FIRST DIVISION BARNES, P. J., GOBEIL and PIPKIN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
September 9, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A20A0879. THE STATE v. STANFORD.
PIPKIN, JUDGE
In July 2019, Antwon Rashaad Stanford entered a non-negotiated guilty plea
to one count of first-degree burglary. The trial court sentenced him as a recidivist to
25 years’ imprisonment, with 5 years to serve and the balance suspended. The State
now appeals, arguing that the trial court lacked authority to suspend any portion of
Stanford’s sentence. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
The underlying facts of the crime are undisputed. The police arrested Stanford
after he was discovered hiding in a house that he had entered unlawfully. The State
sought recidivist sentencing under OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) and (c) given Stanford’s
eight prior felony convictions, which included five prior burglary convictions and
three non-burglary convictions. After the trial court imposed sentence, the State moved for reconsideration, arguing that the trial court properly sentenced Stanford
to a term of 25 years but erred by suspending a portion of it. According to the State,
Stanford must serve all 25 years of his sentence in prison without the possibility of
parole. The trial court did not alter Stanford’s sentence ; the State now appeals,
continuing to argue that Stanford’s sentence is improper.
We review whether a defendant has been properly sentenced as a recidivist de
novo. Pruitt v. State, 354 Ga. App. 73, 74 (1) (840 SE2d 597) (2020). OCGA § 17-
10-7, which is the general recidivist statute, provides in pertinent part as follows:
(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) or (b.1) of this Code section, any person who, after having been convicted of a felony offense[,] . . . commits a felony punishable by confinement in a penal institution shall be sentenced to undergo the longest period of time prescribed for the punishment of the subsequent offense of which he or she stands convicted, provided that, unless otherwise provided by law, the trial judge may, in his or her discretion, probate or suspend the maximum sentence prescribed for the offense.
...
(c) . . . [A]ny person who, after having been convicted . . . for three felonies [,] . . . commits a felony within this state shall, upon conviction for such fourth offense or for subsequent offenses, serve the maximum time provided in the sentence of the judge based upon such conviction
2 and shall not be eligible for parole until the maximum sentence has been served.
(Emphasis supplied.) The relevant portions of OCGA § 16-7-1, which is the burglary
statute, are as follows:
(b) . . . Upon the third and all subsequent convictions for burglary in the first degree, the defendant shall be guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than five nor more than 25 years.
(d) Upon a fourth and all subsequent convictions for a crime of burglary in any degree, adjudication of guilt or imposition of sentence shall not be suspended, probated, deferred, or withheld.
(Emphasis supplied.) Here, the State urges that a harmonious reading of the relevant
portions of OCGA § 17-10-7 and OCGA § 16-7-1, in particular OCGA § 16-7-1 (d),
precluded the trial court from exercising any discretion to suspend Stanford’s
sentence. Though we find the State’s argument compelling, the interplay between
these statutes has already been addressed by our Supreme Court in Goldberg v. State,
282 Ga. 542, 547 (651 SE2d 667) (2007). The Goldberg Court held as follows:
3 [W]hen OCGA § 16-7-1 (b) [(2010)1] and OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) are harmonized, the former specific recidivist statute applies when the defendant is a habitual burglar having only prior convictions for burglary, whereas the latter general recidivist statute applies when the defendant is a habitual felon with prior convictions for other crimes.
(Emphasis supplied.) Thus, Goldberg plainly and broadly announced that when a
defendant is being prosecuted for burglary and is a habitual felon, as Stanford is, then
the recidivist provisions in OCGA § 17-10-7 apply rather than the specific recidivist
provisions in the burglary statute. Id. See also Kennedy v. State, 302 Ga. App. 289,
290 (690 SE2d 255) (2010). In accordance with the holding in Goldberg and the plain
language of OCGA § 17-10-7 (a), the trial court properly sentenced Stanford to 25
years, the maximum sentence set forth in OCGA § 16-7-1 (b) for a person who is
being prosecuted for a third or subsequent burglary. See Harvey v. State, 344 Ga.
App. 761, 772-773 (3) (811 SE2d 479) (2018). Further, the express terms of OCGA
§ 17-10-7 (a) allow a trial court to use its discretion to “suspend the maximum
1 Five years after Goldberg was decided, OCGA § 16-7-1 was significantly revised. See Ga. L. 2012, p. 899, § 3-1. What used to be subsection (a) became subsection (b); portions of the former subsection (b) were either incorporated into the new subsection (b) or were left to become subsection (d). Id.
