RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-3751-19
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
CHRISTOPH ESNES, a/k/a CHRISTOPHER ESNES,
Defendant-Appellant. __________________________
Submitted March 10, 2020 – Decided May 12, 2021
Before Judges Sumners and Geiger.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Morris County, Indictment No. 18-02-0137.
Caruso Smith Picini, PC, attorney for appellant (Timothy R. Smith, of counsel and on the briefs; Zinovia H. Stone, admitted pursuant to Rule 1:21-3(b), on the briefs).
Fredric M. Knapp, Morris County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Paula Jordao, Assistant Prosecutor, on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant Christoph Esnes appeals from an October 29, 2019 order that
denied his motion to suppress evidence without conducting a Franks 1 hearing
and granted the State's motion to introduce defendant's statements. He also
appeals from a January 31, 2020 order denying his motion for reconsideration
and his April 24, 2020 conviction and sentence. We affirm.
I.
We derive the following facts from the record. Defendant, a disgruntled
physical education teacher at Littleton Elementary School in Parsippany, wanted
to find out who was leaving blood underneath the seat of the unisex faculty
restroom's toilet for years. Defendant reported the issue to the school nurse and
teachers but not to the principal or a custodian. Apparently, the school took no
steps to remedy the situation.
To find the culprit, in November 2016, defendant affixed a video camera
underneath the sink with a strap and tape and directed it at the feet and lower
body of any entrants. When defendant would find a mess under the toilet seat,
he would retrieve the camera, download the video on his personal computer at
school, view the footage, and then return the camera to under the sink after
deleting the footage. Defendant stated he removed the camera and replaced it
1 Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978).
2 A-3751-19 approximately twelve times. Defendant claimed he wanted to catch the person
making the mess but received no sexual gratification from viewing the videos
and that he only did it for cleanliness purposes.
Although the videos only showed the restroom users from the neck down,
defendant indicated he could identify the people by their shoes and clothing.
Defendant was unable to determine who made the mess except for one person
who urinated all over the toilet seat. Defendant was aware that the camera
recorded people in compromising positions but claimed he did not know what
else to do to catch the culprit. The unisex faculty restroom was not kept locked
or labeled as a faculty restroom. It is accessed by an unrestricted hallway.
On April 20, 2017, a fellow teacher found and removed the camera and
reported it to the principal, who reported it to the police. Detective Marcin
Czajka and Detective Lieutenant Brian Dowd of the Parsippany-Troy Hills
Police Department responded to the school. The principal handed an envelope
containing the camera to Czajka.
Czajka returned to the police station and viewed "two short clips"
recorded on the camera. The first video clip showed the door of the restroom.
Czajka explained that the camera was aimed "towards the door and the toilet."
Czajka did not see any people on the first clip. The second clip depicted a
3 A-3751-19 slender man, who wore cargo shorts with a tattoo on his ankle and a right thumb
ring, rush into the bathroom and grab the camera. Although there were
numerous video clips recorded on the camera, Czajka did not view any further
clips at that point. Instead, the detectives returned to the school and spoke with
the principal, who advised that the only person fitting that description was
defendant.
The detectives went to the gymnasium. Defendant fit the description of
the man depicted in the second clip. Defendant was wearing cargo shorts, and
he had an ankle tattoo and a thumb ring. After the school day ended, the
detectives approached defendant and asked him to accompany them to
headquarters for an interview. He agreed to do so.
At headquarters, defendant was placed in an interview room and read his
Miranda 2 rights. Defendant acknowledged his Miranda rights, waved those
rights, initialed and signed the Miranda form, and gave a statement in which he
admitted affixing the camera under the restroom sink and recording individuals
using the restroom without their consent. He relayed his frustration over the
blood left on the toilet seat and that he only used the recording device to find
the culprit, not for any sexual gratification. Defendant stated that he placed the
2 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
4 A-3751-19 camera under the sink in November or December. Defendant explained that he
took the recordings and transferred them to his personally owned laptop
computer, which he kept at school, to view them. He did not recall how many
videos he recorded but explained that he erased them if he found nothing.
Defendant further stated that he did not watch every recording; he only watched
the recordings he knew were around the time the toilet was left a mess.
The detectives asked defendant for permission to search the computer and
he gave his consent. Defendant also stated he owned another computer at home,
an iPad, a tablet, and a cell phone and consented to a search of these "other
electronics." Defendant also consented to a search of his cargo shorts and
wedding ring. Finally, defendant consented to a search of the camera used to
film colleagues in the restroom.
Czajka then collected defendant's computer, iPad, cell phone, and the
camera. Czajka waited to perform a further search of the recordings on the
camera or any search of the contents of the other electronic devices until he
obtained a search warrant and communications data warrant (CDW) for the
camera and a search warrant for the other devices.
In February 2018, a Morris County grand jury returned an indictment
charging defendant with nineteen counts of third-degree invasion of privacy,
5 A-3751-19 recording exposed intimate parts of a person without their consent, N.J.S.A.
2C:14-9(b)(1).
Defendant moved to dismiss the indictment. He also moved to suppress
the warrantless and warrant-based seizures of evidence. The State moved to
introduce defendant's statements. Shortly thereafter, defendant moved to
dismiss counts eleven to nineteen because the victims in those counts were not
identified.
