AVELCH, J.
This suit, prosecuted in the name of the State Insurance Commissioner, seeks to enjoin the continued operation of the defendant, Midwest Mutual Burial Association, Inc.
The defendant is a corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the state of Oklahoma, and issues to its members a certificate evidencing the right to burial benefits in compliance with chapter 33, S. L. 1929 (sec. 10453, O. S. 1931).
It is plaintiff’s theory that defendant is
conducting “an insurance business” and that the defendant “has wholly failed and refused to comply with the laws of Oklahoma relating to insurance or to any part thereof,” and should therefore be enjoined from continuing to operate. Plaintiff cites Oklahoma Southwestern Burial Ass’n v. State ex rel. Read, Ins. Com’r, 135 Okla. 151, 274 P. 642, decided early in 1929, as supporting its contention that defendant’s transactions amount to “insurance business.”
For some time prior to that decision it was a mooted question whether burial associations, operating as plaintiff, were or were not thereby engaging in the “insurance business.” That decision analyzed the business of burial associations and held that such transactions do constitute a sort or kind of insurance business; it being there reasoned that the business of such burial associations were analogous to life insurance.
When that case was decided, the Legislature was in session and immediately enacted chapter 33, S. L. 1929 (sec. 10453, O. S. 1931), providing as follows:
“That all associations now operating or' that may be hereafter organized which are nonprofit sharing in their operations and pay no fees or salaries to any of their officers and have no capital stock and pay not to exceed one hundred dollars .($100), as a burial fund to the beneficiary or beneficiaries named in the certificate issued by them or only furnish a burial outfit, and burial, the total amount of which shall not exceed one hundred dollars in value to those entitled thereto under the said certificate, and which associations do not make an assessment against their members until and unless the fund on hand derived from membership fees, or assessments, in the treasury of said association would only pay for the burial of one adult entitled to a burial by said association, shall be exempt from the operations and the effect of the insurance laws of the state of Oklahoma, and shall not be required to comply with the insurance laws of the said state; provided, that money collected by said associations shall be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the beneficiaries and that at least seventy-five per cent, of the membership fees collected from the members shall be accounted for and paid into this fund and that all of any future assessments of members shall be paid into this fund.
“That the treasurer of said association be required to file with the court clerk of the county in which the association is organized, a surety bond running in the name of the state of Oklahoma; said bond to be approved by the court c’erk of such county, and to be conditioned that the funds of the association will be held and applied as a trust fund to be paid out only in accordance with the purposes of the association, which bond shall at all times be equal' to the amount of the trust fund on hand in such association, and in no event to be less than one thousand dollars ($1,000).”
Prior to that time the Legislature had not dealt in any manner with this exact class of insurance business, but had enacted laws with reference to many specified classes of insurance, and several kinds of life insurance. (Sections 10454 to 10790, O. S. 1931.) It is insisted that the defendant should not be permitted to operate without complying with those former enactments.
These former enactments contain requirements that life insurance companies possess a paid-up capital of $100,000 or guaranty capital or surplus before being permitted to operate; that the reserve shall he invested as provided by the laws of the state; that in the case of mutual companies the holder of guaranty capital stock shall elect directors, and may receive dividends in the manner stated, and such stock shall be retired in the manner stated (sec. 10500, O. S. 1931). There are provisions in detail for the commissioner to make calculations of outstanding policies and liabilities of companies, valuations, dividends, and funds or assets (secs. 10501 and 10502, O. S 1931). And provisions as to premiums (10504), and as to expense of management (10506), as to salar-ios of corporation officers (10508), as to contents of policies (10509, 10511, 10519, 10522), as to necessity of medical examination (10520), as to loads on policies (10524), as to approval of forms of policies (10525).
It must have been the view of the Legislature that these and other general insurance laws of the state should not all he applied to burial associations operating as the defendant’s business is conducted. This is clearly evidenced by the enactment of 1929, above'quoted in full. But the plaintiff argues that this last enactment is unconstitutional upon three grounds:
First. That it violates section 3, article 19. That section of the Constitution is as follows:
“The revenue and tax provisions of this Constitution shall not include, but the state shall provide for. the following classes of insurance organizations not conducted for profit, and insuring only their own members :
“First, farm companies insuring' farm property and products thereon; second, trades insurance companies insuring the
property and interests of one line of business ; third, fraternal life, health, and accident insurance in fraternal and civic orders, and in all of which the interest of the members of each respectively shall be uniform and mutual.”
