State Ex Rel. Olson v. Langer

256 N.W. 377, 65 N.D. 68, 1934 N.D. LEXIS 178

• Court: North Dakota Supreme Court
• Decided: September 19, 1934
• Docket: File No. 6288.
• Status: Published

Opinions

Burke, J.

The petitioner, invoking the original jurisdiction of this court, petitions for a writ of quo warranto requiring the respondent to show by what right he continues to exercise the powers and duties of the office of governor of this state'. Such petition is based upon the contention that the respondent has been convicted of a felony. All the pleadings, briefs, arguments and oral statements in court show that the determinative facts are not in dispute.

On November 4, 1932, the respondent was duly elected governor of this state for the term of two years, commencing in January, 1933. At the same time the petitioner was duty elected to the office of lieutenant governor for a similar term and the respondent and the petitioner qualified respectively for the office to which he was elected. On May 10, 1934, indictment was returned in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota against the respondent, William Langer and others, charging the said defendants had wilfully and unlawfully and feloniously combined, conspired, confederated and agreed together to defraud the United States of America by corruptly administering^ certain Acts of Congress, to-wit:'

The Act of Congress approved July 21, 1932, entitled “An Act to relieve destitution, to broaden the lending powers of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and to create employment by providing for and expediting a public-works program,” commonly known as the “Emer gehey Relief and Construction Act of 1932.” The Act of Congress approved May 12, 1933, entitled “An Act to provide for co-operation by the Federal Government with the several States and Territories and the District of Columbia in relieving the hardship and suffering caused by unemployment, and for other purposes,” commonly known as • the “.Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1933.” The Act of Congress’ of June-16, 1933, entitled “An Act to encourage National Recovery, to foster fair competition, and to provide for the construction of certain Useful public works, and for other purposes,” commonly known as the “National Industrial Recovery Act.”

The statutory offense of which respondent was convicted is defined in-§ 5540, U. S. Rev. St., § 31, Criminal Code, § 88, USCA. title 18, which reads: “If two or more persons conspire either to commit any offense against the United States, or to defraud the United States-in any- manner or for any purpose, and one or more of such parties do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy, each of the parties to such conspiracy shall be fined not more'than $10,000, or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.” • . <

The respondent was convicted under this statute on the 16th day of June, 1934 and on June 29, 1934 was sentenced to imprisonment for one year and six months in the Federal penitentiary and fined $10,000. Judgment of conviction and sentence were duly entered in the récords of' the Federal Court in and for the district of North Dakota. The execution of said judgment and sentence has been stayed by said court pending appeal to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals of the Eighth Circuit and defendant is at liberty under supersedeas bond, but the verdict of guilty and the’judgment of conviction as entered have not .been vacated or set aside.

The, petitioner filed his official oath and made demand -upon the respondent. to turn the office of governor over to him. This demand was refused. Thereupon he applied to the attorney general to institute a proceeding in quo warranto to determine who was entitled to the office. On the refusal of-tbe attorney general to- do this petitioner began the instapt proceeding. Ilis contention is that because of the conviction in- the federal court, the respondent is under such constitutional disability 'that he is disqualified to act as governor and that the powers and duties of the office devolve upon the lieutenant governor while such disability continues.

On the 12th day of July, 1934, the parties were present in this court 'by counsel and the respondent at that time filed a motion to quash, a demurrer and a return.

The motion to quash states: “Respondent moves to quash said application or petition upon the ground that such application or petition seeks to oust the respondent as Governor of this state from his office and from exercising the duties thereof by and through the exercise of the original jurisdiction of this court and. in place of and by superseding the sole, original and exclusive jurisdiction of the legislative assembly, granted by the constitution, to oust the respondent from the office of Governor and from performing the duties thereof, by impeachment.” Paragraph 3 of the motion states the same ground in a little different manner. Paragraph 4 states: “Respondent moves to quash said application or petition upon the ground that the same seeks to oust the respondent from the office of Governor and from performing the duties thereof for the reason of an existing disqualification and lack of eligibility to hold the office of Governor resulting from the commission of a federal crime, under constitutional and statutory provisions, to wit: because not now a qualified elector and because of loss of civil rights. That the exercise of original and, in effect, exclusive and sole jurisdiction by this court upon such subject matter would supersede and exclude the sole, original and exclusive jurisdiction possessed by the legislative assembly under the constitution, by impeachment, to find or not find, to adjudge or not adjudge, that the respondent is under disability to hold the office of Governor, . . .” Paragraph 5 states the same facts and alleges that an assumption of jurisdiction by this court “would constitute an encroachment of judicial functions in another field and department upon a subject matter expressly reserved and granted to the legislative assembly. . . .” Paragraph G states: “Respondent moves to quash said application or petition for the reason that the respondent as Governor and Chief Executive of this state has called a special and extraordinary session of the legislative assembly to convene at the State Capitol at Bismarck ... to consider and act upon the questions of impeachment, the removal and the qualifications of the respondent as Governor of this state under the constitution and tbe laws of this state, and tbat said legislative assembly will possess, as it does possess, under the constitution and laws of this state, tbe sole, original and exclusive jurisdiction to inquire, to investigate, and to impeach tbe respondent. . . .” Paragraph 1 states: “Respondent moves to quash said application or petition upon the ground tbat tbe respondent was and is a citizen of tbe United States; tbat be was and is a citizen of this state . . .; tbat said application seeks to oust this respondent from tbe office of Governor . . . by reason of said respondent being convicted and sentenced in Federal Court, after trial by jury, for'the commission of a felony against tbe laws of tbe United States and tbe disabilities or disqualifications to bold office resulting therefrom; tbat such application, in seeking the exercise of tbe original jurisdiction of this court through quo warranto, attempts to secure tbe finding by this court tbat respondent because so convicted and sentenced in federal court for a felony has created a vacancy in tbe office of Governor, is disqualified as an elector, has lost bis civil rights and is under disability to bold the office of Governor and perform the duties thereof; and all of this without any trial by tbe legislative assembly upon tbe subject matter or without any trial, finding or verdict by any jury of this state tbat respondent has violated any law of tbe state of North Dakota; tbat, as shown by said application, appeal has been duly taken from tbe judgment and sentence in federal court and respondent asserts tbat be is not guilty of tbe offense as charged and found; tbat tbe conspiracy for which respondent was convicted in federal court, under federal statutes, is a felony, but under tbe laws of tbe state of North Dakota, is only a misdemeanor. Tbat . . . under federal constitution and federal laws, respondent after such conviction, sentence and appeal, still remains and is a citizen of tbe United States, fully possessed of all of bis civil rights, including bis right to vote as an elector and remains qualified to bold office, or to be a candidate for federal congress or United States Senate; tbat any attempt to so exercise jurisdiction of this court as sought, would deny respondent tbe right of trial by jury for violation of state law, would abridge tbe privileges and immunities of the respondent as a citizen of tbe United States, would deprive him of bis property and rights therein, without due process of law and would deny to him tbe equal protection of tbe laws, all contrary to tbe 5th and 14th amendments to the' constitution of the United States and as otherwise provided.” .