On February 13, 2019, the trial court conducted a motion hearing. The
judge recounted the facts, noting that initially the police "had no idea who the
camera belonged to." They viewed some of the video clips in order to identify
the owner of the camera; defendant was identified by the clothing he wore, an
ankle tattoo, and a thumb ring. With the assistance of the principal and potential
victims, the detectives were able to identify ten staff members, using still shots
derived from the videos. The victims confirmed they had not consented to being
filmed. Nine other victims remained unidentified.
Defendant argued counts eleven to nineteen had to be dismissed because
the victims were unidentified. Ultimately, the State agreed to dismiss the counts
related to unknown victims.
6 A-3751-19 Defendant also moved to hold a Franks hearing, contending that there was
a discrepancy between Czajka's statements in the search warrant affidavits and
his testimony during the suppression hearing regarding the initial viewing of the
recordings.
During cross-examination at the suppression hearing, Czajka
acknowledged that he was testifying from memory about events that happened
two years earlier. When questioned about his statement in his search warrant
affidavit that he had only viewed one video clip, Czajka acknowledged that he
testified mistakenly on direct regarding the number of clips he reviewed. He
reiterated that he was testifying from memory. He stated he stood by the
information set forth in his affidavit rather than his testimony on direct. Czajka
testified that the recordings captured several people using the restroom and some
of those individuals were exposed.
On October 29, 2019, the judge issued an order and accompanying twenty-
nine-page statement of reasons denying defendant's motions to suppress and for
a Franks hearing and granted the State's motion to admit defendant's statement.
With respect to Czajka's initial viewing of video clips on the camera, the
judge considered whether defendant still had a reasonable expectation of privacy
in the camera. He expressly rejected defendant's contention that "a camera
7 A-3751-19 placed in a bathroom accessible to students and the public is a container
warranting protection under the New Jersey Constitution." The judge found the
"purpose of a camera is not to conceal its contents from plain view," and, thus,
not subject to Fourth Amendment protection. Further, the judge found defendant
no longer had a reasonable expectation of privacy when he relinquished
possession of the camera by placing it in a restroom located in a hallway used
by students and faculty.
The judge also found the police would have inevitably discovered the
recordings under State v. Sugar, 108 N.J. 151, 156 (1987). Specifically, he
found police would have validly obtained a search warrant supported by
probable cause based on the principal's statements.
As to defendant's request for a Franks hearing, the judge considered the
discrepancy between Czajka's statement at the suppression hearing and his
warrant application. The judge explained that Czajka clarified he only viewed
one video and that any discrepancy was because "he was testifying from
recollection regarding an investigation that occurred [over] two years earlier."
He found Czajka's explanation credible. The judge found that any misstatements
by Czajka "were not material, deliberate, or reckless" and did not "impact the
sufficiency of information used to establish probable cause" because "a search
8 A-3751-19 warrant would have been issued absent Detective Czajka's initial search of the
camera."
Finally, the judge granted the State's motion to introduce defendant's
statements, finding "[t]here was no evidence of physical coercion, punishment,
repeated questioning, or long durations of detention." He noted that defendant
was a well-educated teacher. The judge found "[d]efendant was apprised of his
[Miranda] rights" and "knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived" them.
Defendant then moved for reconsideration. On January 31, 2020, the
judge issued an order and accompanying thirteen-page statement of reasons
denying reconsideration. The statement of reasons largely reiterated its prior
reasoning and analysis, distinguished the cases defendant relied upon, and
provided some additional explanation.
Following the denial of his motions, defendant entered into a plea
agreement 3 and pled guilty to twelve counts of third-degree invasion of privacy
in exchange for a recommended sentence of concurrent terms of probation
conditioned upon ninety days in jail to be served through the Sheriff's Labor
3 The plea forms are not part of the record on appeal.
9 A-3751-19 Assistance Program (SLAP), 4 forfeiture of his teaching licenses, and dismissal
of the remaining seven counts. Defendant signed an affidavit relinquishing his
teaching certificates to be submitted at sentencing.
On April 24, 2020, defendant, who was then forty-three years old,
appeared for sentencing. The judge found aggravating factors three (risk of
reoffending), N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(3), and nine ("need for deterring defendant
and others from violating the law"), N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(9). He also found the
following mitigating factors: seven ("defendant . . . has led a law abiding life
for a substantial period of time before the commission of the present offense"),
N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(7); nine ("defendant is unlikely to commit another
offense"), N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(9); ten ("defendant is particularly likely to
respond affirmatively to probationary treatment"), N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(10); and
twelve (cooperation with law enforcement), N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(12). The judge
did not place significant weight on mitigating factors nine and twelve and found
the aggravating factors slightly outweighed the mitigating factors.
4 Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2B:19-5(a), "[t]he governing body of each county, through the sheriff or such other authorized officer, may establish a labor assistance program as an alternative to direct incarceration . . . ." SLAP is a "work program" that "rigorously supervises offenders providing physical labor as an alternative to incarceration." N.J.S.A. 2B:19-5(c)(1).
