State ex rel. Phillips Supply Co. v. Cincinnati

2012 Ohio 6096

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: December 26, 2012
• Docket: C-120168
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as State ex rel. Phillips Supply Co. v. Cincinnati, 2012-Ohio-6096.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

STATE EX REL. PHILLIPS SUPPLY : APPEAL NO. C-120168 CO., TRIAL NO. A-1104905 : STATE EX REL. ROY TAILORS UNIFORM CO., INC, : O P I N I O N. STATE EX REL. U.S. BANK, N.A., : TRUSTEE OF THE CHARLES PHILLIPS IRREVOCABLE TRUST : u/a/d 6/1/1961, : STATE EX REL. DALTON STREET PROPERTIES, LTD., : PHILLIPS SUPPLY COMPANY, : ROY TAILORS UNIFORM CO., INC., : U.S. BANK, N.A., TRUSTEE OF THE CHARLES PHILLIPS IRREVOCABLE : TRUST u/a/d 6/1/1961, : and : DALTON STREET PROPERTIES, LTD. : Plaintiffs-Relators-Appellants : vs. : CITY OF CINCINNATI, : AMIT B. GHOSH, P.E.,

CITY GOSPEL MISSION, :

FOUNDATION OF COMPASSIONATE : AMERICAN SAMARITANS, d.b.a. LORD’S GYM, : OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

FOUNDATION OF COMPASSIONATE : AMERICAN SAMARITANS d.b.a. LORD’S PANTRY, :

JOBS PLUS EMPLOYMENT : NETWORK, INC., : and : 032811 HOLDINGS, LLC., : Defendants-Respondents- Appellees. :

Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Common Pleas Court

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 26, 2012

Buechner Haffer Meyers and Koenig Co., LPA, and Peter E. Koenig, for Plaintiffs-Relators- Appellants,

John P. Curp, City Solicitor, Terrance A. Nestor, Chief Counsel, and Sean S. Suder, Assistant City Solicitor, for Defendants-Respondents-Appellees, City of Cincinnati and Amit B. Ghosh, P.E.,

Manley Burke L.P.A. and Timothy M. Burke, for Defendants-Respondents-Appellees City Gospel Mission, Foundation of Compassionate American Samaritans d.b.a. Lord’s Gym and Lord’s Pantry, Jobs Plus Employment Network, Inc., and 038211 Holdings, LLC.,

Taft Stettinius & Hollister, LLP, W. Stuart Dornette and Emily C. McNicholas, for Amici Curiae, Strategies to End Homelessness, Greater Cincinnati Coalition for the Homeless, Lighthouse Youth Services, Cincinnati Union Bethel, Society of St. Vincent De Paul, Christ Emmanuel Christian Fellowship, Crossroads Church, Metropolitan Area Religious Coalition of Cincinnati, YWCA of Greater Cincinnati and Talbert House,

Barrett and Weber LPA and C. Francis Barrett, for Amicus Curiae Columbia Development Corporation.

2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

J. H OWARD S UNDERMANN , Presiding Judge.

{¶1} This case concerns the proposed relocation of a homeless shelter operated by

defendant-respondent-appellee City Gospel Mission to an area of Cincinnati commonly

referred to as Queensgate. Plaintiffs-relators-appellants Phillips Supply Company, Roy

Tailors Uniform Company, Inc., U.S. Bank, and Dalton Street Properties, Ltd., are

neighboring Queensgate businesses and property owners (“Queensgate Businesses”) who

are opposed to the shelter’s relocation. They filed suit against defendants-respondents-

appellees the City of Cincinnati, Amit E. Ghosh, the chief building official of the City of

Cincinnati, (“the City”) social service agencies City Gospel Mission, Foundation of

Compassionate American Samaritans “FOCAS,” Jobs Plus Employment Network, Inc., and

032811 Holdings, LLC, the owner of the property (“private party appellees”), challenging

City Council’s decision to pass a “notwithstanding ordinance” to allow City Gospel Mission

to operate a homeless shelter at the property.

{¶2} In this appeal, they challenge the trial court’s judgment upholding the

constitutionality of the notwithstanding ordinance. Because the Queensgate Businesses lack

standing to pursue their taxpayer claim for injunctive relief, we dismiss that claim. And

because they have not raised any genuine issues of material fact in support of their

constitutional attack upon the notwithstanding ordinance in their capacity as neighboring

businesses and property owners, we affirm the trial court’s decision granting summary

judgment to the City and the private party appellees on their declaratory judgment claim.

I. Relocation of the City Gospel Mission Shelter

{¶3} City Gospel Mission is planning to relocate its existing Over-the-Rhine

homeless shelter to a new facility on the property located at 1801-1805 Dalton Avenue (“the

Dalton Avenue property”). The Dalton Avenue property is located in an “MG”

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manufacturing zoning district in a section of the West End neighborhood commonly known

as “Queensgate.” The Queensgate Businesses own property and operate businesses directly

adjacent to or near the Dalton Avenue property.

{¶4} The proposed facility is classified as a “special assistance shelter” in the

Cincinnati Zoning Code. See Cincinnati Municipal Code 1401-01-S11. Special assistance

shelters are not permitted by right in any zoning district in the city of Cincinnati. They are

conditionally permitted in certain zones and prohibited in others, such as the “MG”

manufacturing zoning district. See Cincinnati Municipal Code 1413-05. The “MG”

manufacturing zoning district is a permissive zone which, in addition to industrial and

manufacturing zoning uses, permits uses such as sexually-oriented businesses, drinking

establishments, and power plants, along with residential uses such as transitional housing

and loft dwelling units. See Cincinnati Municipal Code 1413-05.

{¶5} City Gospel Mission sought approval for a special assistance shelter using the

notwithstanding ordinance procedure set forth in Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-5.

According to Article VII, Section 6 of the City Charter, zoning ordinances must be reviewed

by the City Planning Commission before being enacted by council. If not approved by the

commission, notwithstanding ordinances can only be passed by a two-thirds vote of the city

council. See Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-5. After review by the planning commission,

before a notwithstanding ordinance can be passed by city council, a committee of council

must hold a public hearing and make a recommendation on the ordinance. See id.