In support of the motion to quash and in support of the demurrer and return, respondent relies upon § 19 é of the constitution, which gives the house of representatives the sole power of impeachment; section 195 of the constitution which gives the senate the sole power of hearing and determining the case on impeachment and particularly upon section 19 6 of the constitution, which reads as follows: “The governor and other state and judicial officers, except county judges, justices of the peace and police magistrates, shall be liable to impeachment for habitual drunkenness, crimes, corrupt conduct, or malfeasance or misdemeanors in office, but judgment in such cases shall not extend further'than removal from office ánd disqualification to hold any office of trust or -profit under the state. The person accused, whether convicted or acquitted, shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law.”

Section 72 of the constitution reads as follows: “A lieutenant governor shall be elected at the same time and' for the same term as the governor. In case of the death, impeachment, -resignation, failure to qualify, absence from the state; removal from office, or the- disability of the governor, the powers and duties of the office for the residue of the term or until he shall be acquitted or the disability be removed, shall devolve upon the lieutenant governor.” ■ ■

Section 73 of the constitution reads as follows: “No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieutenant governor unless he be a citizen o'f the United States, and a qualified elector of the state, who shall Have attained the age of thirty years, and who shall have resided five years next preceding the election within the state or territory, nor shalThé.í be • eligible to any other office during the term for which he shall have, been elected.”’

Section'127, as amended by’article 2 of the’amendments, of the'constitution féads as follows:' “No person who is under guardianship, non compos mentis or insane, shall be qualified to vote at any election;-nor any "person convicted of treason o'r felony linless restored' to civil rights; . . . ”

-.- It seems clear that these sections of the constitution are involved and: rhust necessarily be controlling'on the question, is the governor temporarily disqualified, and do the powers and duties of the governor devolve upon the lieutenant. governor during the period of such disability ? That is tbe question now before tbis court, and a determination of that question in no way interferes with tbe right of tbe legislature in impeachment proceedings under §§ 194, 195 and 196 of tbe constitution. It may be conceded that tbe legislature has tbe sole power of removal by impeachment. Tbis proceeding, however, is not a proceeding to remove. It is simply a proceeding to determine whether tbe conviction of tbe respondent for a felony in tbe United States Court for tbe District of North Dakota places him under a disability as contemplated in section 72 of tbe constitution, so that tbe powers and duties of the office devolve upon tbe lieutenant governor during tbe continuance of sucb disability.

Section 85 of tbe constitution lodges tbe judicial power in tbe courts of tbe state and reads as follows: “Tbe judicial power of tbe state of North Dakota shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, county courts, justices of tbe peace, and in sucb other courts as may be created by law for cities, incorporated towns and villages.” While § 196 gives to tbe legislature tbe power of impeachment and removal from office the last sentence of tbe section reads: “.The person accused, whether convicted or acquitted, shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law.” In tbe case of impeachment there might be an acquittal, but tbe officer could nevertheless be indicted, tried and convicted of a felony under tbe judicial power of tbe courts.

Tbe question of jurisdiction was raised in tbe late Alabama .case of State ex rel. Moore v. Blake, 225 Ala. 124, 142 So. 418 and tbe court said: “Appellant insists that a sheriff can now be removed from office only by impeachment in tbe manner and for causes provided by' tbe Constitution, §§ 173 and 174. . . . Impeachment proceedings are for tbe removal of public officers for malfeasance while lawfully bolding tbe office upon grounds prescribed by § 173 of the Constitution. Due process of law is essential to impeachment.

“But tbe vice of appellant’s position, is in confusing causes for removal by impeachment with ineligibility ;to bold tbe office.

“If t.be incumfient becomes ineligible to bold tbe office pending bis incumbency, and:- continues to exercise its functions, .be is. a. usurper, and may be ousted by quo warranto proceedings. Such is tbe definite decision in State ex rel. Coe v. Harrison, 217 Ala. 80, 114 So. 905. See also State ex rel. Williams v. Owens, 217 Ala. 668, 117 So. 298.”

To tbe same effect is Gandy v. State, 10 Neb. 243, 4 N. W. 1019.

Tbe instant case is not the first in which a controversy has arisen between two claimants seeking to exercise the powers of governor. A similar situation has existed in several states and in each case the question has ultimately been, solved by the courts.

In the case of Atty. Gen. ex rel. Bashford v. Barstow, 4 Wis. 567, the matter is gone into at great length and it is held that the court had jurisdiction.

In the early case of Atty. Gen. v. Taggart, 66 N. H. 362, 29 A. 1027, 25 L.R.A. 613 the governor of New Hampshire was disabled by illness so that he was unable to perform the duties of his office. Under the constitution and laws of New Hampshire in case of the governor’s disability, the duties of the office devolve upon the president of the senate. The president of the senate refused to act. Thereupon the attorney general of the state appealed to the courts of New Hampshire for a writ of mandate to be directed to the president of the senate requiring him to take upon himself the office and exercise the powers and perform the duties thereof. The supreme court of New Hampshire, considering this question, said, among other things: “The existence of an executive vacancy is a question of law and fact within the judicial jurisdiction. If the defendant exercised executive power without a previous judgment on that question, the legality of his acts could be contested and determined in subsequent litigation; and the judicial character of the question does not depend upon the time when it is brought into court. With adequate legal process, the consideration and decision of such a question may be prospective as well as retrospective.” The court exercised jurisdiction and issued the writ directing the president of the senate to perform the duties of the office.

In the case of State ex rel. Trapp v. Chambers, 96 Okla. 78, 220 P. 890, 30 A.L.R. 1144, Walton was the duly elected governor of Oklahoma. He called a special session of the legislative assembly, as he was empowered to do. After the legislature had thus convened the house voted articles of impeachment against Walton. The provisions of the Oklahoma constitution are very similar to those of our consti tution. Tbe effect of tbe voting of articles of impeachment is to suspend the governor from his office and devolve the powers and duties thereof upon the lieutenant governor. At once when articles of impeachment were voted the governor was declared to be suspended from his office and the lieutenant governor purported to act as governor. The senate then proceeded to a consideration of the charges. Walton in this contingency appealed to the district court for an injunctional order directed to the lieutenant governor to enjoin the latter from interfering with the governor and attempting to exercise the duties of that office. Thereupon application was made to the supreme court for a writ of prohibition to be directed to the district court and for further injunctional relief aimed at Walton and requiring him to desist from interfering with the lieutenant governor in the performance of the governor’s duties. Walton’s contention was that the impeachment proceeding was wholly ineffectual to suspend him from office. The supreme court considering the issues as made, held that the legislature was acting within its powers in the impeachment proceeding; that under the constitution the duties of the office of governor devolved upon the lieutenant governor; that the injunctional order of the district coiirt on Walton’s application was an unwarranted interference with the legislative department and issued the writ. But the court also went further and issued its injunctional order restraining Walton from interfering with the lieutenant governor in the performance of the duties of the office of governor. Thus the court was appealed to and did pass upon the question as to who was entitled to exercise the powers and duties of the office of governor under the circumstances. In this connection see also Ferguson v. Maddox, 114 Tex. 85, 263 S. W. 888, where the court passed upon the propriety and effect of an impeachment proceeding.

