OPINION
DAVIS, Judge:
¶ 1 Ernesto Alverez Defendant appeals his conviction of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with the intent to distribute. See Utah Code Ann. § 58-37-8(l)(a)(iii)(2002). We affirm.
BACKGROUND1
¶ 2 On June 23, 2003, two Salt Lake City Police officers, one of whom was Officer Don Wahlin, were observing a condominium complex in Salt Lake City because, according to Wahlin, they had received information that drug transactions had been taking place in that area. While observing the condominium complex that day, Wahlin saw a vehicle (the vehicle) drive into the complex. Wahlin had previously received information from the narcotics division of the Salt Lake City Police Department that the vehicle had possibly been involved in drug transactions. Wahlin then saw Defendant get out of the vehicle, enter the condominium complex, return to the vehicle less than five minutes later, get back into the vehicle, and drive the vehicle out of the complex. Based upon the information he had previously received and his observation of Defendant that day, Wahlin believed that Defendant had been involved in a drug transaction. Wahlin testified that he believed Defendant’s short visit to the complex was consistent with short-stay drug traffic. Although Wahlin discovered that day that the vehicle was uninsured, he and the other officer chose not to initiate a traffic stop on that basis.
¶3 Wahlin testified that because it was typical for drug dealers to frequent the same location, he and Salt Lake City Police Sergeant Chad Steed decided to return to the condominium complex the following day to see if the vehicle would return. While observing the complex, Wahlin and Steed saw Defendant drive the vehicle into the same area of the complex as he had the previous day, get out of the vehicle, and enter the complex. Wahlin and Steed then walked to the vehicle and waited for Defendant to return. Wahlin and Steed waited in an empty parking stall adjacent to the vehicle, behind a full-size van that was parked in the stall adjacent to the empty stall.
¶ 4 While waiting, Steed looked inside the vehicle and observed a facsimile of “Jesus Malverde,” which Steed testified he was able to recognize through his training, interviews he had conducted, and his observation of known drug houses. Steed also testified that, according to interviews he had conducted, “Jesus Malverde” was the patron saint of drug dealing. In addition, Steed observed a small bottle of water in the console of the vehicle, which he testified he had seen suspected drug dealers use during traffic stops to swallow drugs concealed in their mouths.
[811]*811¶ 5 Less than five minutes after entering the condominium complex, Defendant exited the complex and approached the vehicle. As Defendant came around the full-size van, Wahlin and Steed, who were both in uniform, approached Defendant “to talk with him.” Wahlin first asked if Defendant knew that the vehicle was uninsured. According to Wahlin, Defendant’s response was, “How[ did] you know that?” Wahlin then explained to Defendant that the vehicle had been suspected of being involved in some drug transactions. According to Wahlin, Defendant denied having any knowledge of this information. Wahlin continued by asking Defendant if he had any drugs on his person, and Defendant responded that he did not. Wahlin also asked Defendant if he would open his mouth to demonstrate that he did not have any drugs in his mouth. Wahlin testified that he asked this question because, in his experience, drug dealers usually package drugs like cocaine and heroin in small balloons, which they carry in their mouths. Wahlin also testified that drug dealers do this so that they are able to swallow the balloons “before law enforcement can get to them.” Prior to asking this question, Wahlin did not notice anything unusual about Defendant’s mouth or any impediments to Defendant’s speech. However, after asking this question, Wahlin noticed that Defendant became nervous and was using his tongue to move objects around in his mouth. In'addition, both Wahlin and Steed observed Defendant making swallowing motions. Both Wahlin and Steed testified that, at this point, they believed that Defendant was trying to conceal evidence by swallowing it. Steed further testified that he believed that Defendant “had balloons in his mouth” and that Defendant “was going to swallow drugs.” Immediately, both Wahlin and Steed grabbed Defendant’s arms, placed him in a “wrist lock,” and bent him forward. Wahlin testified that they bent Defendant forward because, based on Wahlin’s experience, that made it harder for Defendant to swallow anything that might have been in his mouth. Wahlin then told Defendant to spit out what he had in his mouth. Defendant spit out fifteen balloons containing illegal narcotics. Wahlin testified that the amount of time that passed between him asking Defendant to open his mouth and Defendant spitting out the balloons was approximately five to ten seconds.
