Root, J.
This is an original action to quiet in the plaintiff title to about 131 acres of land lying, as alleged, within the northwest quarter of section 36, in township 30 north, range 32 west of the sixth principal meridian, in Cherry county, Nebraska.
The plaintiff alleges that in November, 1882, the United States caused township 30 to be surveyed, and that on May 5, 1883, the surveyor general for the district of Towa and Nebraska approved a plat of the survey, which had been theretofore filed in his office, whereby it acquired an absolute title to the land.
The defendant admits in his answer that the township was surveyed and the plat of the survey approved, but alleges that the survey was not in fact made according to the plat, but that by mistake the surveyor actually established the monuments of his survey on the ground so as to locate the west line of section 36, 33 chains and 11 links east of the true line of the section had the survey been correctly made; that the defendant filed on part of section 35 according to that survey, and that Mr. W. W. Ault, a government surveyor, under the authority of a special act of the congress of the United States, resurveyed the [309]*309township, and confirmed the McElroy survey, so far as it affected the defendant’s land; that this survey was also approved by the surveyor general, and subsequently a patent was issued by the United States government to the defendant for this land.
As we understand the arguments of counsel, there is but little difference of opinion concerning the principles of law that should control the case. Independently of the defense of an alleged estoppel of the plaintiff to reclaim this land, should it be held that title ever vested in it, the parties substantially agree that if the “Ball corner,” located 45 chains and 481 links west of the.northeast corner of section 36, is the site of the corner established in 1882 by McElroy, the government surveyor, as the northwest corner of the section, we should find for the defendant. We cannot, within the limits of this opinion, refer to all of the evidence upon this point, but something of its substance will be given.
In 1879 the exterior lines of the township were surveyed for the government by S. C. McElroy. In 1882 McElroy surveyed and subdivided the interior lines of the township, and in May, 1883, his plat of the survey was duly approved by the surveyor general. One witness testified that McElroy’s field notes recite that he retraced the exterior lines of the township before commencing to survey the interior lines, but we have not discovered any evidence'of this fact. Through sections 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 11, and 12, the Snake river, a stream about four rods in width, runs eastward in a tortuous course, and across the southern tier of the sections the Boardman creek flows eastward approximately in the center of the Boardman marsh, which is about 23 chains wide, but does not extend to either the south line of the township or the northern boundary of the south tier of sections. Between the Boardman marsh and the Snake river the soil is sandy, and is partially covered with bunch grass, soap plants and other vegetation indigenous to the sandhills,, but in many places is bare of all vegetation for spaces of from a few [310]*310square inches to much larger areas; the surface of the ground is broken by hills and numerous irregular shaped valleys and pockets.
The testimony of Mr. McElroy was not taken, nor does it appear where he resides, if in life. In 1897 a county surveyor, Mr. Tait, surveyed parts of the township, and came to the conclusion that the point where the Ball corner is located was the northwest corner of section 86, and made a plat demonstrating that all of the interior sections of the township were approximately one-half mile too far east. In 1898 Mr. Estabrook, then county surveyor, came to the conclusion that all of the interior corners were a half mile too far west. Subsequently Mr. Estabrook came to the conclusion that the asserted error of the government surveyor should be corrected in the eastern half of the township, and prepared and filed a plat accordingly. Honorable T. J. Howard accompanied Mr. McElroy at the time the interior lines were surveyed, and testifies in substance that the sections were-surveyed in tiers north and south across the township; and monuments erected every mile and half mile; that the surveyors could not cross the Boardman marsh, but went around, first erecting a mound on the edge of the marsh, and then another mound on the other side, and the line was controlled by the surveyor in charge of the transit, who, by placing it on the higher elevations and using the back sight, kept the lines true; that the witness observed pits and mounds Avithin the tOAvnship, evidently constructed by other surveyors, but by whom he does not know.