It seems to be plaintiff’s theory that this section forbids provision for any other character of insurance organizations not conducted for profit and insuring only their own members, except the designated farm com-jpanies, trade companies and fraternals, but we do not so read the constitutional provision. The fact that the Constitution expressly demands that the named classes of insurance organizations shall be provided for, does not in any sense operate to prohibit provisions for other classes of insurance organizations. That seems clear from a deliberate reading of the constitutional provisions, and no authority is cited to the contrary. Section 36 of article 5 of the Constitution contains the provision that:
“* * * A:ny specific grant of authority in this Constitution, upon any subject whatsoever, shall not work a restriction, limitation. or exclusion of such authority upon the same or any other subject or subjects whatsoever.”
The plaintiff cites Modern Order of Praetorians v. Bloom, 69 Okla. 219, 171 P. 917. That case holds that there are certain restrictions upon a fraternal insurance organization as to its right to make further classification, but there is nothing in that opinion touching the question of the constitutional authority of the Legislature to enact legislation as to other o'r separate classes of insurance business.
Second.
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AVELCH, J.
This suit, prosecuted in the name of the State Insurance Commissioner, seeks to enjoin the continued operation of the defendant, Midwest Mutual Burial Association, Inc.
The defendant is a corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the state of Oklahoma, and issues to its members a certificate evidencing the right to burial benefits in compliance with chapter 33, S. L. 1929 (sec. 10453, O. S. 1931).
It is plaintiff’s theory that defendant is
conducting “an insurance business” and that the defendant “has wholly failed and refused to comply with the laws of Oklahoma relating to insurance or to any part thereof,” and should therefore be enjoined from continuing to operate. Plaintiff cites Oklahoma Southwestern Burial Ass’n v. State ex rel. Read, Ins. Com’r, 135 Okla. 151, 274 P. 642, decided early in 1929, as supporting its contention that defendant’s transactions amount to “insurance business.”
For some time prior to that decision it was a mooted question whether burial associations, operating as plaintiff, were or were not thereby engaging in the “insurance business.” That decision analyzed the business of burial associations and held that such transactions do constitute a sort or kind of insurance business; it being there reasoned that the business of such burial associations were analogous to life insurance.
When that case was decided, the Legislature was in session and immediately enacted chapter 33, S. L. 1929 (sec. 10453, O. S. 1931), providing as follows:
“That all associations now operating or' that may be hereafter organized which are nonprofit sharing in their operations and pay no fees or salaries to any of their officers and have no capital stock and pay not to exceed one hundred dollars .($100), as a burial fund to the beneficiary or beneficiaries named in the certificate issued by them or only furnish a burial outfit, and burial, the total amount of which shall not exceed one hundred dollars in value to those entitled thereto under the said certificate, and which associations do not make an assessment against their members until and unless the fund on hand derived from membership fees, or assessments, in the treasury of said association would only pay for the burial of one adult entitled to a burial by said association, shall be exempt from the operations and the effect of the insurance laws of the state of Oklahoma, and shall not be required to comply with the insurance laws of the said state; provided, that money collected by said associations shall be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the beneficiaries and that at least seventy-five per cent, of the membership fees collected from the members shall be accounted for and paid into this fund and that all of any future assessments of members shall be paid into this fund.
“That the treasurer of said association be required to file with the court clerk of the county in which the association is organized, a surety bond running in the name of the state of Oklahoma; said bond to be approved by the court c’erk of such county, and to be conditioned that the funds of the association will be held and applied as a trust fund to be paid out only in accordance with the purposes of the association, which bond shall at all times be equal' to the amount of the trust fund on hand in such association, and in no event to be less than one thousand dollars ($1,000).”
Prior to that time the Legislature had not dealt in any manner with this exact class of insurance business, but had enacted laws with reference to many specified classes of insurance, and several kinds of life insurance. (Sections 10454 to 10790, O. S. 1931.) It is insisted that the defendant should not be permitted to operate without complying with those former enactments.
These former enactments contain requirements that life insurance companies possess a paid-up capital of $100,000 or guaranty capital or surplus before being permitted to operate; that the reserve shall he invested as provided by the laws of the state; that in the case of mutual companies the holder of guaranty capital stock shall elect directors, and may receive dividends in the manner stated, and such stock shall be retired in the manner stated (sec. 10500, O. S. 1931). There are provisions in detail for the commissioner to make calculations of outstanding policies and liabilities of companies, valuations, dividends, and funds or assets (secs. 10501 and 10502, O. S 1931). And provisions as to premiums (10504), and as to expense of management (10506), as to salar-ios of corporation officers (10508), as to contents of policies (10509, 10511, 10519, 10522), as to necessity of medical examination (10520), as to loads on policies (10524), as to approval of forms of policies (10525).