{¶6} Under Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-5, among the issues to be considered by

the council committee in making a recommendation to city council on a notwithstanding

ordinance are: “[w]hether the proposed application will not have an adverse effect on the

character of the area or the public health, safety, and welfare; and whether the proposed

application is consistent with the purposes of this code and the zoning district where the

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subject property is located.” Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-5. The committee can also

incorporate limitations or conditions on the use of the property into its recommendation to

council in order to ensure that the use of the property is consistent with the character of the

area and with the public health, safety, and welfare. Id.

{¶7} On June 17, 2011, the City Planning Commission held a public hearing on City

Gospel Mission’s application for a notwithstanding ordinance. At the conclusion of the

hearing, the City Planning Commission rejected the recommendation of the staff of the

Department of City Planning and Buildings to deny the notwithstanding ordinance, and

unanimously recommended approval of the notwithstanding ordinance. On June 21, 2011,

a committee of council, the Livable Communities Commission, held a public hearing on the

matter. The Livable Communities Commission, which is comprised of seven of the nine

members of city council, recommended approval of the notwithstanding ordinance by the

full city council.

{¶8} Both the Planning Commission and the Livable Communities Commission

heard extensive testimony on the relocation of the shelter to the new site from individuals

both in favor of and opposed to the relocation. The Queensgate Businesses’ representatives

and their counsel appeared at both hearings and presented argument that the

notwithstanding ordinance would be detrimental to the public health, safety, and welfare.

{¶9} On June 22, 2011, city council passed the notwithstanding ordinance,

Ordinance No. 0223-2011, by a vote of 7-2, thereby approving the operation of a special

assistance shelter on the Dalton property by the City Gospel Mission. The notwithstanding

ordinance contains a preamble which provides the reasons for city council’s action, as well

as 11 conditions that address any potential impact of the use of the property as a special

assistance shelter. Section three of the ordinance further provides that “the property is

permitted to be used as a special assistance shelter as limited by the Ordinance, [that] the

5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

Property has not been rezoned and remains in a “MG” Manufacturing General zoning

district and [that it] shall be treated as such for all other purposes.” The notwithstanding

ordinance further provides that the zoning approval to use the property as a special

assistance shelter expires if the property is transferred to a party unaffiliated with the City

Gospel Mission.

{¶10} Following the ordinance’s passage, the Queensgate Businesses sent a taxpayer

demand letter to City Solicitor John Curp, demanding that he file a taxpayer lawsuit on their

behalf. When Curp declined to initiate the requested action, the Queensgate Businesses

filed this lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the notwithstanding ordinance.

II. The Current Lawsuit

{¶11} In their first three causes of action, the Queensgate Businesses sought a

declaratory judgment 1) that the notwithstanding ordinance is clearly arbitrary and

unreasonable and not substantially related to the health, safety, morals, and general welfare

of the city of Cincinnati; 2) that they were denied their procedural due process rights

protected by the United States and Ohio Constitutions through the enactment of the

notwithstanding ordinance; and 3) that the city had violated their equal protection rights by

“allowing City Gospel to bypass the procedures for obtaining a zoning change, text

amendment, or use variance set forth in the zoning code and charter and obtain a

notwithstanding ordinance in an arbitrary and unequal manner.”

{¶12} In their fourth and fifth causes of action, the Queensgate Businesses asserted

claims for injunctive relief and a writ of mandamus under the taxpayer standing provisions

of Ohio law. In count six of their complaint, they requested damages, and in count seven

they sought a declaratory judgment that the proposed uses of the York Street property were

impermissible in the MG district.

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{¶13} The private party appellees filed a motion to dismiss on July 20, 2011. The

city of Cincinnati filed a motion to dismiss on July 27, 2011. That same day, the Queensgate

Businesses filed a first amended complaint, which inserted the name of a previously

unknown party, and added a claim for a preliminary injunction. The private party appellees

and the City filed motions to dismiss the amended complaint. The trial court granted their

motions to dismiss in part, dismissing the claims in counts two, three, five, and seven of the

Queensgate Businesses’ amended complaint.

{¶14} Because the parties had relied on evidence outside the pleadings, the trial

court converted their motions to dismiss the three remaining counts in the complaint—

count one for declaratory judgment, count four for injunctive relief, and count six for

damages—into motions for summary judgment. Following the parties’ filing of

supplemental memoranda and materials, the trial court granted summary judgment to the

City and the private party appellees. The trial court held that the Queensgate Businesses

had failed to point to any evidence in the record that would meet the standard for

determining the constitutionality of zoning ordinances as set forth by the Ohio Supreme

Court in Goldberg Cos. Inc v. Richmond Hts. City Council, 81 Ohio St.3d 207, 214, 690

N.E.2d 510 (1998).

III. Taxpayer Standing

{¶15} On appeal, the Queensgate Businesses argue in a single assignment of error

that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of the City and the private

party appellees on counts one, four, and six of their amended complaint because genuine

issues of material fact remain. But before we can reach the merits of their assignment of

error, we must first determine whether they have standing to assert their taxpayer claim for

injunctive relief in count four of their complaint. See State ex rel. Teamsters Local Union

No. 456 v. Bd. of Cty. Commrs., 132 Ohio St.3d 47, 2012-Ohio-1861, 969 N.E.2d 224, ¶ 10.

7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

{¶16} The City argues that the Queensgate Businesses lack standing to bring their

taxpayer claim for injunctive relief because they do not seek to enforce a public right, but

merely seek to benefit themselves. Whether a party has established standing to bring an

action before the court is a question of law, which the court reviews de novo. Cuyahoga Cty.

Bd. of Commrs. v. State, 112 Ohio St.3d 59, 2006-Ohio-6499, 858 N.E.2d 330, ¶ 23.

{¶17} To have standing to pursue a taxpayer claim under R.C. 733.59, a party must

not only satisfy the statutory requirements prior to initiating his action—that he has made a

written demand upon the city’s law director and that security for the claim has been posted

—but he must also demonstrate that he is enforcing “a right of action on behalf of and for

the benefit of the public.” See R.C. 733.59; Teamsters at ¶ 11-12; Cincinnati ex rel. Zimmer

v. Cincinnati, 176 Ohio App.3d 588, 2008-Ohio-3156, 892 N.E.2d 987, ¶ 11; State ex rel.