Mr. Erickson, in 1881, filed on a homestead in the vicinity of the land in dispute, and within a year thereafter surveyed the north line of section 36 and prolonged the line westward for several miles. At this time, according to his testimony, the point now identified as the Ball corner had all of the indicia of a quarter corner — a stake with one pit to the east and another to the west. He also discovered the northwest corner of section 36 near the top of a hill. A small mound and four pits were there [311]*311visible; two of tbe pits were on top and two on the side of the hill, but those on the hillside were then nearly obliterated. This corner, the witness states, was “a long mile” west of the northeast corner of the section. Ho also testifies that he discovered government corners to the westward, with pits, mounds and marked stakes. This-witness assisted Mr. Tait in making the survey which first recognized the corner, identified by the witness as the quarter corner, as the northwest corner of the section; a mound was raised and pits were dug by the chainman, under Tait’s directions. No witness testifies that prior to this time there was any physical evidence that a government section corner had been located at this point. After this controversy arose, the earth was carefully removed for 10 feet in all directions from the stake and to a depth of several inches, and no evidence was obtained to prove that four pits had been dug in the soil. The outlines of a pit about two feet square were observed, but the area and location of this pit refute the conclusion that it could have been constructed by McElroy or by any other government surveyor. Erickson positively identifies this corner as a quarter corner. To accept the conclusion that it is the site of the northwest corner of the section as located by McElroy, we must reject Erickson’s testimony, and accept, first, the conclusion that several of the McElroy corners have been located, and, second, that they are a half mile distant from the point where they should have been, and then conclude that this error was uniform throughout the survey of the interior of the township, and in consequence the Ball corner must have been the northwest corner of the section as located by Mr. McElroy.
In 1907 .Harvey, the state surveyor, after removing the surface of the soil at a point approximately a mile west of the Ball corner, discovered the outlines of four pits so situated with respect to each other as to indicate that they were dug by a government surveyor, or by some person desiring to imitate the work of a government surveyor; one-half mile further westward the remains of a [312]
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Root, J.
This is an original action to quiet in the plaintiff title to about 131 acres of land lying, as alleged, within the northwest quarter of section 36, in township 30 north, range 32 west of the sixth principal meridian, in Cherry county, Nebraska.
The plaintiff alleges that in November, 1882, the United States caused township 30 to be surveyed, and that on May 5, 1883, the surveyor general for the district of Towa and Nebraska approved a plat of the survey, which had been theretofore filed in his office, whereby it acquired an absolute title to the land.
The defendant admits in his answer that the township was surveyed and the plat of the survey approved, but alleges that the survey was not in fact made according to the plat, but that by mistake the surveyor actually established the monuments of his survey on the ground so as to locate the west line of section 36, 33 chains and 11 links east of the true line of the section had the survey been correctly made; that the defendant filed on part of section 35 according to that survey, and that Mr. W. W. Ault, a government surveyor, under the authority of a special act of the congress of the United States, resurveyed the [309]*309township, and confirmed the McElroy survey, so far as it affected the defendant’s land; that this survey was also approved by the surveyor general, and subsequently a patent was issued by the United States government to the defendant for this land.
As we understand the arguments of counsel, there is but little difference of opinion concerning the principles of law that should control the case. Independently of the defense of an alleged estoppel of the plaintiff to reclaim this land, should it be held that title ever vested in it, the parties substantially agree that if the “Ball corner,” located 45 chains and 481 links west of the.northeast corner of section 36, is the site of the corner established in 1882 by McElroy, the government surveyor, as the northwest corner of the section, we should find for the defendant. We cannot, within the limits of this opinion, refer to all of the evidence upon this point, but something of its substance will be given.
In 1879 the exterior lines of the township were surveyed for the government by S. C. McElroy. In 1882 McElroy surveyed and subdivided the interior lines of the township, and in May, 1883, his plat of the survey was duly approved by the surveyor general. One witness testified that McElroy’s field notes recite that he retraced the exterior lines of the township before commencing to survey the interior lines, but we have not discovered any evidence'of this fact. Through sections 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 11, and 12, the Snake river, a stream about four rods in width, runs eastward in a tortuous course, and across the southern tier of the sections the Boardman creek flows eastward approximately in the center of the Boardman marsh, which is about 23 chains wide, but does not extend to either the south line of the township or the northern boundary of the south tier of sections. Between the Boardman marsh and the Snake river the soil is sandy, and is partially covered with bunch grass, soap plants and other vegetation indigenous to the sandhills,, but in many places is bare of all vegetation for spaces of from a few [310]*310square inches to much larger areas; the surface of the ground is broken by hills and numerous irregular shaped valleys and pockets.
The testimony of Mr. McElroy was not taken, nor does it appear where he resides, if in life. In 1897 a county surveyor, Mr. Tait, surveyed parts of the township, and came to the conclusion that the point where the Ball corner is located was the northwest corner of section 86, and made a plat demonstrating that all of the interior sections of the township were approximately one-half mile too far east. In 1898 Mr. Estabrook, then county surveyor, came to the conclusion that all of the interior corners were a half mile too far west. Subsequently Mr. Estabrook came to the conclusion that the asserted error of the government surveyor should be corrected in the eastern half of the township, and prepared and filed a plat accordingly. Honorable T. J. Howard accompanied Mr. McElroy at the time the interior lines were surveyed, and testifies in substance that the sections were-surveyed in tiers north and south across the township; and monuments erected every mile and half mile; that the surveyors could not cross the Boardman marsh, but went around, first erecting a mound on the edge of the marsh, and then another mound on the other side, and the line was controlled by the surveyor in charge of the transit, who, by placing it on the higher elevations and using the back sight, kept the lines true; that the witness observed pits and mounds Avithin the tOAvnship, evidently constructed by other surveyors, but by whom he does not know.