In the case of People ex rel. Tennant v. Parker, 3 Neb. 409, 19 Am. Rep. 634 the governor was impeached. Under the constitution the powers and duties devolved upon the lieutenant governor. While acting as governor the lieutenant governor absented himself from the state temporarily. Thereupon the president of the senate, claiming that in such case the powers of office devolved upon him, called a special session of the legislature and the lieutenant governor, on returning, revoked the call. The court held that assuming that the call of the special session by tbe president of tbe senate was legal that tbe lieutenant governor, on returning, was acting within his power in revoking the call and that thereafter no session of the legislature could properly convene on the call by the president of the senate.

In the case of People ex rel. Robin v. Hayes, 163 App. Div. 725, 149 N. Y. S. 250, at page 253 the court said: “The impeachment did not deprive William Sulzer of the office of the governor; it merely'devolved the ‘powers and duties of the office’ upon the lieutenant governor pending the trial of the charges. . . .”

We have not overlooked the case of State ex rel. Cyr v. Long, 174 La. 169, 140 So. 13. We have considered it, and its reasoning as applied to the facts in this case, does not appeal to us.

The respondent’s contention that the power to determine whether a governor shall continue in office is reposed solely in the legislative assembly under Article 14 of the constitution, is denied by § 81 of that instrument, which reads as follows: “Any governor of this state who asks, receives or agrees to receive any bribe upon any understanding that his official opinion, judgment or action shall be influenced thereby, or who gives or offers, or promises his official influence in consideration that any member of the legislative assembly shall give his official vote or’ influence on any particular side of any question or matter upon which he may be required to act in his official capacity, or who menaces any member by the threatened use of his veto power, or who offers, or promises any member that he, the said governor, will appoint any particular person or persons to any office created or thereafter to be created, in consideration that any member shall give his official vote of influence on any matter pending or thereafter to be introduced into either house of said legislative assembly, or who threatens any member that he, the said governor, will remove any person or persons from office or position with intent in any manner to influence the action of said member, shall be punished in the manner now, or that may hereafter, be provided by law, and upon conviction thereof shall forfeit all right to hold or exercise any office of trust or honor in this state.” This section of the constitution was enacted into the statutes as § 9319, Comp. Laws 1913. Thus though the legislative assembly has the sole power of removal of the governor by impeachment his,conviction, in the courts of any of the acts forbidden by § 81, automatically forfeits all right to hold or exercise an office of trust or honor'in the state. '

After a careful examination of all of the authorities we are of the opinion that this court has jurisdiction to pass upon the question as to whether, under the circumstances conceded to exist in this case, the powers of the office of governor have devolved upon the lieutenant governor under § 72 of the constitution.

We further hold that the questions involved in this case are obviously of such nature and importance as require the exercise of the original jurisdiction of this court under § 87 of the state constitution. See State ex rel. Linde v. Taylor, 33 N. D. 76, 156 N. W. 561, L.R.A. 1918B, 156, Ann. Cas. 1918A, 583 and cases cited.

This brings us to the question as to whether there is any disability on the part of Governor Langer, which devolves the powers of the office upon the petitioner, Lieutenant Governor Olson. We have heretofore quoted the essential provisions of § 72 of the constitution. It now becomes necessary to consider other provisions of that instrument. In viewing the several provisions of the constitution material to this inquiry, we must remember that they are self-executing. They require no legislative breath to give them life; no legislative action to put them into effect. They speak for themselves and they are mandatory and prohibitory. Const. § 21.

What constitutes, a disability within the meaning of that term as contained in § 72 ? The word disability has a reasonably definite meaning. It means: “State of being disabled; deprivation or want of ability ; absence of competent physical, intellectual, or moral power, means, fitness, or the like; an instance of such want or deprivation.” It connotes “want of legal qualification to do a thing; legal incapacity, incompetency, or disqualification; also, an instance or cause of such incapacity.” Webster’s New Int. Diet. 'We must presume, of course, that the words used by the framers of the constitution were used in their ordinarily accepted sense unless the contrary clearly appears. Indeed, unless given the ordinary and accepted meaning, disability would have no place in this constitutional provision. Applying that meaning to the term it must be said that the framers of the- constitution contemplated that any cause, whether mental, physical, or -legal, which operated to disqualify the governor would devolve the duties of the governor upon the lieutenant governor.

Section 73 of the constitution provides that “No person shall be eligible to tbe office of governor . . . unless be be a citizen of the United States and a qualified elector of tbe state, . . .” Clearly under tbis provision bad tbe governor not been an elector at tbe time be took office be could not bave qualified. His predecessor would bave been justified in refusing to turn tbe office over to him. Tbis court in such case must bave held that, under tbe provisions of § 71, bis predecessor would continue to bold office until a properly qualified individual was elected. Thus tbe constitution requires that to bold tbe office of governor a person must be a qualified elector of tbe state. Accordingly ceasing to possess tbe qualifications of an elector constitutes a disability and upon tbis event happening tbe powers of tbe office devolve upon tbe lieutenant governor, just as they would in tbe case of tbe absence of tbe governor from tbe state, bis insanity or bis physical incapacity or inability to perform tbe duties of tbe office, as was tbe case in Atty. Gen. v. Taggart, 66 N. H. 362, 29 A. 1027, 25 L.R.A. 613, supra.

Article 5 of tbe constitution, as amended, §§ 121 — 129, deals with tbe elective franchise. Section 121 provides: “Every person of the age of twenty-one years or upwards, belong to either of tbe following classes who shall have resided in tbe state one year and in tbe county ninety days and in the precinct thirty days next preceding any election shall be a qualified elector at such election. First, citizens of tbe United States; second, civilized persons of Indian descent who bave severed their tribal relation two years next preceding such election.” Section 122 provides: “Tbe legislative assembly shall be empowered to make further extensions of suffrage hereafter, at its discretion, to all citizens of mature age and sound mind, not convicted of crime without regard to sex; but no law extending or restricting tbe right of suffrage shall be enforced until adopted by a majority of tbe electors of the state voting at a general election” and § 127 provides: “No person who is under guardianship, non compos mentis or insane, shall be qualified to vote at any election; nor any person convicted of treason or felony unless restored to civil rights; and tbe legislature shall by law establish an educational test as a qualification, and may prescribe penalties for failing, neglecting or refusing to vote at any general election.”