Citizens for a Better Portsmouth v. Sydnor, 61 Ohio St.3d 49, 54, 572 N.E.2d 649 (1991).

{¶18} In determining that the Queensgate Businesses had taxpayer standing, the

trial court held that the Queensgate Businesses had alleged a “public interest” in preserving

the industrial nature of the Queensgate area, as manifested in several city planning

documents, including the “Liberty Dalton Urban Design Plan” and the “Go Cincinnati Plan,”

and that this “public interest” was as “significant as the public interest” presented by the

employees in State ex rel. Fisher v. City of Cleveland, 109 Ohio St.3d 33, 2006-Ohio-1827,

845 N.E.2d 500. The trial court reasoned that the adherence to comprehensive zoning and

urban development plans could be said to benefit the public as a whole, and that there was

“at least arguably a public right at stake in the preservation of pre-existing zoning of the

Queensgate area consistent with City urban design plans.”

{¶19} In State ex rel. Teamsters Local Union No. 456 v. Bd. of County

Commissioners, supra, the Ohio Supreme Court recently addressed its decision in the

Fisher case. In Teamsters, a public sector union filed a taxpayer suit against Cuyahoga

8 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

County to invalidate a county resolution that excused their members from participating in

an employee retirement incentive plan. Id. at ¶ 6. The Teamsters court reviewed its prior

decisions in State ex rel Caspar v. Dayton, 53 Ohio St.3d 16, 20, 558 N.E.2d 49 (1990) and

in Fisher. Id. at ¶ 13-16. In determining whether the complainants in Teamsters had

taxpayer standing in light of Caspar and Fisher, the court distinguished the challenge

brought in Teamsters from the taxpayer action in Fisher. Id. at ¶ 15. The court held that

Fisher had involved an unnecessary violation of privacy by the city of Cleveland and a

resulting abuse of its corporate powers. Id. The Supreme Court held that the taxpayer

complainants in Teamsters had failed to allege any “concrete taxpayer interest,” but instead

had alleged that the “existence of a statutorily noncompliant county resolution had

constitute[d] an injury in and of itself.” Id. at ¶ 16.

{¶20} The Teamsters court held that while “taxpayers ‘may judicially contest the

validity of any official act which directly affects prejudicially their rights as taxpayers by

increasing the burden of taxes or otherwise,’ taxpayers cannot contest official acts ‘merely

upon the ground that they are unauthorized or invalid.’ ” Id. quoting Pierce v. Hagans, 79

Ohio St. 9, 22, 86 N.E. 519 (1908). The Teamsters court clarified that the taxpayer’s

objective must be the enforcement of a “public right.” Id. at ¶ 17. The Teamsters court

acknowledged that if it were to permit taxpayer standing “merely upon a showing of a city’s

failure to comply with a statute, such standing would not benefit the public, because it

would allow constant judicial intervention into government affairs for matters that do not

involve a clear public right and do not benefit the public.” Id. The Teamsters court held

that because “there [wa]s no vindication of public rights or conferral of public benefits to be

found in the union’s attempt to obtain retirement benefits for a small number of

employees,” they lacked taxpayer standing. Id.

9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

{¶21} Here, the Queensgate Businesses argue that the notwithstanding ordinance

will negatively affect their individual property values. But we agree with the City that this is

quintisentially a private motive. See State ex rel. Karwowski v. Granger Twp. Trustees, 9th

Dist. No. 08CA0017-M, 2008-Ohio-4946, ¶ 28-31 (holding that a property owner lacked

taxpayer standing under R.C. 733.59 because his interest in making changes to a zoning

ordinance affected only his property and did not benefit the public at large). The trial court

held that their objective in challenging the ordinance was to protect the character of the

Queensgate area, and that such a motive would benefit the public as a whole. But we must

disagree. Queensgate is but one neighborhood among Cincinnati’s fifty-two neighborhoods.

Any alleged benefits from their action will affect relatively few individuals in relation to the

city as a whole. Moreover, no public rights have the potential of being affected by their

action in invalidating the ordinance. As the Ohio Supreme Court affirmed in Teamsters, a

challenge to benefit a few will not operate to confer taxpayer standing. Teamsters, 135 Ohio

St.3d 47, 2012-Ohio-1861, 969 N.E.2d 224, at ¶ 14.

{¶22} And while we agree that there may be some public benefit when a private

litigant prevails against the government, ancillary public benefits are not enough to confer

taxpayer standing. See Home Builders Assn. of Dayton v. Lebanon, 167 Ohio App.3d 247,

2006-Ohio-595, 854 N.E.2d 1097, ¶ 54 (12th Dist.). Because the Queensgate Businesses

have not alleged that a clear public right is at stake, they are not entitled to taxpayer

standing.

{¶23} Our conclusion that the Queensgate Businesses lack taxpayer standing to

pursue the injunctive relief in count four of their complaint does not dispose of their appeal.

They have also sought declaratory relief in count one in their individual capacities, which

provides them standing that is separate from their standing as taxpayers. See Teamsters at

¶ 18; see also Moore v. Middletown, 133 Ohio St.3d 55, 2012-Ohio-3897, 975 N.E.2d 977 ¶

10 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

33 (“when a municipality rezones a property, the owner of the adjacent property has

standing to challenge the constitutionality of the zoning decision”). We, therefore, turn to

the merits of the arguments raised in conjunction with their declaratory-judgment claim.

IV. The Constitutionality of the Zoning Ordinance

{¶24} The Queensgate Businesses argue that the constitutionality of the

notwithstanding ordinance cannot be decided as a matter of law because genuine issues of

material fact remain as to whether the notwithstanding ordinance (1) is clearly arbitrary and

unreasonable and not substantially related to the health, safety, morals, and general welfare

of the city of Cincinnati, (2) illegally spot zones the Dalton Property; (3) violates the Ohio

Constitution, Article XVII, Section 3; and whether (4) it violates the charter of the city of

Cincinnati because City Council usurped the authority of the City of Cincinnati Planning

Commission in passing the notwithstanding ordinance.