¶ 6 On June 26, 2003, Defendant was charged with two counts of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with the intent to distribute. See Utah Code Ann. § 58-37-8(l)(a)(iii) (2002). On August 13, 2003, Defendant filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained by Wahlin and Steed during their encounter with Defendant, arguing that their warrantless search was constitutionally impermissible. At the conclusion of the August 29, 2003 evidentiary hearing on Defendant’s motion to suppress, the trial court denied Defendant’s motion.
¶ 7 On October 17, 2003, Defendant filed a petition for interlocutory review of the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. This court denied Defendant’s motion in an order dated November 26, 2003. On January 5, 2004, pursuant to State v. Sery, 758 P.2d 935 (Utah Ct.App.1988), Defendant pleaded guilty to one count of unlawful possession of a controlled substance with the intent to distribute, see Utah Code Ann. § 58-37-8(l)(a)(iii), but preserved his right to appeal the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. Defendant appeals.
ISSUE AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶ 8 Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress.
We review the factual findings underlying the trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion to suppress evidence using a clearly erroneous standard. . However, we review the trial court’s conclusions of law based on these findings for correctness, with a measure of discretion given to the trial judge’s application of the legal standard to the facts.
State v. Veteto, 2000 UT 62,¶ 8, 6 P.3d 1133 (quotations and citations omitted). “The measure of discretion afforded varies, however, according to the issue being reviewed.” State v. Hansen, 2002 UT 125,¶ 26, 63 P.3d 650. The Utah Supreme Court has stated that “[w]hen a case involves the reasonable[812]*812ness of a search and seizure, ‘we afford little discretion to the district court because there must be state-wide standards that guide law enforcement and prosecutorial officials.’ ” State v. Warren, 2003 UT 36,¶ 12, 78 P.3d 590 (quoting Hansen, 2002 UT 125 at ¶ 26, 63 P.3d 650). More recently, the Utah Supreme Court “abandon[ed] the standard which extended ‘some deference’ to the application of law to the underlying factual findings in search and seizure cases in favor of non[ ]deferential review.” State v. Brake, 2004 UT 95,¶ 15, 103 P.3d 699. Because this case involves a search and seizure, we do not extend any deference to the trial court in its application of the law to its factual findings. See id.
ANALYSIS
¶ 9 Defendant first argues that Wahlin and Steed unconstitutionally exceeded the scope of their initial encounter with Defendant when Wahlin, without reasonable suspicion to do so, questioned Defendant about drugs. Defendant also argues that even if Wahlin did have reasonable suspicion to ask Defendant about drugs, the State failed to demonstrate the lawfulness of Wahlin and Steed’s subsequent warrantless search of Defendant. We will address each argument in turn.
I. Questioning About Drugs
¶ 10 Defendant asserts that when Wahlin began questioning Defendant about the uninsured status of the vehicle, he engaged Defendant in a valid, level two encounter,2 which was limited to the potential insurance violation. See generally Salt Lake City v. Ray, 2000 UT App 55,¶ 11, 998 P.2d 274 (explaining a level two encounter). Defendant then argues that Wahlin and Steed unconstitutionally exceeded the scope of this initial detention when Wahlin, without reasonable suspicion to do so, detained Defendant further to question him about drugs. We disagree with Defendant’s argument and with his characterization of his detention as being initially limited to the potential insurance violation.
¶ 11 “[A]n officer may stop and question a person when the officer has reasonable, articulable suspicion that the person has been, is, or is about to be engaged in criminal activity.” State v. Pena, 869 P.2d 932, 940 (Utah 1994) (quotations and citation omitted). In determining whether an officer has reasonable, articulable suspicion, we consider “the totality of the circumstances to determine whether the officer had specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, warrant a detention.” State v. Munsen, 821 P.2d 13, 15 (Utah Ct.App.1991) (quotations and citations omitted).