10 A-3751-19 The judge rejected mitigating factors: one ("defendant's conduct neither
caused nor threatened serious harm"), N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(1); two ("defendant
did not contemplate that [hi]s conduct would cause or threaten serious harm"),
N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(1); and eight ("defendant's conduct was the result of
circumstances unlikely" to reoccur), N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(b)(8).
Recognizing it was a negotiated plea, the judge sentenced defendant in
accordance with the plea agreement to twelve concurrent two-year terms of
probation conditioned upon ninety days in jail to be served on SLAP, forfeiture
of his teaching license, and cognitive behavioral treatment. Counts thirteen
through nineteen were dismissed.
This appeal followed. The judge denied defendant's motions to stay his
sentence, as did this court.
Defendant raises the following points for our consideration:
I. [DEFENDANT'S] STATEMENTS TO THE POLICE AS WELL AS ANY DATA OBTAINED FROM [DEFENDANT'S] ELECTRONIC DEVICES SHOULD BE SUPPRESSED BECAUSE THEY WERE OBTAINED VIA AN ILLEGAL, WARRANTLESS SEARCH AND IT WAS ONLY VIA THIS ILLEGAL SEARCH THAT [DEFENDANT] BECAME A SUSPECT OF THE CRIME.
II. CONTRARY TO THE TRIAL COURT'S RULING, A DIGITAL CAMERA IS A CONTAINER WORTHY OF FOURTH AMENDMENT PROTECTION, AND
11 A-3751-19 THE STATE FAILED TO MEET ITS BURDEN THAT THE CAMERA'S WARRANTLESS SEIZURE SATISFIED THE INEVITABLE DISCOVERY DOCTRINE BECAUSE THE STATE OFFERED NO FACTS TO SUPPORT ITS HEAVY BURDEN THAT POLICE COULD HAVE USED INDEPENDENT SOURCES TO IDENTIFY THE DEFENDANT.
III. THE POLICE OFFICER'S MISLEADING STATEMENTS IN SUPPORT OF SEARCH WARRANTS TO SEARCH [DEFENDANT'S] CAMERA AND OTHER ELECTRONIC DEVICES RESULTED IN INVALID WARRANTS AND, THEREFORE, [DEFENDANT] WAS ENTITLED TO A FRANKS HEARING.
IV. THE COURT ERRED BY IMPROPERLY USING GENERAL DETERRENCE ALONE TO IMPOSE AN OVERLY HARSH SENTENCE.
A. Had the Trial Court Properly Considered All of the Relevant Mitigating Factors, They Would Have Greatly Outweighed the Aggravating Factors.
B. It Is Improper for a Court to Ignore the Relevant Facts and Assume That Committing an Offense Automatically Bars Application of Relevant Mitigating Factors.
C. [Defendant's] Expressions of Remorse and Understanding Towards the Victims in This Matter and His Ability to Benefit From Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Are an Improper Basis For Finding That He Is Likely to Commit Another Offense and That No Weight Should Be Placed On That Remorse.
12 A-3751-19 D. The Trial Court Erred When It Gave Almost No Weight to [Defendant's] Cooperation with the Police Despite the Fact That He Gave a Statement and Access to All of His Electronic Devices Willingly.
II.
"Our role on appeal is limited." State v. Chippero, 201 N.J. 14, 32 (2009).
When reviewing a motion to suppress evidence, we "accept the factual findings
made by the trial court . . . provided those factual findings are 'supported by
sufficient credible evidence in the record.'" State v. Smith, 212 N.J. 365, 387
(2012) (quoting State v. Handy, 206 N.J. 39, 44 (2011)). "An appellate court
'should give deference to those findings of the trial judge which are substantially
influenced by his opportunity to hear and see the witnesses and to have the "feel"
of the case, which a reviewing court cannot enjoy.'" State v. Elders, 192 N.J.
224, 244 (2007) (quoting State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 161 (1964)). Therefore,
"[a]n appellate court should disregard those findings only when [they] are
clearly mistaken." State v. Hubbard, 222 N.J. 249, 262 (2015) (citing Johnson,
42 N.J. at 162). Accordingly, we "pay substantial deference to the issuing
court's finding of probable cause." Chippero, 201 N.J. at 33 (quoting State v.
Perry, 59 N.J. 383, 393 (1971)). "A trial court's interpretation of the law,
however, and the consequences that flow from established facts are not entitled
13 A-3751-19 to special deference . . . [and] are reviewed de novo." Hubbard, 222 N.J. at 263
(citing State v. Ghandi, 201 N.J. 161, 176 (2010)).
A.
Defendant contends he: (1) had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the
camera's recorded images; (2) did not "abandon" the camera because he intended
to retrieve it; (3) the recordings are afforded increased privacy because the
camera is a "container" shielding the public from viewing its contents.
Defendant contends his statements to the police and the data obtained from his
camera and electronic devices must be suppressed as fruits of an illegal
warrantless search.
The State argues: (1) defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy
because he placed the camera in public; (2) defendant abandoned the camera;
(3) the camera is not a container worthy of greater protection; and (4) defendant's
identity and the evidence recorded on the camera would inevitably have been
discovered by lawful means.
"The New Jersey Constitution 'requires the approval of an impartial
judicial officer based on probable cause before most searches may be
undertaken.'" State v. Hempele, 120 N.J. 182, 217 (1990) (quoting State v.