V. Summary Judgment Standard

{¶25} We review the trial court’s entry of summary judgment de novo, using the

same standard that the trial court applied. Koos v. Cent. Ohio Cellular, Inc., 94 Ohio

App.3d 579, 588, 641 N.E.2d 265 (8th Dist.1994). Summary judgment is appropriate under

Civ.R. 56(C) when “(1) no genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated; (2)

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and (3) it appears from the

evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence

most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, that conclusion is adverse to the party

against whom the motion for summary judgment is made.” State ex rel. Parsons v.

Fleming, 68 Ohio St.3d 509, 511, 628 N.E.2d 1377 (1994). The material issues in each case

are identified by the substantive law and “ ‘[o]nly disputes over facts that might affect the

outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary

judgment.’ ” Turner v. Turner, 67 Ohio St.3d 337, 339, 617 N.E.2d 1123 (1993), quoting

11 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986);

see also Mayo v. Kenwood Country Club, Inc., 134 Ohio App.3d 336, 340, 731 N.E.2d 190

(1st Dist.1999).

A. The Ordinance is Not Arbitrary or Unreasonable and Is Substantially Related to the Health, Safety, and General Welfare of the City of Cincinnati {¶26} In their first issue presented for review, the Queensgate Businesses argue that

the constitutionality of the notwithstanding ordinance cannot be decided as a matter of law

because there are genuine issues of material fact as to whether the notwithstanding

ordinance is clearly arbitrary and unreasonable and not substantially related to the health,

safety, and general welfare of the city of Cincinnati.

{¶27} Municipalities have a great deal of power to enact zoning regulations. “The

power of a municipality to * * * determine land use policy is a legislative function which will

not be interfered with by the courts, unless such power is exercised in an arbitrary,

confiscatory, or unreasonable manner as to be in violation of constitutional guarantees.”

Jaylin Invs., Inc. v. Moreland Hills, 107 Ohio St.3d 339, 2006-Ohio-4, 839 N.E.2d 903, ¶ 21

quoting Willott v. Beachwood, 175 Ohio St. 557, 197 N.E.2d 901 (1964), paragraph three of

the syllabus. “A zoning regulation is presumed to be constitutional unless determined by a

court to be clearly arbitrary and unreasonable and without substantial relation to the public

health, safety, morals, or general welfare of the community.” Goldberg Cos. Inc, 81 Ohio

St.3d at 214, 690 N.E.2d 510.

{¶28} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that “[t]he legislative, not the judicial,

authority is charged with the duty of determining the wisdom of zoning regulations and the

judicial judgment is not to be substituted for the legislative judgment in any case in which

the issue or matter is fairly debatable.” Willott, 175 Ohio St. at 560, 197 N.E.2d 201. Thus,

the burden of proof remains with the party challenging an ordinance’s constitutionality and

12 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

the standard of proof remains “beyond fair debate.” Jaylin Invs. Inc, 107 Ohio St.3d 339,

2006-Ohio-4, 839 N.E.2d 903, ¶ 13 quoting Goldberg Cos. Inc., 81 Ohio St.3d at 214, 690

N.E.2d 510. The “beyond fair debate” standard is analogous to the “beyond a reasonable

doubt” standard in a criminal case. Cent. Motors Corp. v. Pepper Pike, 73 Ohio St.3d 581,

584, 653 N.E.2d 639 (1995); see also State ex rel. Ridge Club v. Amberley Village, 1st Dist.

No. C-070012, 2007-Ohio-6089, ¶ 10.

{¶29} Here, the notwithstanding ordinance’s preamble embodies City Council’s

rationale for its decision to permit the homeless shelter on the Dalton property. The

preamble states in relevant part:

***

* * * the relocation of the City Gospel Mission from its existing location

in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood to the West End neighborhood

advances the City’s goal of de-concentrating social service agencies so

that the land use of any one neighborhood is not over-saturated with

social service agencies; and

* * * too many social service agencies concentrated in any one

neighborhood can crowd out other land uses such as residential and

retail uses in that neighborhood; and

* * * relocating the City Gospel Mission from Over-the-Rhine helps

promote the economic stability of existing land uses within the Over-

the-Rhine neighborhood and promotes the preservation of the

character and quality of the residential neighborhoods that make up

Over-the-Rhine; and

* * * the relocation of the City Gospel Mission to the West End

neighborhood is in keeping with the Go Cincinnati and Revive 75

13 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

plans, is in the best interest of the City of Cincinnati, and is in the

furtherance of the public health, safety, and welfare; and

* * * the Cincinnati Museum Center, a West End resident and

institution, has engaged City Gospel Mission to address its concerns

about the potential effects of the use of the Property for a special

assistance shelter, and the parties have reached a good neighbor

agreement that adequately addresses the concerns of the Cincinnati

Museum Center and reduces the likelihood of impacts of such use on

the surrounding West End neighborhood; and

* * * pursuing a use variance is not feasible because the prohibition of

the use of the Property for a special assistance shelter would not

deprive the property owner of all economically viable use of the

Property, and as such, there is no viable administrative process

available to permit a special assistance shelter on the Property; and

* * * a rezoning of the Property to a zone which conditionally permits a

special assistance shelter is not desired by the applicant, and a

notwithstanding ordinance, unlike a zoning, will not alter the zone

map * * *.

{¶30} The City and private party appellees argue that the city’s interest in

deconcentrating social service agencies, promoting economic stability, and preserving

neighborhoods is rationally related to the health, safety, and welfare of its citizens and that

granting legislative relief to City Gospel Mission to use the Dalton property for a special

assistance shelter is a reasonable and deliberate means to achieve these interests. They

contend that to invalidate the ordinance, the Queensgate Businesses would have to

14 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

demonstrate with near certainty that the ordinance is completely irrational and

unreasonable and that reasonable minds could only conclude that the ordinance is outside

the city’s constitutionally derived powers. Thus, they argue that the Queensgate Businesses

must demonstrate that there are factual issues that legally affect the outcome of their

claims.