It must have been the view of the Legislature that these and other general insurance laws of the state should not all he applied to burial associations operating as the defendant’s business is conducted. This is clearly evidenced by the enactment of 1929, above'quoted in full. But the plaintiff argues that this last enactment is unconstitutional upon three grounds:
First. That it violates section 3, article 19. That section of the Constitution is as follows:
“The revenue and tax provisions of this Constitution shall not include, but the state shall provide for. the following classes of insurance organizations not conducted for profit, and insuring only their own members :
“First, farm companies insuring' farm property and products thereon; second, trades insurance companies insuring the
property and interests of one line of business ; third, fraternal life, health, and accident insurance in fraternal and civic orders, and in all of which the interest of the members of each respectively shall be uniform and mutual.”
It seems to be plaintiff’s theory that this section forbids provision for any other character of insurance organizations not conducted for profit and insuring only their own members, except the designated farm com-jpanies, trade companies and fraternals, but we do not so read the constitutional provision. The fact that the Constitution expressly demands that the named classes of insurance organizations shall be provided for, does not in any sense operate to prohibit provisions for other classes of insurance organizations. That seems clear from a deliberate reading of the constitutional provisions, and no authority is cited to the contrary. Section 36 of article 5 of the Constitution contains the provision that:
“* * * A:ny specific grant of authority in this Constitution, upon any subject whatsoever, shall not work a restriction, limitation. or exclusion of such authority upon the same or any other subject or subjects whatsoever.”
The plaintiff cites Modern Order of Praetorians v. Bloom, 69 Okla. 219, 171 P. 917. That case holds that there are certain restrictions upon a fraternal insurance organization as to its right to make further classification, but there is nothing in that opinion touching the question of the constitutional authority of the Legislature to enact legislation as to other o'r separate classes of insurance business.
Second. It is contended that said chapter 33 was enacted in violation of section 57, article 5, of our Constitution, as to title to the act.
The title of said chapter 33 is as follows:
“An act providing that nonprofit sharing associations that have no capital stock and pay no fees or salaries to their officers and pay not to exceed one hundred dollars, as a burial fund to the beneficiary or beneficiaries named in the certificate issued by them, or only furnish a burial outfit and burial to those entitled thereto under said certificate, and which does not make any assessment against their members until and unless the fund on hand in the treasury of the said association will only pay for the burial of one adult entitled to be buried by said association. shall be exempt from the operation and effect of the insurance laws of the state of Oklahoma; and the repeal of all acts or parts of acts in conflict therewith; and declaring an emergency.”
It seems quite clear to us that the legislative purpose in enacting said chapter 33 was to exempt such burial associations from the operation and effect of the general insurance laws of the state theretofore enacted. That is the gist of the questioned enactment, and that is clearly stated in the title. In fact there is nothing else in the act, except some provision requiring burial associations to hold their money as a trust fund and to make bond for the faithful handling thereof. These latter provisions are wholly incidental to the chief legislative purpose and merely indicate that the Legislature, in exempting such associations from the minute supervision and regulation of ordinary or regular insurance companies, desired at that time to impose these regulatory provisions upon burial associations. It is plaintiff’s theory that the title is insufficient because it does not specifically refer to these items of the bond and the fund. But since these provisions are incidental to the chief purpose of the act, and since the chief purpose of the act and the gist thereof is set out in the title, it is sufficient. Oklahoma Light & Power Co. v. Corporation Commission, 96 Okla. 19, 220 P. 54; Wallace v. Gassaway, 148 Okla. 265, 298 P. 867.
Third. It is asserted that said chapter 33 was enacted in violation of the provisions of section 22. article 6. That section of our Constitution is as follows:
“There is hereby established an Insurance Department, which shall be charged with the execution of all laws now in force, or which shall hereafter be passed, in relation to insurance and insurance companies doing business in the state.”
Here the constitutional intent is expressed to create an Insurance Department, and to generally provide for its duties. There is nothing whatever in that section to in any manner restrict the Legislature as to what laws relating to insurance shall continue in force, or be thereafter enacted, but merely the announced intent and policy of having in this state an Insurance Department to have supervision of such insurance laws as should exist by legislative sanction. It is the theory of plaintiff that this section of the Constitution is itself a part of the insurance laws of the state, and that when chapter 33, S. L. 1929, was enacted exempting burial associations from the operation of the “insurance laws” of the state of Oklahoma, that the same was intended to exempt not only from the statutory insurance laws, but also from this section of the Constitution, and that therefore the last-mentioned enactment is invalid because the Legislature
cannot exempt from' a- constitutional pnovir sion. We are mindful .of the fact that-in general .the “laws” are the statutory enactments and constitutional provisions as demonstrated by .some authorities cited, and' if we refer in general to the laws of Nthe'state that we sometimes have in mind the all-inclusive sense embracing both the statutes and the Constitution. (But in this instance it is quite clear that the Legislature used this expression in its more restrictive sense to apply only to an exemption from legislative enactment. That expression, or wording of similar import, is used various other times in our statutes relating to insurance matters. See the following sections of O. S. 1931, to wit: 10564, 10622, 10767 and 10790.