Patino, 83 N.J. 1, 7 (1980)). As such, warrantless searches are presumptively
14 A-3751-19 invalid. State v. Pineiro, 181 N.J. 13, 19 (2004) (citing Patino, 83 N.J. at 7).
"The State [carries] the burden to demonstrate that '[the search] falls within one
of the few well-delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement.'" Id. at 19
(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Maryland, 167 N.J. 471, 482 (2001)).
In contrast, a search executed pursuant to a warrant enjoys the
presumption of validity. State v. Marshall, 199 N.J. 602, 612 (2009) (citing
State v. Jones, 179 N.J. 377, 388 (2004)). "Doubt as to the validity of the
warrant 'should ordinarily be resolved by sustaining the search.'" State v. Keyes,
184 N.J. 541, 554 (2005) (quoting Jones, 179 N.J. at 389). The defendant bears
the burden of challenging the search and must "prove 'that there was no probable
cause supporting the issuance of the warrant or that the search was otherwise
unreasonable.'" Jones, 179 N.J. at 388 (quoting State v. Valencia, 93 N.J. 126,
133 (1983)). Probable cause exists where there is "a reasonable ground for
belief of guilt" based on facts of which the officers had knowledge and
reasonably trustworthy sources. Marshall, 199 N.J. at 610 (quoting State v.
O’Neal, 190 N.J. 601, 612 (2007)).
When reviewing the issuance of a search warrant, "a reviewing court,
especially a trial court, should pay substantial deference to [the issuing judge’s]
determination." State v. Kasabucki, 52 N.J. 110, 117 (1968). "[W]hen the
15 A-3751-19 adequacy of the facts offered to show probable cause . . . appears to be marginal,
the doubt should ordinarily be resolved by sustaining the search." Id. at 116
(citing United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 109 (1965); State v. Mark, 46
N.J. 262, 273 (1966)).
1. Whether Defendant Abandoned His Camera Even if He Intended to Retrieve It.
A defendant lacks standing to challenge a potentially unlawful search of
property if he abandoned that property. State v. Johnson, 193 N.J. 528, 548-49
(2008). Stated another way, "abandonment of property strips a person of
standing to challenge a search." Id. at 547. This serves as an exception to the
automatic standing rule, which applies "to defendants charged with possessory
offenses, regardless of whether they had an expectation of privacy in the area
searched." Id. at 545. The State bears the burden of proving abandonment.
State v. Shaw, 237 N.J. 588, 617 (2019) (quoting State v. Randolph, 228 N.J.
566, 582 (2017)).
Personal "property is abandoned if: (1) a person has either actual or
constructive control or dominion over property; (2) he knowingly and
voluntarily relinquishes any possessory or ownership interest in the property;
and (3) there are no other apparent or known owners of the property." State v.
Carvajal, 202 N.J. 214, 225 (2010) (citing Johnson, 193 N.J. at 549). We have
16 A-3751-19 previously noted that whether the defendant intended to retrieve or return to the
property is "irrelevant." State v. Burgos, 185 N.J. Super 424, 428 (App. Div.
1982) (quoting Smith v. United States, 292 A.2d 150, 151 (D.C. App. 1972)).
However, if there is an "indication that someone owns or controls property left
in a public place or on a public carrier," the property is not abandoned. Carvajal,
202 N.J. at 226.
Relying on State v. Bailey, 97 N.J. Super. 396, 400-01 (App. Div. 1967),
defendant argues he did not abandon the camera because he intended to retrieve
it to review the footage. The State argues defendant's intent to retrieve the
camera is irrelevant, relying on Burgos, 185 N.J. Super. at 427-28.
The trial court found defendant "abandoned any constitutionally protected
privacy interest in the camera when he placed it in a restroom where users
thereof could, and ultimately did, discover and turn it over to authorities."
Citing Burgos, the trial court noted that defendant's intent to retrieve the camera
is irrelevant and found defendant relinquished control of the camera.
We need not decipher whether defendant's intent to retrieve the camera is
relevant because the record demonstrates that defendant did not discard or
abandon the camera. He affixed it in what he thought was an inconspicuous
17 A-3751-19 location and was still using the camera and periodically retrieving the recorded
images it captured.
The facts in Carvajal are distinguishable because, there, the police entered
a bus and found a large duffel bag that remained unclaimed. 202 N.J. at 219-
20. Luggage is often left behind on buses, but cameras are not often "left
behind" and taped under sinks of school restrooms. Because there was an
indication the camera was owned or controlled by someone, defendant retains
standing to dispute the legality of the warrantless search.
2. Whether Defendant Had a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in the Camera
Although the State did not establish that defendant lacked standing
through abandonment, the search and seizure is still valid if defendant had no
reasonable expectation of privacy in the recorded images stored in the camera.
See Randolph, 228 N.J. at 582. See also State v. Hinton, 216 N.J. 211, 234
(2013) (recognizing that even when a defendant has standing to move to exclude
evidence, "[t]hat inquiry is separate and distinct from the question" of "whether
defendant possesses a reasonable expectation of privacy" in the evidence).