Thus it is seen that § 121 deals with questions of age, citizenship and residence, and §§ 122 and 127 with questions of mental and moral qualifications as affecting the right to vote at any election. Reading all these sections together, their clear purport and effect is that one who does not possess the qualifications entitling him to vote at any election is not a qualified elector. (For a legislative enactment consistent with this construction see § 19, Comp. Laws 1913, providing: “Every elector is eligible to the office for which he is an elector, except when otherwise specially provided; and no person is eligible who is not such an elector.”) It follows then that one who has been convicted of felony and whose civil rights have not been restored is not a qualified elector though he possesses every other qualification essential to that status.

It next becomes necessary to determine what is meant by “convicted of felony” within the meaning of that phrase as used in section 127, supra. When the constitution was written and adopted, the term felony had a definite and accepted meaning. The territorial statutes, §§ 6204 and 7028, 1887 Dakota Compiled Laws, defined a felony as a crime which is or may be punishable with death or by imprisonment in the territorial prison. And this was the definition accepted in nearly all the states and territories. Bouvier’s Law Diet. This definition was carried into the statutes of the state and now appears therein as §§ 9197 and 10,387, Comp. Laws 1913. It is evident that when the term “felony” was used in the constitution there was no question as to what was meant thereby. It is also evident that when the phrase “convicted of felony” was used in § 127, the framers of the constitution intended to deny the right of franchise to those who had been or thereafter might be convicted of a crime punishable by death or by imprisonment in the penitentiary. In this connection § 122, supra, should also be particularly noted. By this latter section the legislative assembly is given broad powers in the way of extending the right of suffrage subject to the approval of the electors voting at a general election. But those powers are restricted in this, that the section applies only to citizens of mature age and sound mind, not convicted of crime. Section 122 was written into the constitution at the instance of those members of the constitutional convention who believed that the elective franchise should': be granted tó women as well as to men! It was in' the nature of a'compromise. See; Constitutional Debates, pages 185, et seq. Manifestly, when the framers of the constitution wrote' these sections they had a clear and definite purpose in mind. They intended,: for reasons of public policy (to protect the. state — not to punish the individual) that the elective franchise should not be enjoyed by those who had been convicted of crime amounting to felony and whose civil rights had not been restored. They were so insistent upon this that when théy inserted § 122 providing for the extension of the suffrage to women, they required that it should not be extended to those who had been convicted of crime. Thus the requirements of § 122 are consistent with the requirements imposed by § 121 as to age, citizenship and residence, and those imposed by § 127 as to mental and moral qualifications. And the people when they approved that evident purpose by adopting the- constitution were acting- wholly within their rights.

“A state has an undoubted right to provide in its constitution that persons may be . . .. deprived of the right of suffrage by reason of their having been convicted of crime. The manifest purpose'of such restrictions upon this right is to preserve the purity of elections. The presumption is that one rendered infamous by conviction of felony, or other base offense indicative of moral turpitude, is unfit to exercise the privilege of suffrage. . . . The exclusion must for this reason be adjudged a mere disqualification, imposed for protection and not for punishment, the withholding of a privilege and not the denial of a personal right.” 9 N. C. L. 1042. See also 20 C. J. 60. As; the-supreme court of North Carolina, considering a constitutional provision similar to the one involved in the case at bar, said: “The disqualification for office and the loss of the right of suffrage imposed by article six of the constitution, upon persons convicted of infamous offences, constitute no part of the judgment of the court, but are mere consequences of such judgment.” State v. Jones, 82 N. C. 685.

The underlying theory cannot be better stated than it was in Washington v. State, 75 Ala. 582, 51 Am. Rep. 479: “It may be laid down as a sound proposition, using the language of Mr. Cooley, that (participation in the elective franchise is a -privilege rather than' 'a right, and it is granted or-denied on grounds of general; policy;-the prevailing view being that it should be as general as .possible, consis tentiwith the public safety.’ Cooley, Const. Lim. 5th ed. 752 (599). M-r¡--Story, without undertaking to say whether it has its foundation in. natural right or not, says it ‘has always been treated in the practice of'nations as a strictly civil right, derived from and regulated by each sqciety -according to its own free will and pleasure.’ 1 Story, Const. 4th ed. §§ 579-582. The weight of both reason and of authority, however, as we shall see, supports the view that political suffrage is not an absolute or natural right, but is a privilege conventionally conferred •upon the citizen by the sovereignty. There can be practically no such thing as universal suffrage, and it is believed that no such theory’ is recognized among any people. Some are necessarily excluded on the ground of infancy, and the privilege is infinitely varied among others, either upon the ground of public policy, or for reasons that seem arbitrary. No one can lawfully vote under any government of laws except those who are expressly authorized by law. It is well settled therefore under our form of government, that the right is one conferred by constitutions and statutes, and is the subject of exclusive regulation by the State, limited only by the provisions of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution, which prohibits any discrimination on account of ‘race, color, or previous condition of servitude.’ Cooley, Const. Lim. 5th ed. 752 et seq.; McCrary, Elections, 2d ed. § 3; Brightly, Elections Oases, 27; Huber v. Reily, 53 Pa. 112. The States having the power to confer or to withhold the right, in such manner as the people may deem best for their welfare, it necessarily follows that they may confer it upon such conditions or qualifications as they may see fit, subject only to the limitation above mentioned. As said in United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U. S. 542, 23 L. ed. 588, ‘the right to vote in the States comes from the States; but the right of exemption from political discrimination comes from the United States.’ ...

.“The right is also denied almost universally to idiots, insane persons, and minors, upon the ground that they lack the requisite judgment and discretion which fit them for its exercise. It has never been considered that any of these disqualifications were imposed as a punishment, and no one has thought to view them as even in á nature of a penalty. The same may be asserted as to the exclusion of unnaturalized; citizens who are disqualified on the ground of alienage, and of paupers, to whom some States deny the right upon principles of State policy. It is quite common also to deny the right of suffrage, in the various American States, to such as have been convicted of infamous crimes. The manifest purpose is to preserve the purity of the ballot-box, which is the only sure foundation of republican liberty, and which needs protection against the.invasion of corruption, just as much as against that of ignorance, incapacity, or tyranny. The evil infection of the one is not more fatal than that of the other. The presumption is, that one rendered infamous by the conviction of felony, or other base offense indicative of great moral turpitude, is unfit to exercise the privilege of suffrage, or to hold office, upon terms of equality with freemen who are clothed by the State with the toga of political citizenship. It is proper therefore that this class should be denied a right, the exercise of which might sometimes hazard the welfare of communities, if not that of the State itself, at least in close political contests. The exclusion must for this reason bo adjudged a mere disqualification, imposed for protection, and not for punishment — withholding an honorable privilege, and not denying a personal right or attribute of personal liberty. Pom. Const. Law, § 535; Anderson v. Baker, 23 Md. 531; Blair v. Ridgely, 41 Mo. 63; Ex parte Stratton, 1 W. Va. 305; Kring v. Missouri, 107 U. S. 221, 27 L. ed. 506, 2 S. Ct. 443.”