{¶31} The Queensgate Businesses argue, on the other hand, that summary judgment

is precluded based on three affidavits presented by professionals: Jordan Weisman, Psy.D.,

Menelaos Triantafillou, and Colleen McTeague, Ph.D. Ms. Weisman, a Philadephia clinical

psychologist, opines that the location of the City Gospel Mission will not result in a

deconcentration of social service agencies in Cincinnati, is not compliant with the suitability

criteria in the Homeless to Homes Plan—Cincinnati’s adopted comprehensive plan for the

homeless—and is “contrary to the best interests of Cincinnati’s homeless population.” As a

result, she concludes that the notwithstanding ordinance is “clearly arbitrary and

unreasonable, and is adverse to the health, safety, and general welfare of the citizens of the

City of Cincinnati” based upon her experience in “clinical psychology and social services.”

{¶32} Mr. Triantafillou, a Cincinnati-based land use planner and professor, reaches

the same conclusion as Weisman—that the notwithstanding ordinance is “clearly arbitrary

and unreasonable.” He opines that the relocation of the City Gospel Mission will not result

in the deconcentration of social services; it is inconsistent with the suitability requirement

of the Homeless to Homes Plan; it is inconsistent with the existing land use patterns; and it

is not in the best interest of Cincinnati’s homeless population. Ms. McTeague, a Cincinnati

based geographer and professor, also opines that the notwithstanding ordinance is

unconstitutional for substantially similar reasons as those set forth in the affidavits of Ms.

Weisman and Mr. Triantafillou.

15 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

{¶33} But the difficulty with the Queensgate Businesses’ argument is that even if all

these statements were credible and believable, they are nothing more than opinions about

whether the ordinance is a good idea. See Downing v. Cook, 69 Ohio St.2d 149, 151, 431

NE.2d 995 (1982) (holding that “evidence, largely consisting of opinions, is conclusory in

nature or irrelevant, and does not rebut the presumption that an ordinance is

[constitutional]”). They show that the wisdom of relocating the City Gospel Mission to

Queensgate is fairly debatable. The Queensgate Businesses participated in that debate

during the legislative process. The evidence presented in these three affidavits—testimony

that they could have presented to the City Planning Commission or to City Council—may

add to the debate, but it does not support a finding that the zoning ordinance is almost

certainly unconstitutional. See Ridge Club, 1st Dist. No. C-070012, 2007-Ohio-6089, at ¶ 6,

quoting Cent. Motors Corp. v. Pepper Pike, 63 Ohio App.2d 34, 409 N.E.2d 258, rev’d on

other grounds Cent. Motors Corp. v. Pepper Pike, 73 Ohio St.3d 581, 653 N.E.2d 639

(1995). Thus, we conclude that the expert opinions in the three affidavits are insufficient to

overcome the significant presumption of constitutionality afforded to the notwithstanding

ordinance, and the ample evidence in the record that City Council’s act of adopting the

notwithstanding ordinance was not arbitrary and unreasonable and was substantially

related to the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the city of Cincinnati.

{¶34} The Queensgate Businesses further argue that the trial court was required to

“balance” the public and private interests involved, and that this balancing requires a factual

inquiry that cannot be resolved on summary judgment. They argue that any individual

claiming to be aggrieved by a permitted use on an adjoining property is entitled to a trial

that weighs the relative benefits of this designation against the potential burdens to the

neighboring property owner. But the Queensgate Businesses have no legally recognized

16 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

interest in the Dalton property. Under the guise of balancing interests, they seek to reargue

whether the Dalton property is the best location for City Gospel Mission’s operations.

{¶35} In support of their argument, they cite several cases involving claims by

property owners that zoning had unreasonably limited the use of their own land. They rely

on language in Jaylin Invs., Inc., 107 Ohio St.3d 339, 2006-Ohio-4, 839 N.E.2d 903 at ¶ 14

which states that “[i]n a constitutional analysis, courts must strive to balance the benefits to

the public against the disadvantages to the private interests of the landowner.” (Emphasis

added.) The Queensgate Businesses use this language to argue that their own interests as

neighbors must be considered. But that is not what Jaylin held.

{¶36} In Jaylin, a property owner planned to build a 29-home subdivision on one-

half acre lots in the Village of Moreland Hills, Ohio, but the village’s zoning ordinance

contained a two-acre minimum lot size requirement. Id. at ¶ 4. The purpose for the

minimum lot size was to address the village’s environmental concerns related to overly

dense development. Id. The property owner brought an “as applied” constitutional

challenge to the minimum lot size requirement, arguing that it would not allow him to

profitably develop the properties and that the environmental concerns could be addressed

in other ways. Id. at ¶ 15. The Ohio Supreme Court, however, held that these issues were

not enough to establish that the two-acre lot limitation was unconstitutional. Id. at ¶ 26.

{¶37} In its analysis, the Supreme Court held that “the zoning is the focal point of

the analysis, not the property owner’s proposed use, and the analysis begins with a

presumption that the ordinance is constitutional.” Id. at ¶ 18. The Jaylin court held that

the proper focus was not whether the “proposed use meets the government’s legitimate

goals underlying the zoning * * *,” but whether [the] zoning ordinance [at issue] advances a

legitimate government interest.” Id. at ¶ 23. Thus, in Jaylin, the Supreme Court, when

confronted with a property owner’s request for a less restrictive use, considered the property

17 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

owner’s interest in putting the property to a profitable use as well as the municipality’s

interest in restricting the use of the property to achieve legitimate governmental interests.

Id. But even then the Supreme Court did not find the zoning ordinance unconstitutional

simply because it denied the property owner the most profitable use of its land. See id. at ¶

22; see also C. Miller Chevrolet v. Willoughby Hills, 38 Ohio St.2d 298, 304, 313 N.E.2d

400 (1974).

{¶38} Similarly, our review of Clarke v. Warren Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 150 Ohio

App.3d 14, 21, 2002-Ohio-6006, 778 N.E.2d 1116, ¶ 19 (12th Dist.) and Ridge Club, 1st Dist.