4 sentence prescribed for the offense.”2 Again, because Stanford is a habitual felon and
not merely a habitual burglar, the trial court was not constrained by the language in
the recidivist provisions of the burglary statute that bars the suspension of sentences;
accordingly, the trial court was authorized to suspend a portion of Stanford’s 25 year
sentence.3 See Nordahl v. State, 344 Ga. App. 686, 695-697 (3) (811 SE2d 465)
(2018) (affirming partially suspended recidivist sentence for burglary where
defendant’s prior felony convictions included both burglary and non-burglary
2 It appears that this result is demanded by the broad holding in Goldberg. Though the Goldberg decision ostensibly considered then OCGA § 16-7-1
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FIRST DIVISION BARNES, P. J., GOBEIL and PIPKIN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.
September 9, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A20A0879. THE STATE v. STANFORD.
PIPKIN, JUDGE
In July 2019, Antwon Rashaad Stanford entered a non-negotiated guilty plea
to one count of first-degree burglary. The trial court sentenced him as a recidivist to
25 years’ imprisonment, with 5 years to serve and the balance suspended. The State
now appeals, arguing that the trial court lacked authority to suspend any portion of
Stanford’s sentence. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
The underlying facts of the crime are undisputed. The police arrested Stanford
after he was discovered hiding in a house that he had entered unlawfully. The State
sought recidivist sentencing under OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) and (c) given Stanford’s
eight prior felony convictions, which included five prior burglary convictions and
three non-burglary convictions. After the trial court imposed sentence, the State moved for reconsideration, arguing that the trial court properly sentenced Stanford
to a term of 25 years but erred by suspending a portion of it. According to the State,
Stanford must serve all 25 years of his sentence in prison without the possibility of
parole. The trial court did not alter Stanford’s sentence ; the State now appeals,
continuing to argue that Stanford’s sentence is improper.
We review whether a defendant has been properly sentenced as a recidivist de
novo. Pruitt v. State, 354 Ga. App. 73, 74 (1) (840 SE2d 597) (2020). OCGA § 17-
10-7, which is the general recidivist statute, provides in pertinent part as follows:
(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) or (b.1) of this Code section, any person who, after having been convicted of a felony offense[,] . . . commits a felony punishable by confinement in a penal institution shall be sentenced to undergo the longest period of time prescribed for the punishment of the subsequent offense of which he or she stands convicted, provided that, unless otherwise provided by law, the trial judge may, in his or her discretion, probate or suspend the maximum sentence prescribed for the offense.
...
(c) . . . [A]ny person who, after having been convicted . . . for three felonies [,] . . . commits a felony within this state shall, upon conviction for such fourth offense or for subsequent offenses, serve the maximum time provided in the sentence of the judge based upon such conviction
2 and shall not be eligible for parole until the maximum sentence has been served.
(Emphasis supplied.) The relevant portions of OCGA § 16-7-1, which is the burglary
statute, are as follows:
(b) . . . Upon the third and all subsequent convictions for burglary in the first degree, the defendant shall be guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than five nor more than 25 years.
(d) Upon a fourth and all subsequent convictions for a crime of burglary in any degree, adjudication of guilt or imposition of sentence shall not be suspended, probated, deferred, or withheld.
(Emphasis supplied.) Here, the State urges that a harmonious reading of the relevant
portions of OCGA § 17-10-7 and OCGA § 16-7-1, in particular OCGA § 16-7-1 (d),
precluded the trial court from exercising any discretion to suspend Stanford’s
sentence. Though we find the State’s argument compelling, the interplay between
these statutes has already been addressed by our Supreme Court in Goldberg v. State,
282 Ga. 542, 547 (651 SE2d 667) (2007). The Goldberg Court held as follows:
3 [W]hen OCGA § 16-7-1 (b) [(2010)1] and OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) are harmonized, the former specific recidivist statute applies when the defendant is a habitual burglar having only prior convictions for burglary, whereas the latter general recidivist statute applies when the defendant is a habitual felon with prior convictions for other crimes.