The respondent, however, insists that though a conviction of felony in the state courts results in disqualifying the defendant as an elector under § 127, nevertheless this is not so where a conviction is had in the federal courts. In support of this contention he cites, among others, the following cases: Wisconsin v. Pelican Ins. Co. 127 U. S. 265, 32 L. ed. 239, 8 S. Ct. 1370; Logan v. United States, 144 U. S. 263, 36 L. ed. 429, 12 S. Ct. 617; Hildreth v. Heath, 1 Ill. App. 82; Garitee v. Bond, 102 Md. 379, 62 A. 631, 111 Am. St. Rep. 385, 5 Ann. Cas. 915; Com. v. Green, 17 Mass. 515 (compare Com. v. Hall, 4 Allen, 305); State v. Landrum, 127 Mo. App. 653, 106 S. W. 1111; State ex rel. Mitchell v. McDonald, 164 Miss. 405, 145 So. 508, 86 A.L.R. 290; Re Ebbs, 150 N. C. 44, 63 S. E. 190, 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 892, 17 Ann. Cas. 592; National Trust Co. v. Gleason, 77 N. Y. 400, 33 Am. Rep. 632; Sims v. Sims, 75 N. Y. 466; People v. Gutterson, 244 N. Y. 243, 155 N. E. 113; Re Kaufmann, 245 N. Y. 423, 157 N. E. 730; Queenan v. Territory, 11 Okla. 261, 71 P. 218, 61 L.R.A. 324; Weber v. State, 18 Okla. Crim. Rep. 421, 195 P. 510; Ex parte Biggs, 52 Or. 433, 97 P. 713; State v. Du Bose, 88 Tenn. 753, 13 S. W. 1088; Brown v. United, States (C. C. A. 6th) 233 P. 353, L.R.A. 1917A, 1133, and note; Goldstein v. State, 75 Tex. Crim. Rep. 390, 171 S. W. 709; Ex parte Quarrier, 2 W. Va. 569. The pioneer in this line of cases is Com. v. Green, 17 Mass. 515, supra. The reasoning in this case is approved and the case is cited as authority in practically all of the other cases relied on by the respondent. The point in the case was as to whether a witness was rendered incompetent to testify in the state of Massachusetts by reason of his conviction of felony in the state of New York.

Mr. Greenleaf, in his work on Evidence, ¶ 376, citing Com. v. Green, says: “Whether judgment of an infamous crime, passed by a foreign tribunal, ought to be allowed to affect the competency of the party as a witness, in the courts of this country, is a question upon which jurists are not entirely agreed. But the weight of modern opinion seems to be, that personal disqualifications, not arising from the law of nature, but from the positive law of the country, and especially such as are of a penal nature, are strictly territorial, and cannot be enforced m any country other than that in which they originated. Accordingly, it has been held, upon great consideration, that a conviction and sentence for felony in one of the United States did not render the party incompetent as a witness in the courts of another state; though it might be shown in diminution of the credit due to his testimony.” Professor Wigmore, in his work on Evidence, 2d ed. vol. 1, ¶ 522, cites the foregoing statement with approval. Commenting on the Green Case he summarizes the reasons for the holding therein as follows: “(1) The difficulty of raising an issue as to the record, (2) the diversity of ideas as to criminal conduct in different countries, (3) the hardship of disqualifying by old and forgotten offenses in other lands, (4) the principle that penal laws have no effect beyond the jurisdiction, (5) the fact that infamy is a punishment as well as stigma on character.” While these several reasons are considered in the Green Case, the principal argument of Chief Justice Parker in that case is that incompetency to testify is a part of the penalty and to exclude the testimony of a witness on account of a conviction is to give effect to it and enforce the punishment, by which means the penal laws of one country would reach into others. ITe says: “. . . A disparagement of'character, and incompetency to testify, are a part of the punishment of crime, either at the common law, or by statute. If the penalty do not exist beyond the jurisdiction, against which the crime was committed; then incompetency, which is the effect and consequence of crime, and part of the penalty, cannot reach beyond the limits of the state, whose laws have been violated.” We must remember, too, if the now obsolete rule of evidence which prevented a witness from testifying in any court because of his conviction of a felony were strictly adhered to, that in most instances the onus of such disqualification would fall upon the public or upon innocent third parties. On account of this and other reasons there lias been a general tendency to depart from this ancient rule as is evidenced by statutory enactment and judicial decision in numerous jurisdictions. See Rosen v. United States, 245 U. S. 467, 62 L. ed. 406, 38 S. Ct. 148; 5 Jones, Ev. 2d ed. § 2101, et seq., and cases cited. So generally now, unless the statute expressly provides that a witness shall be rendered incompetent because of conviction of crime, he is permitted to testify and the fact of his conviction may be shown for the purpose of impeachment and in diminution of the credit due to his testimony. For an example of the application of one form of this rule in this state, see State v. Kent (State v. Pancoast) 5 N. D. 516, 67 N. W. 1052, 35 L.R.A. 518.

We have heretofore considered the underlying principle of § 127 and the purpose at which the disqualifying provision thereof is aimed. That purpose is the protection of the state by denying the privilege of the franchise to those whose unfitness is evidenced by conviction of felony. This disqualification is not a penalty. It is merely a consequence attendant on and incidental to the doing of the felonious act. The commission of the act and not the conviction therefor works the disqualification, but the judgment of conviction is made conclusive evidence of its commission to be accepted as such where the question arises. In so far as the first three reasons stated by Professor Wig-more in his analysis of the Green Case for the holding therein are concerned, it is clear that none of these can be urged in a case like the one at bar. Here the conviction in question was in the Federal Court for the District of North Dakota. Article 6 of the constitution of the- United States provides: “This constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof . . . shall be tbe supreme law of tbe land; and tbe judges in every state shall be bound thereby . . And § 3 of the constitution of North Dakota provides: “The state of North Dakota is an inseparable part of the American union and the Constitution of the United States' is the supreme law of the land.” So that it is only in a special and limited sense that the state and federal jurisdictions may be considered as foreign to each other. See also 59 C. J. 28, et seq., and cases cited.