But in each instance we have no difficulty in determining that the Legislature used such expression to refer to the statutory laws only. We, therefore, hold that the term “Insurance Laws of the State of Oklahoma,” as used in chapter 33, S. L. 1929, refers to the statutory enactments and does not refer to any provision of the Constitution. If that quoted reference could be said to be ambiguous, it would still be our duty to construe it so as to give it validity, rather than to so construe it as to make it refer to the Constitution, and therefore be invalid. .That is a general rule in the Constitution of enactments, and we follow it here to arrive at the true legislative intent. State Mutual Ins. Co. v. Clevenger, 17 Okla. 49, 87 P. 583; State Mut. Ins. Co. v. Roark, 17 Okla. 48, 87 P. 584; Board of Com’rs v. Alexander, 58 Okla. 128, 159 P. 311; Muse v. Harris, 122 Okla. 250, 254 P. 72; In re Initiative Petition No. 2 of Cushing, 157 Okla. 54, 10 P. (2d) 271; Ledegar v. Bockoven, 77 Okla. 58, 185 P. 1097; Board of Ed. of Oklahoma City v. Woodworth, 89 Okla. 192, 214 P. 1077.
We do not find in the enactment of said chapter 33 any intention of the Legislature to make any change in the Constitution by that legislative enactment.
Through the argument on all of these constitutional questions there runs the thought or contention that the legislative enactment here under consideration, does not properly safeguard and regulate the insurance business of burial associations, and the thought or contention that this act is unwise legislation. As to that, it is enough to say .that this court has neither the duty nor the'authority to review -the judgment of the Legislature,.'or to test the wisdom-of-legislation.
When 'the' Legislature,' acting within it's authority, enacts valid legislation, it is binding on this court as well as upon others. •It was evidently the conclusion of the Legislature in 1929 that chapter 33, S. L, 1929, provided for such .regulation of burial associations as was then, deemed desirable. If that provision has now become inadequate or
does so
in
the
future, the Legislature may correct it and may provide in more complete detail for the regulation of burial associations as it has heretofore provided for detailed supervision of the several other classes of insurance business in the states-. It is undoubtedly the policy of the state that the amount and character of supervision to be exercised over various kinds of insurance business is to be fixed by the Leg'is'a-ture. As to existing enactments' as to such matters, it is readily apparent that many requirements are not proper as to this or that kind of insurance business, and that various kinds of insurance business need special requirements which are applicable and therefore by special provision are only applied to such kinds of insurance business.
The upholding of chapter 33, S. L. 1929 (sec. 10453, O. S. 1931), is but the proper extending of' such legislative policy to include this new development of that particular kind of insurance business. If such an act provides for more detailed supervision than is necessary, or fails to provide for sufficient regulation, its uneonstitution-ality is not thereby demonstrated. Section 36, article 5, of the Constitution contains the unambiguous provision that, “The authority of the Legislature shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation.” We must not declare an act of the Legislature to be unconstitutional unless it clearly contravenes a provision of the Constitution. Wallace v. Gassaway, supra. And we conclude that said chapter 33 does not violate either of the suggested provisions of the Constitution.
Finally it is urged that said chapter 33 does not expressly authorize the creation of such associations as the defendant. It is true that the questioned act does not in so many words authorize the organization of burial associations. 'But it does clearly recognize the existence of such associations, and also recognizes the fact that other such associations may be organized in' keeping with general laws, both constitutional provisions and legislative acts, which- - authorize the chartering of corporations for legitimate -.business enterprises. The 'business of a 'burial' association is not 'inherently' un
lawful and it is not so contended. It may very well be that such associations serve a most useful purpose, and properly conducted, will serve a wide need of our people. The defendant is “organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the state of Oklahoma,” as is affirmatively shown by the record. It is of no controlling importance that the questioned act does not in exact words authorize (he creation or organization, of burial associations.
In the trial court these matters were fully presented by the pleadings, including the answer, setting up proper and sufficient defensive matter. The plaintiff, moved for judgment on the pleadings. That motion was overruled, whereupon the plaintiff declined to plead further and elected to stand on the motion. The trial court then rendered judgment for defendant. That judgment is affirmed.
McNEILL, O. X, and RILEY, BAYLESS, BUSBY, PHELPS, and CORN, XT., concur. OS'BORN, V. C. X, and GIBSON, X, dissent.