¶ 12 In an apparent attempt to limit the scope of his encounter with Wahlin and Steed, Defendant has mischaracterized the encounter as being limited to the uninsured status of the vehicle. Although it is true that the.first question Wahlin asked Defendant concerned the potential insurance violation, we are not persuaded that this operated to limit the encounter to that issue alone. In essence, Defendant has .selectively divided Wahlin and Steed’s fluid encounter with Defendant into two parts, arguing that the first part was a valid level two encounter and that the second part unconstitutionally exceeded the scope of the first. However, after reviewing the record, it is far from clear to us, despite Defendant’s assumptions to the contrary, that Wahlin and Steed’s sole purpose for approaching Defendant was to resolve the potential insurance violation.
[813]*813¶ 13 Rather, our review of the record reveals that Wahlin and Steed had knowledge of the following “specific and articulable facts” and made the following “rational inferences from those facts,” id. (quotations and citations omitted), which warranted engaging Defendant in a level two encounter to ask him about the potential insurance violation and about drugs. On June 23, 2003, Wahlin saw the vehicle enter the aforementioned condominium complex. The complex was located in an area where, according to information Wahlin had previously received, drug transactions had been taking place. In addition, Wahlin had previously received information from the narcotics division of the Salt Lake City Police Department that the vehicle had possibly been involved in drug transactions. On that day, Wahlin saw Defendant get out of the vehicle, enter the complex, return to the vehicle less than five minutes later, get back into the vehicle, and drive the vehicle out of the complex. Based upon the information he had previously received, his observation of Defendant that day, and his belief that Defendant’s short visit to the complex was consistent with short-stay drug traffic, Wahlin believed that Defendant had been involved in a drug transaction. Based upon information he gathered that day, Wahlin discovered that the vehicle was uninsured. The following day, based upon Wahlin’s experience that it was typical for drug dealers to frequent the same location, he and Steed returned to the complex and saw Defendant drive the vehicle into the same area of the complex as he had the previous day, get out of the vehicle, and enter the complex. After approaching the vehicle, Steed looked inside and observed a facsimile of “Jesus Mal-verde,” which Steed recognized to be the patron saint of drug dealing. In addition, Steed observed a small bottle of water in the console of the vehicle, which he had seen suspected drug dealers use during traffic stops to swallow drugs concealed in their mouths.3
¶ 14 Given the foregoing, it is clear that, under “the totality of the circumstances,” Wahlin and Steed had “specific and articula-ble facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, warrant[ed][the] detention” of Defendant to question him about the uninsured status of the vehicle and about drugs. Id. (quotations and citations omitted). Therefore, we conclude that Wah-lin had reasonable, articulable suspicion to ask Defendant about drugs.
II. Validity of Warrantless Search
¶ 15 Defendant also argues that even if Wahlin did have reasonable suspicion to ask Defendant about drugs, the State failed to demonstrate the lawfulness of Wahlin and Steed’s subsequent warrantless sehrch of Defendant. We disagree.
¶ 16 In order to demonstrate the lawfulness of a warrantless, bodily search, the State must establish three elements: (A) “a clear indication that evidence would be found”; (B) “exigent circumstances that justified the warrantless bodily intrusion”; and (C) “that the method chosen was a reasonable one, performed in a reasonable manner.” State v. Hodson, 866 P.2d 556, 560 (Utah Ct.App.1993) (Hodson I) (citing Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 768-72, 86 S.Ct. 1826, 16 L.Ed.2d 908 (1966)), rev’d on other grounds, 907 P.2d 1155 (Utah 1995) (Hodson II) (reversing based only upon the Hodson I court’s conclusion on the third element — i.e., the reasonableness of the search procedure).