Defendant argues that he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the video
recordings because the camera was a "container" that shields its contents from
plain view. The State argues defendant lacked any reasonable expectation of
18 A-3751-19 privacy in the camera, which was left unattended in an unlocked public
restroom, aimed at a toilet, and later discovered by a teacher. It further argues
the camera is not a container warranting extra protection.
To invoke constitutional protections against search and seizure, a
defendant must show a "reasonable or legitimate expectation of privacy was
trammeled by government authorities." State v. Evers, 175 N.J. 355, 368-69
(2003) (citing Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740 (1979)). "What a person
knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject
of Fourth Amendment protection . . . [b]ut what he seeks to preserve as private,
even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected." Katz
v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967).
"[E]xpectations of privacy are established by general social norms."
Hempele, 120 N.J. at 200 (quoting Robbins v. California, 453 U.S. 420, 428
(1981)). "A burglar plying his trade in a summer cabin during the off season
may have a thoroughly justified subjective expectation of privacy, but it is not
one which the law recognizes as 'legitimate.'" Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128,
143 n.12 (1978). That analogy is apropos here. Defendant placed a camera in
an elementary school's unisex restroom for the purpose of recording persons that
used the restroom. Even if defendant believed the recordings would remain
19 A-3751-19 private, this clearly improper usage of the camera is not one which society or
the law recognizes as giving rise to a reasonable expectation of privacy.
State v. Boynton, 297 N.J. Super. 382 (App. Div. 1997), is on point. The
defendant in Boynton engaged in a drug transaction in an unlocked, single-stall,
public restroom in a bar. Id. at 384. Police walked in and viewed defendant
holding a bag of cocaine and facing another individual. Id. at 385. The trial
court denied defendant's motion to suppress, concluding defendant "could not
have had a reasonable expectation of privacy" in "the common area of an
unlocked" bathroom. Id. at 386. We affirmed, holding a person loses their
reasonable expectation of privacy when they conduct illegal activity in a single-
use bathroom with the door unlocked, giving rise to the "possibility that an
individual could enter the rest room" and view the illegal activity. Id. at 392.
Here, defendant not only knew that someone could enter the bathroom
during the course of the illegal activity—he anticipated it; indeed, there was a
near certainty that a faculty member or even a student, would enter the bathroom
and be recorded by defendant's camera. Defendant planted the camera in a
public place, where any person using the restroom might spot it, confiscate it,
and check its contents. Defendant did nothing to protect the stored data from
access by a member of the public. Apparently, the stored videos could be
20 A-3751-19 accessed by anyone, without having a PIN code or specialized investigative
software. While defendant did not abandon the camera, he assumed the risk that
anyone entering the restroom might find the poorly concealed camera and view
the stored images. As such, defendant relinquished any reasonable expectation
of privacy in the camera.
Defendant, likewise, lacks a reasonable expectation of privacy in the
camera's recordings. We recognize that the New Jersey Constitution protects
"the owner of every container that conceals its contents from plain view."
Hempele, 120 N.J. at 202 (quoting United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 822-23
(1982)). Examples of such containers are handbags, sealed packages, double
locked footlockers, small suitcases, and tote bags. Id. at 202-03. "The critical
issue is whether the container conceals its contents from plain view." Id. at 203
(citing Ross, 456 U.S. at 822-23; Robbins, 453 U.S. at 427).
A video camera is fundamentally different than the containers discussed
in Hempele. The camera's purpose was to record restroom users—not to shield
its contents from view. See Patino, 83 N.J. at 18 (Pashman, J., concurring)
(finding a shopping bag akin to a suitcase and footlocker because its "'very
purpose' was to serve as a repository for personal items when one wishes to
transport them'" (quoting Arkansas v. Sanders, 442 U.S. 753, 764 (1973))). The
21 A-3751-19 fact that its digital recordings cannot be viewed without accessing its recorded
memory is not controlling. Our analysis would be different if the camera had
been hidden from view inside a container.
Moreover, even if the camera were to be considered a container, it meets
the recognized exception that police may search property without a warrant
when police can infer the property's contents from its appearance and location.
See State v. Guerra, 93 N.J. 146, 150-51 (1983) (finding search of packages
valid where "the size of the packages and the odor of marijuana that they emitted
clearly suggested that they contained contraband") (citing Sanders, 442 U.S. at
764 n.13). "Thus, some containers (for example a kit of burglar tools or a gun
case) by their very nature cannot support any reasonable expectation of privacy
because their contents can be inferred from their outward appearance." Sanders,
442 U.S. at 764-65 n.13; accord Patino 83 N.J. at 18 (Pashman, J., concurring)
(recognizing property may be searched when its appearance infers its contents).
The camera's location and how it was aimed fully supported an inference
that it was being used to film persons using the toilet. See United States v.
Davis, 690 F.3d 226, 236 (4th Cir. 2012) (considering hospital practices
concerning patients' property, and the fact that defendant was shot, to infer the
bag underneath the defendant's hospital bed contained the clothing he wore when
22 A-3751-19 he was shot). Here, the detectives could reasonably infer that a camera found
taped underneath a sink pointing towards a toilet in a public restroom would
contain compromising and inappropriate videos or photographs. Accordingly,
defendant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the recordings.