No. C-070012, 2007-Ohio-6089, ¶ 34-37, which are also cited by the Queensgate

Businesses, supports this analysis. In both Clarke and Ridge Club, the trial court had found

that zoning of the landowner’s property had denied the property owner all economically

feasible uses of the property. In Ridge Club, this court stated the specific reason for

considering the property owner’s interest: by “considering only the needs of [the

municipality] * * * a purely governmental use would always pass such a test, but would be

wholly inappropriate when imposed on a private landowner.” Id. at ¶ 32.

{¶39} Thus, Jaylin, Clarke, and Ridge Club are distinguishable because they

involved a clash between the municipality and the property owner as to the best use of his or

her property. They stand for the proposition that zoning which denies property owners all

economically feasible uses of their property may be arbitrary and unreasonable. Here,

however, the City and Holdings, LLC, the property owner, have agreed to expand the uses

available on the Dalton property. The Queensgate Businesses, as neighboring businesses

and property owners, have never identified any real interests in the Dalton property or how

the permitted use on the Dalton Property would interfere with their ability to use their own

properties. Rather, they seek to portray speculative scenarios such as the possibility of

homeless people sleeping on their property as “interests” that need to be balanced by the

18 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

trial court. But by asserting these interests, they are simply trying to argue yet again that

the allowance of the special assistance shelter on the Dalton property was not a good idea.

This is not the standard for reviewing the constitutionality of a zoning ordinance.

{¶40} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that the wisdom of zoning ordinances is left

to the legislative authority to determine. See Willott, 175 Ohio St. at 560, 197 N.E.2d 201.

Because the review that is called for by the Queensgate Businesses would remove the

presumption of constitutionality that is afforded to zoning ordinances, we cannot agree that

the trial court was required to balance the Queensgate Businesses fears as “interests” in a

lengthy trial. Given that the Queensgate Businesses have pointed to no facts that, if true,

would establish that the ordinance is clearly arbitrary and unreasonable and not

substantially related to the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of the city of

Cincinnati, the City and private party appellees are entitled to summary judgment on this

issue.

B. The Ordinance Does Not Spot Zone the Property

{¶41} The Queensgate Businesses next argue that the notwithstanding ordinance

constitutes spot zoning of the property. The ordinance permits City Gospel Mission to

operate a special assistance shelter on the Dalton Street property. It expressly provides that

it does not operate to rezone the property. Rather, it approves a use similar to transitional

housing, a use which is already permitted in the MG district. See Cincinnati Municipal Code

1413-05. Thus, the ordinance, like a use variance, permits the operation of the special

assistance shelter.

{¶42} But even if the ordinance is arguably similar enough to a rezoning to

potentially support a claim of spot zoning, spot zoning has not occurred here.

‘Spot zoning’ is another confusing term. Many people think that a rezoning of

a single parcel of land constitutes spot zoning and is unconstitutional. This is

19 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

incorrect. Spot zoning is simply a phrase used to conclude that a rezoning is

unconstitutional for specified reasons. Rezoning a single parcel or a small

area is not unconstitutional per se; rezoning a small area in a discriminatory

or unreasonable manner is.

Meck and Pearlman, Ohio Planning and Zoning Law, Section 8:41 (2011 Ed.).

{¶43} Willott v. Beachwood, 175 Ohio St. 557, 559, 197 N.E.2d 201 (1964), the

leading case on the issue of spot zoning, provides that “spot zoning refers to the singling out

of a lot or small area for discriminatory or different treatment from that accorded

surrounding land which is similar in character.” Willott involved an attempt to put a

commercial use in a restrictive residential district. Id. The specific facts in Willott centered

on the amendment of a zoning ordinance to allow a shopping center in an area of “highly

restricted, single family, private residence zoning.” Id. The Supreme Court held that the

rezoning did not constitute spot zoning and further emphasized the difficult burden in

overcoming the presumption of constitutionality afforded to zoning ordinances, stating:

The legislative, not the judicial authority is charged with the duty of

determining the wisdom of zoning regulations, and the judicial

judgment is not to be substituted for the legislative judgment in

any case in which the issue or matter is fairly debatable. Even

though the court, on the facts presented, might decide otherwise

than did council, so long as the matter is reasonably debatable, the

court has no authority to interfere.

Id. at 560.

{¶44} The Queensgate Businesses have cited a number of cases that discuss spot

zoning, but only one Ohio court has actually found that a township’s zoning decision

constituted spot zoning. Renner v. Markarius, 2d Dist No. CA 5993, 1979 Ohio App.

20 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

LEXIS 9363, *3 (August 3, 1979), involved the rezoning of a single property to support an

office use. In Renner, a township took steps to adopt a zoning ordinance. The township’s

zoning advisor decided that the township needed more commercial uses and decided to

designate a single property as an office use in an area that was surrounded by residential

zoning and in a neighborhood of expensive single-family homes. Id. at *10. That single

property had been used continuously as a residence for over 60 years, although it did also

have a storage building for a well-drilling company. Id. at *6-7

{¶45} The decision to alter the property’s zoning was apparently made based on

traffic flow in the area. Id. at *10. The reasoning of the court in finding spot zoning is not

very clear, but seems to rely on the increased traffic and increased potential negative

impacts on housing values that a commercial use would bring to the residential district, and

the seemingly arbitrary decision by the zoning advisor to change zoning on long-time

residential property in a residential neighborhood. Id. at *12-14.

{¶46} Willot and Renner demonstrate the typical spot-zoning fact pattern, which

involves conflict resulting from an attempt to put a more intense commercial use in a

restrictive residential zone. The concept of spot zoning does not work well in this case,

where the MG zoning district allows a broad mix of commercial, manufacturing,

recreational, and residential uses. The lack of spot zoning cases involving mixed districts

points to a key aspect of spot zoning that has never been defined—how differently the

zoning of a property must be from a surrounding property before it constitutes spot zoning.

If taken to its logical extreme, the concept of spot zoning would hold that all zoning

variances are unconstitutional. Here, the notwithstanding ordinance did not rezone the

Dalton property but allowed a special assistance shelter that can only be operated by City

Gospel Mission under a number of restrictions; it is in effect a legislative variance.