It seems to us unthinkable in view of the purpose underlying § 127 and the inter-relationship between the state and the United States, that an. elector who has committed the most serious of offenses — for example, treason, or murder, or robbery — and who has been convicted therefor in the federal court, should not be disqualified to exercise the elective franchise in North Dakota where the offense was committed. Neither can the fact that the offense of which the respondent in the instant case was convicted may by some be considered as not a serious one make any difference in the application of the rule. The constitutional provision establishes a rule for all cases and in its application the merits . of any individual case cannot be considered. So it is clear that none of the reasons urged in Commonwealth v. Green, supra, are at all applicable in such case. On the contrary every logical reason supports the disqualification. As sustaining this view see the following cases: Barnes v. District Ct. 178 Cal. 500, 173 P. 1100; Re O’Connell, 184 Cal. 584, 194 P. 1010; Re Kerl, 32 Idaho, 737, 188 P. 40, 8 A.L.R. 1259; Re Minner, 133 Kan. 789, 3 P. (2d) 473, 79 A.L.R. 35; Cowan v. Prowse, 93 Ky. 156, 19 S. W. 407; Re Peters, 73 Mont. 284, 235 P. 772; State ex rel. Anderson v. Fousek, 91 Mont. 448, 8 P. (2d) 791, 84 A.L.R. 303; State v. Foley, 15 Nev. 64, 37 Am. Rep. 458; State v. Candler, 10 N. C. (3 Hawks) 393; Chase v. Blodgett, 10 N. H. 22; Re Hodgskin, 193 App. Div. 217, 183 N. Y. S. 401; Re Lindheim, 195 App. Div. 827, 187 N. Y. S. 211; Seitz v. Ohio State Medical Bd. 24 Ohio App. 154, 157 N. E. 304; State ex rel. Beckman v. Bowman, 38 Ohio App. 237, 175 N. E. 891; Re Elliott, 122 Okl. 180, 253 P. 103; Re Kirby, 10 S. D. 322, 414, 73 N. W. 92, 907, 39 L.R.A. 856, 859; Re Finch, 156 Wash. 609, 287 P. 677; Re Comyns, 132 Wash. 391, 232 P. 269.

Some of the foregoing cases deal with the question of competency of witnesses. Some are disbarment cases! But the- case of State ex rel. Anderson v. Fousek, 91 Mont. 448, 8 P. (2d) 791, 84 A.L.R. 303, and State ex rel. Beckman v. Bowman, 38 Ohio App. 237, 175 N. E. 891, supra, are cases which in principle are identical with the case at bar. In the Anderson Case, decided in 1932, Anderson was lieutenant of the police force of the city of Great Falls. The statute of Montana (Rev. Code 1921, § 511) provides that “An office becomes vacant on the happening of either of the following events before the expiration of the term of the incumbent: ... 8. His conviction of a felony . . .” Anderson was convicted in the Federal Court for the District of Montana under § 88, USCA, title 18, for the offense of which the respondent in the instant case was convicted. The mayor of the city of Great Falls ordered his discharge from the police force on the assumption that by virtue of his conviction Anderson’s office became vacant under the section of the Montana statute heretofore referred to. Anderson resisted the discharge contending that a conviction of felony in the federal court was not a conviction of felony within the meaning of the statute. The court, however, held that the rule declared by the statute applied equally to one convicted under the federal law and under the state law and sustained the action of the mayor.

In the Beckman Case, Beckman was a policeman in the city of Cincinnati. Under § 45 of the rules and regulations governing the handling and distribution of the police relief fund of the city of Cincinnati, it was provided that “Any member of the police department . . . discharged for any offense other than . . . 'being convicted of a felony” shall be entitled to participate in the fund. Beckman was convicted in the Federal Court under § 88, title 18, USCA, the same statute under which the respondent here was convicted. Thereupon Beckman was discharged and was denied the right to participate in the police relief fund. He brought an action to compel the board of trustees of the fund to grant his application for a pension. He contended that conviction of a felony in the federal court was not a conviction of a felony within the meaning of that term as set out in the rules and regulations for the handling and distribution of the relief fund. The court said, speaking of this contention, “The other-proposition suggested by counsel would lead to this, that, notwithstanding a member of the police department of the city of Cincinnati might be indicted and convicted of a robbery in another state, and escape and return to duty, it would not bar him under the terms of § 45. The section says ‘who is discharged for any offense other than . . . being convicted of a felony.’ Certainly it has reference to the conviction of felony in any jurisdiction, and the character of the offense must he construed under the laws of the jurisdiction where committed.”

The respondent further insists, that even if a conviction of felony in the federal court he within the contemplation of § 127, nevertheless such conviction must he for an offense also made felony by the statutes of the state; that, in the instant case, the conviction in the federal court was for conspiracy under § 88, 18 USCA, supra, while under the statutes of North Dakota, §§ 9441, et seq., Comp. Laws 1913, such offense is only a misdemeanor, and, accordingly, there was no conviction of felony within the meaning of that term in § 127. In disposing of this contention, we again must look to the theory and purpose underlying the constitutional provision. As we have shown, the reason for the disqualification therein provided is to protect the state hy insuring that only those mentally and morally qualified shall participate in its elections. Acts constituting felony may differ in different jurisdictions. Statutes simply embody the standard established by the public conscience in those jurisdictions where they are enacted. Public sentiment may vary and standards change accordingly. But he who violates the statute must be held to know what he is doing when he does the prohibited act and to know the consequence in the way of penalty. His personal standard cannot be the measure of the character of the act or its depravity. The standard established by the law-making body of that jurisdiction must do that. State v. Malusky, 59 N. D. 501, 230 N. W. 735, 71 A.L.R. 190; State ex rel. Anderson v. Fousek, 91 Mont. 448, 8 P. (2d) 791, 84 A.L.R. 303, supra; State ex rel. Beckman v. Bowman, 38 Ohio App. 237, 175 N. E. 891, supra. Accordingly, he who sets himself above the law and does an act, regarded by the United States as of so serious a nature as to be prohibited and penalized as a felony, may well be held in this state to he unfit to participate in governmental affairs. See in Re Minner, 133 Kan. 789, 3 P. (2d) 473, 79 A.L.R. 35, supra. We therefore hold that consistent with the theory and purpose of § 127, whether an offense for which a conviction is had is a felony must be-determined by tbe law of tbe jurisdiction where it is committed.

Tbe respondent claims that bis conviction of a felony does not deprive him of bis rights as an elector until such time as tbe judgment of conviction shall be finally affirmed upon appeal and he be actually confined in tbe penitentiary.

In considering the merits of this contention we must bear in mind tbe purpose underlying tbe constitutional disqualification and the nature of tbe consequences that result from it. As we have shown, the purpose is tbe protection of tbe public; the disqualification is an incidental consequence and not a punishment'or penalty.