3. Whether the Recordings Would Have Inevitably Been Discovered
For the sake of completeness, we also address whether the video
recordings were admissible under the inevitable discovery doctrine. Defendant
argues that the warrant was invalid because it was issued based on an affidavit
that relied upon unlawfully obtained evidence gleaned from viewing two video
clips stored on the camera. We disagree.
When an affidavit submitted in support of an application for a search
warrant contains lawfully obtained information which establishes the probable
cause required for a search, evidence obtained pursuant to the warrant will not
be suppressed on the ground that the affidavit also contains unlawfully obtained
information. United States v. Karo, 468 U.S. 705, 719-21 (1984); State v.
Holland, 176 N.J. 344, 359-61 (2003); State v. Chaney, 318 N.J. Super. 217,
221-25 (App. Div. 1999). To sustain the validity of a warrant based on an
application containing unlawfully obtained information, the State must
demonstrate, by clear and convincing evidence, that the police would have
23 A-3751-19 sought the warrant even if they had not previously acquired the unlawfully
obtained information and that the acquisition of that information did not involve
flagrant police misconduct. Holland, 176 N.J. at 360-61.
Here, the affidavit in support of the application for the search warrant
contained substantial evidence, apart from the information gleaned from the
video clips. This evidence included that the camera was found in the faculty
restroom "concealed under the sink and was oriented to record any activity
specifically in the area of the toilet." A teacher removed the camera and turned
it over to the school's main office. Given the reported location and orientation
of the camera, the police had a reasonable belief that the use of the camera
invaded the privacy of those using the restroom and took custody of the camera.
This information alone provided a sufficient basis for the issuance of a search
warrant. Czajka would have sought the warrant even if he did not view the video
clips. Viewing the video clips was not flagrant police misconduct. Accordingly,
the search and CDW warrants were valid.
In addition, evidence obtained unlawfully without a search warrant may
still be admissible if it would inevitably have been discovered. State v. Sugar,
100 N.J. 214, 236-37 (1985). To admit such evidence, the State must show by
clear and convincing evidence that:
24 A-3751-19 (1) proper, normal and specific investigatory procedures would have been pursued in order to complete the investigation of the case; (2) under all of the surrounding relevant circumstances the pursuit of those procedures would have inevitably resulted in the discovery of the evidence; and (3) the discovery of the evidence through the use of such procedures would have occurred wholly independently of the discovery of such evidence by unlawful means.
[Id. at 238.]
The inevitable discovery doctrine may apply where evidence that was seized
unlawfully inevitably would have been seized under the authority of a
subsequently issued search warrant. State v. Damplias, 282 N.J. Super. 471,
480-81 (App. Div. 1995).
We are satisfied that under the tests set forth in Sugar, 100 N.J. at 238,
defendant's identity and the recordings made by defendant inevitably would
have been discovered in the course of execution of the warrant for the search of
the camera and other electronic devices even if Czajka had not previously
viewed the video clips in a warrantless search. We believe that "proper, normal
and specific investigatory procedures would have been pursued in order to
complete the investigation of [this] case" even if videos clips had not been
viewed, that is, that the police would have applied for, obtained and executed a
warrant to search the car. Sugar, 100 N.J. at 238. Since the recordings would
25 A-3751-19 still have been stored on the camera or defendant's computer at the time of such
a search, "the pursuit of [these] procedures would have inevitably resulted in the
discovery of the [videos] . . . ." Ibid. And because the search warrant would
have been obtained even if the police had not previously viewed the video clips,
"the discovery of [defendant's identity] through the use of such procedures
would have occurred wholly independently of the discovery of such evidence by
[alleged] unlawful means." Ibid. For this additional reason, we uphold the
denial of defendant's suppression motion based on the inevitable discovery
doctrine.
We further note that before viewing the recordings, Czajka could certainly
have applied for a search warrant based on the information obtained from the
principal that a camera was found affixed underneath the sink, aimed at the
toilet, in a unisex public restroom. Had that occurred, a search warrant for the
camera would have been granted based on the substantial invasion of privacy
the camera posed. The identity of the owner or operator of the camera was not
needed, much less essential, to establish probable cause for the warrant to search
the camera. Once he obtained the warrant and viewed the recordings, Czajka
would have pursued identification of the person operating the camera, as
26 A-3751-19 depicted on the recordings. Given defendant's cargo shorts, thumb ring, and
exposed ankle tattoo, this would inevitably have led to his identification.
III.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his application for
a Franks hearing. We disagree.
To be entitled to a Franks hearing, a defendant must show that police made
"a false statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for
the truth," which was "necessary to the finding of probable cause . . . ." Franks,
438 U.S. at 155-56. See also State v. Howery, 80 N.J. 563, 567-68 (1979).
"[T]he defendant must make a 'substantial preliminary showing' of falsity in the
warrant." Howery, 80 N.J. at 567 (quoting Franks, 438 U.S. at 170). The
defendant must also show the misstatements were "material to the extent that
when they are excised from the affidavit, [it] no longer contains facts sufficient
to establish probable cause." Id. at 568 (citing Franks, 438 U.S. at 171). If the
defendant proves such a falsity, "the warrant is invalid and the evidence seized
thereby must be suppressed." Id. at 566.