21 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

{¶47} The Queensgate Businesses also argue that because the zoning is not in

accordance with a comprehensive zoning plan, it constitutes spot zoning. They rely upon

this court’s decision in Monsanto Co. v. Bd. of Elections of Hamilton Cty., 1st Dist. Nos. C-

950735 and C-950748, 1996 Ohio App LEXIS 4433 (Oct. 9, 1996). But Monsanto is

distinguishable because it involved a township. Townships lack home rule authority and are

required under R.C. 519.02 to adopt zoning regulations in accordance with a comprehensive

plan. See, e.g., B.J. Alan Co. v. Congress Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 124 Ohio St.3d 1,

2009-Ohio-5863, 918 N.E.2d 501, ¶ 1 (addressing the “comprehensive plan” requirement of

R.C. 519.02). There is no similar requirement for municipalities. See Cent. Motors Corp, 73

Ohio St.3d at 586, 653 N.E.2d 639 (upholding a city’s rezoning of property when the city

lacked a comprehensive plan); see also Columbia Oldsmobile v. Montgomery, 56 Ohio St.3d

60, 66, 564 N.E.2d 455 (1990) (“there is no statutory requirement that cities * * * enact a

comprehensive community plan pursuant to its power to zone under R.C. 713.06 et seq.”).

But even if there were such a requirement, the City’s allowance of a special assistance

shelter on the Dalton property was consistent with the Homeless to Homes Plan—

Cincinnati’s adopted comprehensive plan for the homeless.

{¶48} In October 2008, City Cincinnati Council passed an emergency ordinance

which mandated that Continuum of Care “address the inadequacies of the current provision

of services for single homeless individuals in the City of Cincinnati, and to put in place a

comprehensive plan to implement such services.” Cincinnati Ordinance 347-2008, ¶ 1. This

process resulted in the development of the Homeless to Homes Plan. Among the major

issues identified by this plan were the need for more appropriate shelter facilities,

particularly for homeless men, and the need to provide more comprehensive care at the

shelter facilities. It was determined that City Gospel’s Elm Street site did not allow it to

meet the goals set forth in the Homeless to Homes Plan, and that another site must be

22 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

developed. In May 2009, Cincinnati City Council passed another ordinance incorporating

the Homeless to Homes plan into the Consolidated Plan of the City, and empowering the

Continuum of Care to respond to this mandate by implementing the goals of the Homeless

to Homes Plan. Cincinnati Ordinance 129-2009, Sections 3 and 4. This implementation

process included identifying suitable sites for the location of new shelters in cooperation

with representatives from existing shelters.

{¶49} Because this case does not provide for the typical spot-zoning scenario, we

agree with the trial court that the applicable test for determining the constitutionality of a

zoning ordinance is set forth by the Ohio Supreme Court in Goldberg. Even if the

application of a spot-zoning standard is proper in this case, the approval of a special

assistance shelter on the Dalton Property does not constitute spot zoning under the

Queensgate Businesses’ own definition. “[S]pot zoning refers to the singling out of a lot or

small area for discriminatory or different treatment from that accorded surrounding land

which is similar in character.” Willott, 175 Ohio St. at 559, 197 N.E.2d 201; see also Most

Reverend Anthony J. Pilla v. Willowick, 11th Dist. No. 9-243, 1982 Ohio App. LEXIS 13454,

*12-13 (Dec. 23, 1982). The Queensgate Businesses argue that the approval of a special

assistance shelter by the notwithstanding ordinance constitutes spot zoning because it is

different from all surrounding industrial uses, and it is expressly prohibited in the district.

{¶50} But the permitted surrounding uses will not be all industrial or even

commercial. The Queensgate Businesses ignore the residential use that is being developed

on the property adjacent to the Dalton property, the transitional housing program on the

York Street property. Transitional housing is a permitted use in the MG zone, and the

shelter operated on the Dalton Property will operate similarly to transitional housing. The

fact that a use has been approved on a property that is not a permitted use cannot, by itself,

constitute spot zoning. If this were true, then all use variances would be unconstitutional.

23 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

{¶51} The approval of the notwithstanding ordinance does not constitute spot

zoning as defined by Ohio courts. The standard, moreover, is ill suited to the facts in this

case, which involves neighboring business owners challenging the approval of a residential

use next to their properties, rather than on their own property. The zoning on all properties

at issue is not exclusively commercial, residential, or manufacturing. It allows a broad mix

of uses including a use quite similar to the special assistance shelter at issue in this case. In

fact, this residential use, transitional housing, will be the primary use of the adjacent

property. Thus, this case is different in several crucial respects from the small number of

cases where courts have found spot zoning. Because there are no genuine issues of material

fact as to whether the notwithstanding ordinance illegally spot zones the Dalton property,

the City and the private party appellees are entitled to summary judgment on this issue.

C. The Ordinance Does Not Conflict with R.C. 713.12

{¶52} The Queensgate Businesses next argue that genuine issues of material fact

remain as to whether the notwithstanding ordinance was enacted through an exercise of

police power that conflicts with Ohio’s general laws. They argue that Cincinnati Municipal

Code 111-5, which identifies the procedures and criteria for obtaining a notwithstanding

ordinance, conflicts with R.C. 713.12, and that as a result, the ordinance is unconstitutional.

The City and private party appellees argue that there is no conflict between R.C. 713.12 and

Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-5 because R.C. 713.14 makes R.C. 713.12 inapplicable to a

charter municipality like Cincinnati. We agree with the City and private party appellees.

{¶53} The city of Cincinnati is a charter municipality which derives its powers of

local self-government from Ohio Constitution, Article XVIII, Section 3. Thus, the city’s

power to enact legislation is conferred by the City Charter, not the Ohio Revised Code.

Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-1, which governs hearings on zoning regulations expressly

states that “Section 713.12 of the Ohio Revised Code is hereby declared inoperative in the

24 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

City of Cincinnati.” Both the City and the private party appellees assert that this statement

was made in accordance with R.C. 713.14, which provides:

Sections 713.06 to 713.12, inclusive, of the Revised Code do not repeal,

reduce, or modify any power granted by law or charter to any

municipal corporation or legislative authority thereof, or impair or

restrict the power of any municipal corporation under Article XVIII of

the Ohio Constitution.