A. Clear Indication that Evidence Would be Found
¶ 17 To establish the first element, the State must prove that at the time of their [814]*814warrantless search of Defendant, Wahlin and Steed had “a clear indication that evidence would be found.” Hodson I, 866 P.2d at 560. “ ‘Clear indication’ requires that there be probable cause to believe that evidence will be found.” Id. (citations omitted). “In general, probable cause means a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found.” State v. Yoder, 935 P.2d 534, 540 (Utah Ct.App.1997) (quotations and citation omitted). “The probable cause determination is based on the totality of the circumstances.” Id. (quotations and citation omitted). “The validity of the probable cause determination is made from the objective standpoint of a prudent, reasonable, cautious police officer ... guided by his experience and training. In making that determination, a police officer is entitled to rely on information gained from other police officers.” Hodson I, 866 P.2d at 560 (alteration in original) (quotations and citations omitted).
¶ 18 Because “[t]he probable cause determination is based on the totality of the circumstances,” Yoder, 935 P.2d at 540 (quotations and citation omitted), we must consider the facts that served as the basis for Wahlin and Steed possessing reasonable suspicion to ask Defendant about drugs, as well as the following facts concerning Wahlin’s questioning of Defendant about drugs. Wah-lin asked Defendant to open his mouth to demonstrate that he did not have any drugs in his mouth 'because, based upon Wahlin’s experience, drug' dealers usually package drugs like cocaine and heroin in small balloons, which they carry in their mouths. Wahlin indicated that, based upon his experience, drug dealers do this so that they are able to swallow the balloons “before law enforcement can get to them.” After asking Defendant to open his mouth, Wahlin noticed that Defendant became nervous4 and was using his tongue to move objects around in his mouth. In addition, both Wahlin and Steed observed Defendant making swallowing motions. Given these observations, Wah-lin and Steed believed, based upon their experience and training, that Defendant was trying to conceal evidence by swallowing it. More specifically, Steed believed, again based upon his experience and training, that Defendant “had balloons in his mouth” and that Defendant “was going to swallow drugs.”
¶ 19 In determining whether probable cause existed, we must consider all of the aforementioned facts from “the objective standpoint of a prudent, reasonable, cautious police officer ... guided by his experience and training.” Hodson I, 866 P.2d at 560 (alteration in original), (quotations and citation omitted). After reviewing the record facts in this light, we have determined that Wahlin and Steed were justified in believing that there was “a fair probability that contraband or - evidence of a crime [would] be found.” Yoder, 935 P.2d at 540 (quotations and citation omitted). Therefore, we conclude that Wahlin and Steed had “probable cause to believe” — i.e., “a clear indication”— “that evidence would be found.” Hodson I, 866 P.2d at 560 (quotations and citations omitted).
B. Exigent Circumstances
¶ 20 To establish the second element, the State must demonstrate “exigent circumstances that justified the warrantless bodily intrusion.” Id. Exigent circumstances exist when either (1) “the procurement of a warrant would have jeopardized the safety of the police officers or the public,” or (2) “the evidence was likely to have been lost or destroyed.” Id. at 561 (quotations and citations omitted). In order for the second en> cumstance to apply, “the police must have probable cause and believe that either contraband or evidence of a crime ... may be lost if not immediately seized.” State v. Palmer, 803 P.2d 1249, 1252 (Utah Ct.App.1990) (alteration in original) (quotations and citation omitted).
¶ 21 In arguing that exigent circumstances did not exist in this ease, Defendant relies primarily upon Palmer, People v. Bracamonte, 15 Cal.3d 394, 124 Cal.Rptr. 528, 540 P.2d 624 (1975), and Hodson II. However, [815]*815Defendant’s reliance upon these cases is misplaced.
¶22 Defendant relies upon the Palmer court’s conclusion that there was “no justifiable reason to believe [evidence] would be destroyed” by the defendant in Palmer “if he had swallowed it.” Palmer, 803 P.2d at 1253 (citing Bracamonte, 124 Cal.Rptr. 528, 540 P.2d at 631). Although Defendant’s assertion is generally correct, he neglects to specifically mention that the evidence swallowed by the defendant in Palmer was a diamond ring. See id. at 1250-51. Based upon the difference between the evidence in Palmer and the evidence in this case, we conclude that the holding of Palmer is inapplicable to this case. As we will discuss below, we have determined that Wahlin and Steed had probable cause and believed that the evidence in this ease, unlike the diamond ring in Palmer, may have been “lost if not immediately seized.” Id. at 1252 (quotations and citation omitted).