Similarly, "[t]hese requirements apply where the allegations are that the
affidavit, though facially accurate, omits material facts." State v. Stelzner, 257
N.J. Super. 219, 235 (App. Div. 1992) (citing State v. Sheehan, 217 N.J. Super.
27 A-3751-19 20, 25 (App. Div. 1987)). An omission is deemed material if the issuing judge
likely would not have approved the warrant if the judge had been apprised of
the omitted information. Sheehan, 217 N.J. Super. at 25.
If probable cause exists despite the errant information, the search warrant
remains valid, and an evidentiary hearing is unnecessary. Ibid. If the defendant
meets the requisite threshold burden, however, the court must conduct a hearing.
Id. at 25-26. In turn, if "the defendant proves by a preponderance of the evidence
that the affiant, deliberately or with reckless disregard for the truth, excluded
material information from the affidavit which, had it been provided, would have
caused the judge to refuse to issue the warrant, the evidence must be
suppressed." Id. at 26.
We review a trial judge's decision regarding the need for a Franks hearing
for abuse of discretion. State v. Broom-Smith, 406 N.J. Super. 228, 239 (App.
Div. 2009). An abuse of discretion exists when a judge's "decision [was] made
without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies,
or rested on an impermissible basis." United States v. Scurry, 193 N.J. 492, 504
(2008) (alteration in original) (quoting Flagg v. Essex Cnty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J.
561, 571 (2002)).
28 A-3751-19 The judge found "the misstatements by Detective Czajka were not
material, deliberate, or reckless." First, he found Czajka's explanation that "he
was testifying from recollection regarding an investigation that occurred two
years earlier" credible. Moreover, he found the discrepancy immaterial, as "a
search warrant would have been issued absent Detective Czajka's initial search
of the camera."
Defendant argues he was entitled to a Franks hearing because Czajka's
testimony during the suppression hearing contradicted his warrant application.
He asserts Czajka testified that he viewed a second video on defendant's camera
after no one appeared in the first video but averred in his affidavit that he
"opened a file that contained a short video clip . . . [and] [a]t the end of the clip,
[he] observed a male quickly enter the bathroom and turn the device off as he
was removing it."
Defendant argues the discrepancy is material because if Czajka only
viewed the first video and defendant was not on film, there is no evidence of
invasion of privacy. Additionally, defendant takes issue with a statement in the
warrant application that the investigation and defendant's statements revealed
that images were transferred to other devices. He argues the evidence shows
29 A-3751-19 that the information that defendant transferred images to other devices only
came from defendant's statement, not other investigation.
The State argues defendant cannot show that Czajka's misstatement was
intentional or made with a reckless disregard for the truth. It further argues any
misstatement was immaterial and that the warrant-issuing judge would have still
found ample probable cause to issue a warrant.
We discern no abuse of discretion. Defendant did not demonstrate that
Czajka knowingly and intentionally made a false statement in his affidavit, or
that he did so with reckless disregard for the truth. See Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-
56. Nor did he demonstrate that any false statement was "necessary to the
finding of probable cause . . . ." See ibid.
Czajka's misstatements were not material. First, the misstatement of the
number of video clips Czajka viewed—whether one or two—is not significant.
In either instance, Czajka ceased viewing the videos once he was able to
determine the description of the putative owner of the camera. Second, the
warrant-issuing judge would have still issued the search warrant sans any
information in the affidavit regarding what the videos depicted.
In addition, any misstatement regarding whether the investigation led
police to believe defendant transferred photos to other devices is immaterial.
30 A-3751-19 Likewise, whether defendant's statement elicited during questioning is part of
the police's "investigation" is irrelevant and immaterial.
IV.
We affirm the denial of defendant's motion for reconsideration
substantially for the reasons stated by the judge in his thorough January 31, 2020
written statement of reasons. For the reasons we have already expressed, the
denial of defendant's motion does not warrant further discussion in a written
opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Finally, we address defendant's argument that the trial court improperly
used general deterrence alone to impose an overly harsh sentence. He contends
that because the relevant mitigating factors greatly outweighed the aggravating
factors, the court should not have imposed a jail term as a condition of probation.
We are unpersuaded.
"Appellate courts review sentencing determinations in accordance with a
deferential standard." State v. Fuentes, 217 N.J. 57, 70 (2014). We determine
"whether there is a 'clear showing of abuse of discretion.'" State v. Bolvito, 217
N.J. 221, 228 (2014) (quoting State v. Whitaker, 79 N.J. 503, 512 (1979)). To
do so, we review the record developed at the sentencing hearing and the
31 A-3751-19 explanation the judge gave in support of the sentence to determine whether "the
aggravating and mitigating factors are identified, supported by competent,
credible evidence in the record, and properly balanced . . . ." State v. Case, 220
N.J. 49, 65 (2014). If the trial judge does so, we must affirm the sentence
provided that it "does not 'shock the judicial conscience.'" Ibid. (quoting State
v. Roth, 95 N.J. 334, 365 (1984)). "On the other hand, if the trial court fails to
[do so,] . . . the deferential standard will not apply." Ibid.
The judge found aggravating factors three and nine and mitigating factors
seven, nine, ten, and twelve. He rejected mitigating factors one, two, and eight.