{¶54} The Ohio Supreme Court has cited R.C. 713.14 for the proposition that “a

municipality which has adopted a comprehensive charter is governed by the terms of the

charter, and statutory provisions relating to subjects covered by the charter are

inapplicable.” See State ex rel. Davis Inv. Co. v. Columbus, 175 Ohio St. 337, 341, 194

N.E.2d 859 (1963). In Bauman v. State ex rel. Underwood, 122 Ohio St. 269, 270, 171 N.E.

336 (1930), the Ohio Supreme Court addressed a previous state law, containing identical

language to R.C. 713.14, stating:

Zoning regulations are police or sanitary. Under the provisions of Section 3,

Article XVII, of the Constitution, municipalities may adopt local police or

sanitary regulations if “not in conflict with the general laws.” But the

provisions of the Akron charter are not in conflict with state law; for Section

4366-12, General Code [the precursor to R.C 713.14] yields unrestricted

powers to municipalities in respect to zoning, if such powers are granted by

the municipal charter.

{¶55} In Kachovec v. Akron, 9th Dist. No. 9948, 1981 Ohio App. LEXIS 13894, *4-5

(May 20, 1981), the Ninth District Court of Appeals, interpreted Bauman to hold that

zoning procedures were not required to be specifically set forth in the city of Akron’s

charter, as long as the charter permitted City Council to establish those procedures. Akron’s

25 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

charter granted the city zoning power and stated that all city powers “shall be exercised and

enforced in the manner prescribed by this Charter, or when not prescribed herein, in such

manner as shall be provided by the ordinance or resolution of the Council.” Id. at *4. The

Ninth District stated, “[W]e think it is clear that, given such a charter provision, Bauman

permits a municipality to establish its own zoning powers by ordinance.” Id.

{¶56} Cincinnati’s charter contains virtually identical language to the language in

Kachovec. Article I of the City’s Charter grants it all powers of “local self government and

home rule and all other powers possible for a city to have under the constitution of the state

of Ohio.” It further states that “[a]ll such powers shall be exercised in the manner

prescribed by this charter, or if not prescribed herein, in such manner as shall be provided

by ordinance of city council.” Like the charter considered in Kachovec, Cincinnati’s charter

grants the city the authority to adopt its own zoning regulations that differ from the default

regulations found in R.C. Chapter 713.

{¶57} The city has chosen to exercise this power by specifically rejecting R.C. 713.12

and its 30-day notice requirement in Cincinnati Municipal Code 111-1, which declares R.C.

713.12 inoperative in the city of Cincinnati. In its place, the city has adopted Cincinnati

Municipal Code 111-5, which provides 14 days’ notice for a notwithstanding ordinance.

Because there is no legitimate dispute about the city’s ability to establish its own zoning

procedures, the City and private party appellees are entitled to summary judgment on this

D. City Council Did Not Violate the City Charter by Passing the Ordinance

{¶58} Finally, the Queensgate Businesses argue that City Council violated the City

Charter by approving the notwithstanding ordinance because City Gospel Mission had only

applied for 76 beds on the Dalton property, while City Council allowed an aggregate of 125

beds in the ordinance. They argue that the City Charter does not allow City Council to

26 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

modify a zoning ordinance after it has been reviewed by the Planning Commission. Their

argument is based upon Article VII, Sections 3 and 6 of the City Charter.

{¶59} Article VII, Section 3 of the Charter provides:

The powers and duties of the commission shall be to make plans and

maps of the whole or any portion of the city and of any land outside

the city which, in the opinion of the commission, bears a relation to the

planning of the city, and to make changes in additions to and

extensions of such plans or maps when it deems advisable. Such maps

and plans shall show the commission’s recommendations for the

location and extent of streets, alleys, ways, viaducts, bridges, subways,

parkways, parks, playgrounds and other public grounds and public

improvements, of public buildings and other public properties, and of

public utilities whether publicly or privately owned, for water, light,

sanitation, transportation, communication, power and other purposes;

and for the removal, relocation, widening, extension, narrowing,

vacation, abandonment or change of use of any of the foregoing public

places, works, buildings, or utilities. Such maps and plans may also

include the division of the city into zones for districts, in accordance

with the commission’s recommendations for the limitation and

regulation of the height, bulk, (including percentage of lot occupancy

and set-back building lines) and use of buildings and other structures

and premises in such zones or districts.

{¶60} Article VII, Section 6 of the Charter states:

No amendment of the zoning ordinance of the city or of the zone map

shall be made, passed or enacted by the council until and unless such

27 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

amendment shall be approved by the commission; provided that in

the case of its failure to approve, the commission shall communicate

its reason for failure to approve to the council, and the council, by a

vote of not less than two-thirds of its members, shall have the power

to overrule such failure to approve and make, adopt, or enact the

proposed amendment.

{¶61} Our reading of these sections does not support the Queensgate Businesses’

argument. The Planning Commission’s role as set forth in the city’s charter is to review

zoning matters and make recommendations to City Council. The Commission acts in an

advisory role on zoning matters and is not the decision maker. While its recommendation

may trigger the requirement of a supermajority of City Council to reject its advice, council

has the authority to act against the recommendations of the Planning Commission.

{¶62} Here, City Council passed the notwithstanding ordinance by a 7-2 vote, which

exceeded the supermajority vote requirement to overrule the City Planning Commission. As

a result, whether the City Planning Commission may have conditioned its decision on a

particular number of beds and Council may have approved a different number of beds, does

not create a genuine issue of material fact that would preclude summary judgment because

this factual issue would not invalidate the ordinance. See, e.g., Byrd v. Smith, 110 Ohio

St.3d 24, 2006-Ohio-3455, 850 N.E.2d 47 ¶ 12 (noting that “[o]nly disputes over facts that

might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the

entry of summary judgment.”). We overrule the sole assignment of error, and we affirm the

judgment of the trial court. Judgment affirmed.

HENDON and CUNNINGHAM, JJ., concur.

Please note: The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.