When a person is convicted of a felony the presumption of guilt immediately attaches, and this presumption is not destroyed or abrogated by -an appeal. It is against public policy and against the best interests of sound government that one convicted of a felony shall continue to exercise his right to the elective franchise and to enjoy the privileges and prerogatives of an elector. The rights of the public must be paramount to tbe rights of the individual. And the right of the individual to participate in government as an elector must give way to the public interest so that the public may know that the purity of the ballot-box is insured and thus have confidence in the honor and rectitude of its officials. It is true that this may work a hardship upon the individual because it is possible bis conviction may be reversed upon appeal and ultimately he may be found innocent; and therefore some may believe that in a sense he was wrongfully deprived of his enjoyment of the elective franchise and tbe privileges which go with it. But, on the other hand, his conviction may be affirmed (presumptively it will be) and we would have tbe anomalous situation of an individual holding the great office of governor of a state found by the jury to be guilty of a felony and sentenced to a federal penitentiary, yet continuing during the pendency of bis appeal to be and to act as the chief executive of the state, entrusted with the enforcement of the constitution and the laws, as well as having the personal and private right to enjoy the rights, duties, privileges, honors and emoluments of his great office. If an appeal allowed and permitted a citizen convicted of a felony to retain the rights and privileges of an elector, including tbe right to hold office during the interval of his appeal, the object of tbe statute and the constitution would, in most cases, be wholly defeated; because, as a matter of common knowledge, appeals take time. They sometimes occupy months or years, and, hence, a convicted elector would, if an officer, in most instances serve out his complete term and might even be re-elected during the pendency of his appeal, though judgment of conviction should be ultimately affirmed. Hence the public would have no redress and its rights would be entirely overlooked and ignored.

It seems to us that the provisions of the constitution itself point to this holding on the question. Section 198 of that instrument reads as follows: “No officer shall exercise the duties of his office after he shall have been impeached and before his acquittal.” The voting of an impeachment by the house of representatives follows upon what is little more than a preliminary examination or investigation. The articles of 'impeachment in themselves constitute the information or charge upon which the party impeached is prosecuted and tried by the senate. Yet, before the officer impeached is even tried upon this information, he is, by the terms of this section, suspended from office and deprived of the right to exercise any of the duties thereof. If it seems harsh to deprive a citizen of the right of franchise and the consequent right to hold office after his trial, conviction and sentence in the Federal Court, what can be said of the provisions of section 198 of the constitution which deprive a constitutional officer of his right to hold office and. to exercise the duties thereof upon mere impeachment before trial and before there has been any conviction?

The legislature also by its enactments has indicated its approval of this policy with respect to public officers subject to removal under statutory provisions. Chapter 184, Sess. Laws 1919 (§ 685, 1925 Supplement) provides: “The governor may remove from office any county commissioner, clerk of the district court, county judge, sheriff, coroner, county auditor, register of deeds, state’s attorney, county treasurer, superintendent of schools, county commissioners, surveyor, public administrator, city auditor, city treasurer, any city commissioner, mayor, chief of police, police magistrate, deputy sheriff, or other police officer, or any custodian of public moneys, except the state treasurer, whenever it appears to him by competent evidence and after a hearing as hereinafter provided that such officer has been guilty of misconduct, malfeasance, crime in office, neglect of duties in office, or for habitual drunkenness or gross incompetency.”

Chapter 199, Sess. Laws 1915 (§ 686, 1925 Supplement) provides for the filing of charges against officers so removable by the governor and for the prosecution of the same. The same chapter (§ 688, 1925 Supplement) after making provision for the appointment of a commissioner to hear and take testimony in such prosecution, further provides : “. . . and the governor, in his discretion may, if in his judgment the best interests of the state shall require it to be done, by written order to be delivered to such officer, suspend such accused officer from the performance of duty during the pendency of the hearing. If the governor shall so suspend the accused, he shall immediately notify the board or persons authorized to fill a vacancy of such office, and thereupon such board or persons shall, within five days after receipt of such notice, appoint some competent person to fill such office and perform the duties thereof ad interim.” And if after a hearing the governor finds against the officer, the latter has a right of appeal. Section 690, Supplement, as amended. But pending the appeal he is deprived of his office.

This question was raised in the case of McKannay v. Horton, 151 Cal. 711, 91 P. 598, 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661, 121 Am. St. Rep. 146. On June 13, 1901, Eugene E. Schmitz, mayor of San Francisco, California, was convicted of a felony and duly appealed. The board of supervisors declared a vacancy in the office of mayor and appointed Charles Boxton to fill the unexpired term. Schmitz -continued to act as mayor and refused to vacate the office or to recognize the authority of Boxton. The court said: “No man has a property right in an office paramount to the public interest. He has a property right in the salary and emoluments of an office while he is capable of discharging and actually discharges its duties; but when, by his fault or misfortune, he is no longer able to render the service, the public interests demand that he shall give way to some one who can. An official who is declared insane is simply unfortunate; but he ceases to be an official. An innocent man who is unjustly convicted of a felony is doubly unfortunate; but the fact that he may by means of an appeal ultimately succeed in establishing his innocence does not entitle him in the meantime to hold on to a public office which he is no more capable of serving than if he were insane. The law allows an appeal from a conviction of felony because, so far from being against the public interest, it is promotive of the public interest that a person accused of crime should have every reasonable opportunity of vindicating his innocence. But, if the person so convicted is the incumbent of a pub-lice office, these considerations do not weigh in favor of retaining him in that position pending an appeal. The pendency of the appeal does not affect the presumption of guilt, which arises immediately upon the rendition of the verdict; . . . The only effect of an appeal and certificate of probable cause is to stay the execution of the judgment. Removal from office is not a part of the judgment of conviction in cases of felony, though a consequence which flows from it. . .

To the same effect is the case of Re Obergfell, 239 N. Y. 48, 145 N. E. 323, in which the court said: “Section 30 of the Public Officers Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 47) provides that: ‘Every office shall be vacant upon the happening of either of the following events before the expiration of the term thereof: 1. The death of the incumbent. . . . 5. His conviction of a felony, or a crime involving a violation of his oath of office.’ The argument is made that the certificate of reasonable doubt, by staying the execution of the judgment, has stayed also the creation of a vacancy, or, if a vacancy exists, the right to fill it. "We read the statute otherwise. The abridgment of the term upon the conviction of the incumbent is not a punishment for his offense. Re Rouss, 221 N. Y. 81, 116 N. E. 782. It is an automatic limitation upon the duration of his office. McKannay v. Horton, 151 Cal. 711, 91 P. 598, 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661, 121 Am. St. Rep. 146. The application of the statute is not defeated by the possibility that the judgment may be reversed. That possibility would be present though a certificate had not been granted and the incumbent were in jail. The statute does not mean that a vacancy shall exist in those eases, and those only, where the incumbent is subjected to physical restraint. Its meaning is that one convicted of a felony shall not retain a post of honor. McKannay v. Horton, 151 Cal. 711, 91 P. 598, 13 L.R.A.(N.S.) 661, 121 Am. St. Rep. 146, supra.