Mr. Erickson, in 1881, filed on a homestead in the vicinity of the land in dispute, and within a year thereafter surveyed the north line of section 36 and prolonged the line westward for several miles. At this time, according to his testimony, the point now identified as the Ball corner had all of the indicia of a quarter corner — a stake with one pit to the east and another to the west. He also discovered the northwest corner of section 36 near the top of a hill. A small mound and four pits were there [311]*311visible; two of tbe pits were on top and two on the side of the hill, but those on the hillside were then nearly obliterated. This corner, the witness states, was “a long mile” west of the northeast corner of the section. Ho also testifies that he discovered government corners to the westward, with pits, mounds and marked stakes. This-witness assisted Mr. Tait in making the survey which first recognized the corner, identified by the witness as the quarter corner, as the northwest corner of the section; a mound was raised and pits were dug by the chainman, under Tait’s directions. No witness testifies that prior to this time there was any physical evidence that a government section corner had been located at this point. After this controversy arose, the earth was carefully removed for 10 feet in all directions from the stake and to a depth of several inches, and no evidence was obtained to prove that four pits had been dug in the soil. The outlines of a pit about two feet square were observed, but the area and location of this pit refute the conclusion that it could have been constructed by McElroy or by any other government surveyor. Erickson positively identifies this corner as a quarter corner. To accept the conclusion that it is the site of the northwest corner of the section as located by McElroy, we must reject Erickson’s testimony, and accept, first, the conclusion that several of the McElroy corners have been located, and, second, that they are a half mile distant from the point where they should have been, and then conclude that this error was uniform throughout the survey of the interior of the township, and in consequence the Ball corner must have been the northwest corner of the section as located by Mr. McElroy.
In 1907 .Harvey, the state surveyor, after removing the surface of the soil at a point approximately a mile west of the Ball corner, discovered the outlines of four pits so situated with respect to each other as to indicate that they were dug by a government surveyor, or by some person desiring to imitate the work of a government surveyor; one-half mile further westward the remains of a [312]*312red cedar stake was found, but no pits were discovered or other evidence found that pits had been dug; one-half mile further westward the outlines of four pits and an old red cedar stake were found; one-half mile further westward slivers of a red cedar stake were found and the outlines of two pits east and west; one mile further westward the remains of an old red cedar stake and two pits were found; about four miles northward from the point a mile west of the Ball corner, Mr. Ault, a deputy government surveyor, subsequently found what he contends is a government corner. At this point the outlines of four pits were visible and an iron rod protruded from the ground. This point is within a few chains of the corner common to sections 2, 3, 10, and 11 and to a bend in the Snake river, according to the calls in McElroy’s field notes. This stream flows where it did in 1882, and, if this corner be accepted as a McElroy corner, it tends strongly to sustain an argument that it was located upon the ground a half mile east of the point where it should have been established. There is also evidence to the effect that, in 1886, a county surveyor, DeBerry, found government corners intact in the southwest part of the township, with stakes marked to indicate the section, town and range, and that settlers locating their claims’ according to his surveys located a half mile east of the true lines according'to McElroy’s field notes. There is also testimony of old settlers in the township to the effect that points in the interior of the township contended for by the defendant as government corners, but west of section 36, were such corners, and that they are a half mile east of the points described in McElroy’s field notes. On the other hand, a diligent search did not disclose any section corners or evidence of section corners to the north and in line with the Ball corner; no one contends any such corners were ever seen. McElroy’s field notes of the survey of the west line of section 36 corresponds closely with the field notes of that line run 18 years thereafter by Ault, and by Sweitzer 7 years after Ault’s survey. In [313]*313all of these surveys the calls for the Boardman marsh and the Boardman creek create a strong probability that the lines were actually traced by McElroy along the western boundary of the section.