(Emphasis supplied.) Thus, Goldberg plainly and broadly announced that when a
defendant is being prosecuted for burglary and is a habitual felon, as Stanford is, then
the recidivist provisions in OCGA § 17-10-7 apply rather than the specific recidivist
provisions in the burglary statute. Id. See also Kennedy v. State, 302 Ga. App. 289,
290 (690 SE2d 255) (2010). In accordance with the holding in Goldberg and the plain
language of OCGA § 17-10-7 (a), the trial court properly sentenced Stanford to 25
years, the maximum sentence set forth in OCGA § 16-7-1 (b) for a person who is
being prosecuted for a third or subsequent burglary. See Harvey v. State, 344 Ga.
App. 761, 772-773 (3) (811 SE2d 479) (2018). Further, the express terms of OCGA
§ 17-10-7 (a) allow a trial court to use its discretion to “suspend the maximum
1 Five years after Goldberg was decided, OCGA § 16-7-1 was significantly revised. See Ga. L. 2012, p. 899, § 3-1. What used to be subsection (a) became subsection (b); portions of the former subsection (b) were either incorporated into the new subsection (b) or were left to become subsection (d). Id.
4 sentence prescribed for the offense.”2 Again, because Stanford is a habitual felon and
not merely a habitual burglar, the trial court was not constrained by the language in
the recidivist provisions of the burglary statute that bars the suspension of sentences;
accordingly, the trial court was authorized to suspend a portion of Stanford’s 25 year
sentence.3 See Nordahl v. State, 344 Ga. App. 686, 695-697 (3) (811 SE2d 465)
(2018) (affirming partially suspended recidivist sentence for burglary where
defendant’s prior felony convictions included both burglary and non-burglary
2 It appears that this result is demanded by the broad holding in Goldberg. Though the Goldberg decision ostensibly considered then OCGA § 16-7-1 (b) as a whole, the decision does not appear to have specifically considered the language concerning a sentencing being “suspended, probated, deferred, or withheld” – which is now a standalone provision in subsection (d) – nor the language in OCGA § 17-10- 7 (a), which suggests that the authority of a trial court under that provision to “probate or suspend the maximum sentence” is conditioned by the phrase “unless otherwise provided by law,” OCGA § 17-10-7 (a). Given the extensive revisions to OCGA § 16-7-1 since Goldberg was decided – as well as the fact that Goldberg appears to have been concerned solely with the applicable maximum punishment rather than any possible terms of that sentence, see Goldberg, 282 Ga. at 543 – we question whether that decision remains viable. That question, however, is not for us to consider. See Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. VI, Sec. VI, Par. VI (“The decisions of the Supreme Court shall bind all other courts as precedents.”). 3 The State relies on Williams v. State, 261 Ga. App. 176, 179 (2) (582 SE2d 141) (2003), to argue that OCGA § 16-7-1 (d) precludes any suspension of Stanford’s sentence; this reliance is misplaced. Williams predates Goldberg, and this Court has recognized that the Williams decision has been implicitly overruled by other precedent from our Supreme Court. See Patrick v. State, 284 Ga. App. 472, 473-474 (644 SE2d 309) (2007).
5 offenses). Finally, we note that since Stanford is well beyond his fourth felony
conviction, he must serve all five years of his prison term without the possibility of
parole. See OCGA § 17-10-7 (c); Kennedy, 302 Ga. App. at 290. Accordingly, we
affirm Stanford’s sentence.
Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J. concurs. Gobeil, J., concurs fully and
specially.
6 A20A0879. THE STATE v. STANFORD.
GOBEIL, Judge, concurring fully and specially.
I fully concur in the majority’s thoughtfully written opinion given the
constraints of Goldberg v. State, 282 Ga. 542 (651 SE2d 667) (2007). Because I
question the continued soundness of Goldberg, especially in light of subsequent
legislative changes, however, I write separately.
Much like the Goldberg Court, I agree that OCGA §§ 17-10-7 and 16-7-1 (as
amended post-Goldberg) are not in conflict. However, I find them harmonious for
different reasons. While OCGA § 17-10-7, as the general recidivist statute, generally
provides a trial judge the discretion to probate or suspend a maximum sentence, that authority is expressly caveated by “unless otherwise provided by law[.]” OCGA § 17-
10-7 (a). To that end, the more specific burglary recidivist statute, OCGA § 16-7-1
(d), clearly prohibits against suspending sentences for four or greater burglary
convictions. As such, it appears to be just such an exception “otherwise provided by
law.”
Though the Goldberg Court interpreted the interplay between these statutes
under a different version of OCGA § 16-7-1, the breadth of its holding still binds us.
Accordingly, I fully concur in this opinion.