¶ 23 Defendant also relies upon the reasoning and holding of Bracamonte. In Bracamonte, the officers observed the defendant place balloons in her mouth and swallow them. See 124 Cal.Rptr. 528, 540 P.2d at 626. In holding that the balloons should not have been received in evidence by the trial court, see id. 124 Cal.Rptr. 528, 540 P.2d at 631, the Bracamonte court noted that evidence such as that swallowed by the defendant “may pass completely through the digestive tract, by the ordinary processes of nature, without causing any ill effects. The rubber container would effectively prevent the contents from being absorbed into the system.” Id. Unlike the officers in Braca-monte, Wahlin and Steed did not observe Defendant place any objects in his mouth or have any knowledge of how any objects in his mouth were packaged. Although Wahlin testified that, based upon his experience, drug dealers typically package drugs in small balloons for transport in their mouths, he and Steed did not know conclusively what was in Defendant’s mouth or how any objects in Defendant’s mouth were packaged. For this reason, we decline to adopt the reasoning and holding of Bracamonte in this ease.
¶ 24 Finally, Defendant relies upon Hod-son II. Although it is true that the Hodson II court overruled this court’s decision in Hod-son I, it did so on only one issue and it did not upset this court’s ruling on exigent circumstances. See State v. Hodson, 866 P.2d 556, 560 (Utah Ct.App.1993) (Hodson I), rev’d on other grounds, 907 P.2d 1155 (Utah 1995) {Hodson II) (reversing based only upon the Hodson I court’s conclusion on the third element — i.e., the reasonableness of the search procedure). Therefore, the Hodson II court’s decision is not directly applicable to the exigent circumstances element, and this court’s conclusion on exigent circumstances in Hodson I is still valid. Accordingly, we apply Hodson I in analyzing Defendant’s argument.
¶ 25 In Hodson I, this court stated:
When illegal drugs are ingested to conceal them from law enforcement, a reasonable police officer cannot know, for certain, the method of packaging the drug. As a result, it is not unreasonable to assume the drug might not be securely packaged so as to avoid its dissipation in the ingester’s system, with resulting probable toxic effects. Therefore, contrary to defendant’s assertion, it is precisely because the police did not know how the heroin was packaged that exigent circumstances justified a war-rantless search and seizure. The exigencies in this case included both possible destruction of evidence and potential harm to defendant.
866 P.2d at 561.
¶26 We agree with the reasoning and holding of the Hodson I court.5 In this case, [816]*816although Wahlin and Steed may have believed that the objects in Defendant’s mouth were drugs that were securely packaged in balloons, they could not “know, for certain, the method of packaging the drug.” Id. In accordance with Hodson I, because they did not know how the drugs were packaged, exigent circumstances existed in this ease. See id. Put another way, because we conclude that Wahlin and Steed had “probable cause and believe[d] that either contraband or evidence of a crime ... may [have been] lost if not immediately seized,” Palmer, 803 P.2d at 1252 (second alteration in original) (quotations and citation omitted), “exigent circumstances ... justified the warrantless bodily intrusion.” Hodson I, 866 P.2d at 560.
C. Reasonable Method Performed in a Reasonable Manner
¶ 27 To establish the third element, the State must demonstrate that the search procedure employed by Wahlin and Steed “was a reasonable one, performed in a reasonable manner.” Id. To determine whether a search procedure was reasonable, we must measure it against three factors: “(1) the extent to which the procedure used may threaten the safety or health of the individual, (2) the extent of the intrusion upon the individual’s dignitary interests in personal privacy and bodily integrity, and (3) the community’s interest in fairly and accurately determining guilt or innocence.” Hodson II, 907 P.2d at 1157 (citing Winston v. Lee, 470 U.S. 753, 761-62, 105 S.Ct. 1611, 84 L.Ed.2d 662 (1985)). The first two factors represent Defendant’s individual interests and are weighed against the third factor, which represents the State’s interest. See Winston 470 U.S. at 762, 105 S.Ct. 1611 (outlining the first two factors and stating that the third factor is “[w]eighed against these individual interests”); Hodson II, 907 P.2d at 1158 (determining that “the weight of the risk and the intrusion under the first two [factors] ... was considerable, and the critical determination is whether the third factor ... can shift the balance”).