The judge did not place significant weight on mitigating factors nine and twelve
and found the aggravating factors slightly outweighed the mitigating factors.
The record supports those findings.
As to mitigating factor one, the judge noted that the psychologist retained
by defendant opined that "[o]n occasion," defendant "may become frustrated by
circumstances outside of his control and may react to what appears to him to be
unusual, adversarial situations. This is what happened in the current situation."
As to mitigating factor two, the psychologist's report stated that defendant
"truly did not consider the consequences of his actions." If true, the failure to
comprehend the seriousness of his conduct supports a finding that he needed to
32 A-3751-19 be deterred and posed a risk of reoffending. However, defendant told the
psychologist that the staff captured on the videos "must be feeling outrage,
anxiety, embarrassment, and fear." The judge rejected defendant's claim that he
"did not contemplate that his conduct would cause or threaten serious harm."
Regarding mitigating factor eight, the judge noted that the psychologist
recommended that defendant undergo cognitive behavioral treatment despite his
other conclusions.
As to aggravating factor three, the judge noted that the psychologist
recommended that defendant undergo cognitive behavioral therapy. The judge
emphasized that there were multiple employees recorded using the bathroom
over the course of approximately six months. The court concluded there was a
risk defendant would reoffend.
As to aggravating factor nine, the judge found the need for specific and
general deterrence. The judge found defendant's behavior unacceptable and that
it could not be tolerated. "It demonstrated extremely poor judgment and a total
disregard and a violation of vulnerable and unsuspecting victims." He
concluded there was a need for deterring both defendant and the public at large.
The judge recognized defendant had no prior convictions and had
successfully completed a pre-trial intervention program approximately twenty
33 A-3751-19 years earlier, resulting in the dismissal of those charges. He further noted the
psychologist opined that defendant would benefit from community supervision
and cognitive behavioral treatment.
Aggravating factor nine is not precluded in a case in which the defendant
had no prior convictions and mitigating factor seven is applied. Fuentes, 217
N.J. at 80. "Neither the statutory language nor the case law suggest that a
sentencing court can find a need for deterrence under [aggravating factor nine]
only when the defendant has a prior criminal record." Ibid.
Defendant contends the judge improperly considered the psychologist's
recommendation that he undergo cognitive behavioral therapy as evidence of his
risk of reoffending. He argues the psychologist found he lacks the risk factors
for reoffending and violation of probation, and "has many of the protective
[factors] that are correlated with a low recidivism rate and likelihood of success
on probation." The judge was not bound to accept that opinion; he was free to
accept or reject it, in whole or in part, and to give it as much weight as he deemed
appropriate, "even if it is unrebutted by any other evidence." Torres v. Schripps,
Inc., 342 N.J. Super. 419, 430-31 (App. Div. 2001).
Aggravating factor three was applied due to the ongoing nature of the
crimes, affecting numerous victims over a six-month period, in addition to
34 A-3751-19 defendant's need for cognitive behavioral therapy. We discern no error in
considering the need for cognitive behavioral therapy, which had not yet begun,
when assessing the risk of reoffending. "A court's findings on the risk of re-
offense should 'involve determinations that go beyond the simple finding of a
criminal history and include an evaluation and judgment about the individual in
light of his or her history.'" State v. Locane, 454 N.J. Super. 98, 125 (App. Div.
2018) (quoting State v. Thomas, 188 N.J. 137, 153 (2006)).
When sentencing a defendant to probation, the court "shall attach such
reasonable conditions . . . as it deems necessary to insure that [defendant] will
lead a law-abiding life or is likely to assist him to do so." N.J.S.A. 2C:45-1(a).
To that end, the court may require the defendant to undergo available psychiatric
treatment as a condition of probation. N.J.S.A. 2C:45-1(b)(3). Here, as a
condition of probation, the judge required defendant to undergo the cognitive
behavioral treatment recommended by his psychologist. Implicit in imposing
this condition was a finding that the treatment was necessary to reduce the risk
of reoffending. See N.J.S.A. 2C:45-1(a).
Defendant pled guilty to twelve third-degree crimes, each of which was
subject to an ordinary term of three-to-five years of imprisonment. N.J.S.A.
2C:43-6(a)(3). The crimes involved numerous victims, occurred over the course
35 A-3751-19 of six months, and continued until the camera was detected and removed. "A
sentence imposed pursuant to a plea agreement is presumed to be reasonable,"
so long as it "comports[s] with the sentencing provisions of our Code of
Criminal Justice." Fuentes, 217 N.J. at 70-71. Here, the sentence comported
with the Code. It was supported by credible evidence in the record and was not
excessive, let alone manifestly excessive, in light of defendant's conduct, which
presumably would have persisted had someone not detected the camera. Indeed,
the "jail term" defendant received was to be served by participation in SLAP,
which allows offenders to "provid[e] physical labor as an alternative to
incarceration." N.J.S.A. 2B:19-5(c)(1). The sentence was not unduly punitive
and does not shock the judicial conscience. We discern no basis to disturb it.
To the extent we have not specifically addressed any of defendant's
remaining arguments, we conclude they lack sufficient merit to warrant
discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Affirmed.
36 A-3751-19