects an aggravating factor or an appellate court finds that the State failed to establish by sufficient evidence the existence of an aggravating factor at the original trial, the aggravating factor or that part of the aggravating factor rejected by the jury, cannot be used at the resentencing proceeding.
If the sentencing jury found an aggravating factor at the original trial, old and new evidence relevant to that aggravating factor may be admitted at the resentencing proceeding.
If the sentencing jury found proof of aggravating factor Sec. c(4)(a) at the original trial, or even if there was no Sec. c(4)(a) factor introduced at the original trial, evidence of a defendant’s interim murder conviction may be admitted at resentencing to establish aggravating factor Sec. c(4)(a).
[543] With regard to aggravating factors other than Sec. c(4)(a), only in extremely rare occasions will the State be allowed to submit evidence of a new aggravating factor, and only on proof that such evidence was unavailable to the State at the time of the original trial.
Finally, at a resentencing proceeding the defendant may submit new evidence on mitigating factors previously found and any evidence of any new mitigating factor. If such new evidence or a new factor is introduced, the State obviously may offer appropriate rebuttal evidence. The State, however, will be precluded from introducing a new aggravating factor under the guise of producing rebuttal evidence.
We reverse the order of the trial court.