¶28 First, we must determine the extent to which the procedure used by Wah-lin and Steed “threatenfed] the safety or health of’ Defendant. Hodson II, 907 P.2d at 1157. According to the record, Wahlin and Steed placed Defendant in a “wrist lock” that lasted approximately five to ten seconds. Even if Defendant is correct in his assertion that the “wrist lock” was “extremely painful,” any pain inflicted was very brief in nature. Accordingly, we conclude that the procedure used by Wahlin and Steed created little or no threat to Defendant’s safety or health. Cf. id. at 1158 (holding that risk to safety and health was “considerable” when the defendant was “threatened with a firearm, ... dragged from his vehicle, thrown to the ground, and ordered to spit out what was in [817]*817his mouth by an officer whose arm was around his neck”).
¶ 29 Second, we must determine the extent to which the procedure used by Wahlin and Steed intruded upon Defendant’s “dignitary interests in personal privacy and bodily integrity.” Id. at 1157. According to the record, the only physical contact that Wahlin and Steed had with Defendant was the “wrist lock.” Given its brief nature and limited physical contact, we conclude that the “wrist lock” presented an extremely low level of intrusion upon Defendant’s interests in personal privacy and bodily integrity. Cf. id. at 1158 (holding that intrusion was high where the defendant “was assaulted with a loaded weapon, dragged to the ground, had some degree of force applied to his throat, and had fingers inserted in his mouth without his consent or cooperation”).
¶ 30 Finally, we must examine the State’s “interest in fairly and accurately determining guilt or innocence.” Id. at 1157. In other words, we must determine “the need to preserve evidence of criminal behavior.” Id. at 1158. Defendant argues that the Hodson II court’s holding is directly applicable to this factor. We disagree.
¶ 31 The Hodson II court held that “[i]n the absence of an urgent need to preserve evidence, there cannot be a justification for the significant risks to health and safety posed by using the kind of force in this case to get a suspect to spit out what is believed to be a mouthful of drugs.” Id. (emphasis added). The Hodson II court also stated that “[n]o emergency or exigency justifies the use of force at this level to preserve evidence which would be readily (if inconveniently) accessible through nonviolent means.” Id. (emphasis added). In his argument, Defendant neglects to mention the emphasized portions of these statements from Hodson II, which, in our view, limit its holding to the type of extreme force used by the officers in that case. See id. Further, contrary to Defendant’s argument, Hodson II does not operate to diminish the State’s “need to preserve evidence of criminal behavior,” id., in every case where officers suspect that a defendant is about to swallow or has swallowed drugs. Rather, it specifically holds that this State interest — represented by the third factor — is outweighed by the individual’s interests — represented by the first two factors— when a defendant is about to swallow or has swallowed drugs and the officers employ the extreme levels of force described in Hodson II. See id.
¶ 32 Considering the force used by Wahlin and Steed in this case, we conclude that the State’s “interest in fairly and accurately determining guilt or innocence,” id. at 1157, in this case clearly outweighs the extremely low threat to Defendant’s safety or health and the negligible intrusion upon Defendant’s interests in personal privacy and bodily integrity. See id. Accordingly, we conclude that the search procedure used by Wahlin and Steed was reasonable.
¶ 33 Because the State has demonstrated the three required elements, see State v. Hodson, 866 P.2d 556, 560 (Utah Ct.App.1993) (Hodson I), rev’d on other grounds, 907 P.2d 1155 (Utah 1995) (Hodson II), we conclude that Wahlin and Steed’s warrantless search of Defendant was lawful.
CONCLUSION
¶ 34 We conclude that Wahlin had reasonable, articulable suspicion to ask Defendant about drugs. We also conclude that Wahlin and Steed’s warrantless search of Defendant was lawful. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s denial of Defendant’s motion to suppress.
¶ 35 I CONCUR: JUDITH M. BILLINGS, Presiding Judge.