Mr. Sweitzer, government expert, and witness for the state, testifies that in his opinion McElroy did not locate the northwest corner of section 36, but the point where the witness plowed up and removed the surface of the soil, and where he says the McElroy field notes call for the corner, is on a sidehill. Mr. Erickson testifies that the section corner discovered by him was on a sidehill, and it is not unreasonable to believe that, during the 15 years intervening between the McElroy survey and Tait’s survey, the action of the wind and the rain beating upon this hillside and the tramping of cattle have obliterated all the pits, so that even an expert might believe, after a careful investigation, that none were dug. The fact that McElroy erroneously located some of the interior section corners in another range of sections does not necessarily nor logically prove that the corner under consideration was erroneously located.
If the monuments erected by the government surveyor have been obliterated, and no witness can fix their original location, -and the government surveyor’s field notes -returned to the surveyor general show that section lines were established, on straight lines between the township corners and determine their location by courses and distances, the notes should be accepted as presumptively correct, and should only be overcome by clear and satisfactory evidence that the surveyor established the corners at other points. Resurrection Gold Mining Co. v. Fortune Gold Mining Co., 64 C. C. A. 180; Hanson v. Township of Red Rock, 4 S. Dak. 358; Taylor v. Fomby, 116 Ala. 621. Furthermore, the map returned and approved by the surveyor general gives the area of section 36 as over 638 acres; whereas, if the defendant’s theory be accepted, the area will be diminished over 120 acres. In case of doubt or confusion, the quantity actually named in the [314]*314grant is entitled to some consideration. Ely’s Administrator v. United States, 171 U. S. 220. The map, therefore, should be considered in connection with the field notes in fixing the quantity of land segregated as section 36. The line from the northeast corner of section 36 westward to the northwest corner of section 31 is 476.78 chains in length. There is nothing in the record to advise us that the deficiency of 3.22 chains was not allotted by Mr. McElroy to section 30, as the law provides. We do not feel like accepting any alleged corner on that line as the interior corner of any section west of section 36, so that the doctrine of proportionate measurements is not involved, and we feel at liberty to give to the government field notes such credence as we think proper.
From all of the evidence before us, we find that whatever mistake McElroy may have made in locating the interior section corners in township 30, the proof does not show that he made a mistake in locating the northwesi, corner of section 36; that the field notes returned to and approved by the surveyor general and the plat prepared by him, when considered in connection with the testimony of the witnesses, sustain the allegations in the petition, and require a decree in the plaintiff’s favor, unless it is estopped to maintain this action.
We have not discovered any evidence tending to prove that the state induced the defendant to occupy any part of section 36. Before filing on section 35, but taking-possession of part of 36, the defendant advised with his lawyer, went to the premises in company with Mr. Tait, and accepted his statement that the Ball corner was the northwest corner of 36. The defendant knew, or should have known, that no part of any deficiency of area in the township would be taken from this section if it were properly surveyed. The northeast, the southeast and the southwest comers of the section are visible in the township lines, and the field notes of Mr. McElroy’s survey were of record. Mr. Ball made no inquiry of the commissioner of public lands and buildings, nor did he interview [315]*315the state’s tenant, who was asserting a right to all of the section, and actually using the hay cut and cured on pari of the disputed territory. There is no proof of facts sufficient to create an estoppel between individuals, much less against the sovereign state.
After the United States government issued a patent to the defendant for section 43 (the description. given by surveyor Ault for the disputed territory) the taxing-officers of Cherry county levied taxes thereon for state, school district and county purposes, and the defendant paid the taxes. These facts the defendant contends estop the state from asserting title to the real estate, and People v. Hagadorn, 104 N. Y. 516, is cited by him to sustain his contention. That case was controlled by a finding that a comptroller’s deed to the state for lands sold for taxes, which were in part invalid, was void. In answer to an argument that the state might ignore the deed and assert title as the original proprietor, it is said that if the deed were void, the state having assumed to sell the land as the property of a citizen to satisfy his taxes, was precluded from asserting title as the original proprietor.
In this case the state has not sold or attempted to sell the land, nor does the defendant claim under it. The taxing officers are not vested with discretion to tax or refrain from taxing property within their respective jurisdictions. If they fail to levy taxes upon land subject to taxation, the levy may subsequently be made; if they levy taxes upon land not subject to taxation, the levy is void. They are not vested by law with power to perform any act which will estop the state from asserting title to the school lands, which it holds in trust for the benefit of all of the school children within its boundaries. This subject has been discussed and determined adversely to the defendant’s contention in the following cases: Crane v. Reeder, 25 Mich. 303, 320; Howard County v Bullis, 49 Ia. 519; Reid v. State, 74 Ind. 252; State v. Portsmouth Savings Bank, 106 Ind. 435.
[316]*316Upon a consideration of the entire record, we find generally for the plaintiff.
Decree accordingly.