In the case of State ex rel. Blake v. Levi, 109 W. Va. 277, 153 S. E. 587, one O. E. Camp, superintendent of free schools in Kanawha County, was found guilty by a jury on an indictment involving a vio lotion of official duty and was sentenced to tbe penitentiary. He prosecuted an appeal and his counsel strenuously urged that bis office would not become vacant under tbe statute until final adjudication in tbe appellate court. Tbe Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia disagreed witb tbis view and said: “Tbe robe of innocence witb wbicb tbe law invested Mr. Camp during trial was stripped from bim by tbe verdict of tbe jury. Tbe judgment of tbe court bas put upon him tbe garb of guilt. A legal as well as laical presumption bas now arisen that bis conviction is just. Jones, Commentaries on Ev. 1st ed. § 12d; 2 Bishop, New Crim. Proc. 2d ed. § 1103; Underbill, Crim. Ev. 3d ed. § 42; 17 C. J. p. 225, § 3571; Hawkins v. State, 142 Tenn. 238, 218 S. W. 397. It is essential to our government that public officials have tbe confidence of tbe people. That confidence cannot extend to an official under conviction for malfeasance in office. His rights are subordinate to tbe public weal. Tbe possibility that bis conviction may ultimately be reversed cannot weigh against public dissatisfaction witb, and public mistrust of bim pending' appellate bearing. Public policy demands a rigid construction of tbis law as well as its rigid enforcement. Witb pitiless propriety tbe Supreme Court of Virginia said, that when tbe people established tbe Constitution they never intended that a public office ‘should be contaminated by tbe presence of a convicted . . . felon.’ Com. v. Fugate, page 726 of 2 Leigh.” As to what is meant by tbe term “conviction,” see Smith v. Com. 134 Va. 589, 113 S. E. 707, 24 A.L.R. 1286; People ex rel. Fleming v. Shorb, 100 Cal. 537, 35 P. 163, 38 Am. St. Rep. 310; Toncray v. Budge, 14 Idaho, 621, 95 P. 26.

We have read witb great care and have fully analyzed all tbe cases cited by tbe respondent in support of tbe proposition that an appeal from a judgment of conviction of felony suspends tbe disqualification, as well as tbe penalty for punishment, wbicb attaches directly to tbe judgment itself. Tbe cases of People v. Fabian, 192 N. Y. 443, 85 N. E. 672, 18 L.R.A.(N.S.) 684, 127 Am. St. Rep. 917, 15 Ann. Cas. 100; State v. Houston, 103 N. C. 383, 9 S. E. 699 ; Donnell v. Medicine Bd. of Registration, 128 Me. 523, 149 A. 153; are not in point, because in all of these cases tbe record conclusively shows that tbe court found there bad never been a “conviction” of a felony for tbe reason that while verdicts of guilty bad been returned, no judgments bad ever been, entered upon such verdicts, or that judgments had'been suspended and therefore there had never been a completed conviction’ within the meaning of that term.

The case of State v. Olson, 200 Iowa, 660, 204 N. W. 278, is also hot in point. It merely carries out the general thought that where no judgment is entered and sentence is suspended disqualification to hold office does hot follow.

The case of Hazelrigg v. Douglass, 126 Ky. 738, 104 S. W. 755, is also not in point. This was a criminal action indicting three judges' of the fiscal court for malfeasance in office. The charge was a misdemeanor. The constitution and the statutes of Kentucky provided specially for an appeal from this particular offense and the supreme court of Kentucky construed the statute to mean that the appeal being specially provided for stayed not only the judgment of the fine of one hundred dollars but also that part of the judgment imposing the penalty of a vacancy in office.

In the case of Harmon v. Powers, 78 Kan. 135, 96 P. 51, 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 502, 16 Ann. Cas. 121, the Kansas Court held that under the statutes of Kansas the defendant Harmon’s civil rights were not suspended until he actually began his term of sentence in the penitentiary. This case is not in point on the question now before us as to whether or not disqualification to vote follows immediately upon a conviction of felony under § 127 of the constitution.

The only case we have discovered which holds directly in accordance with the respondent’s contention is Re Advisory Opinion to Governor, 75 Fla. 674, 78 So. 673. There the supreme court of Florida rendered an advisory opinion upon a request by the governor. The Florida constitution provided for the suspension of an officer convicted of a felony, such suspension by the governor to continue until the next session of the legislature. The advisory opinion of the supreme court reads: “While an officer may be suspended from office ‘for the commission of any felony,’ ... the office is not ‘deemed vacant’ under § 298 of the General Statutes, . . . except upon ‘conviction,’ and a conviction is not operative while a supersedeas is effective.” No reasons are stated and no authorities are cited in support of the holding.

We therefore conclude from a review of the authorities, that when a defendant is convicted of a felony in this state his disqualification as an elector attaches immediately, and that this disqualification is not suspended by his appeal and the furnishing of a supersedeas bond.

Finally, the respondent contends that for this court to exercise jurisdiction as the petitioner prays that it do, will, as against the respondent, transgress the 5th and 14th amendments to the constitution of the United States. In that behalf respondent, stating his contention in his brief, says: “That, as a matter of law under federal constitution and federal laws, respondent after such conviction, sentence and appeal, still remains and is a citizen of the United States, fully possessed of all of his civil rights, including his right to vote as an elector and remains qualified to hold office or be a candidate for federal congress or United States Senate; that any attempt to so exercise jurisdiction of this court as sought, would deny respondent the right of trial by jury for violation of state law, would abridge the privileges and immunities of the respondent as a citizen of the United States, would deprive him of his property and rights therein, without due process of law and would deny to him the equal protection of the laws, all contrary to the 5th and 14th amendments to the constitution of the United States and as otherwise provided.”

We have given careful consideration to this contention and are of the opinion that our exercise of original jurisdiction and the granting of the relief prayed for by the petitioner do not in any way contravene the 5th and 14-th amendments to the constitution of the United States. It seems to us that the matter is wholly governed by the provisions of the constitution of North Dakota and we have determined it accordingly.

Accordingly, we hold that William Langer, the respondent in the instant proceeding, by reason of his conviction of a felony in the United States Court for the District of North Dakota, suffered a disability within the meaning of that term in § 72 of the constitution, so that the powers and duties of the office of governor devolved upon the petitioner, the Lieutenant Governor Ole H. Olson, for the residue of the term of office for which the respondent was elected or until such disability be removed.

The writ will issue.

Burr, Ch. J., and Nuessle, J., and McKenna, Dist. J., concur. Christianson, J., disqualified, did not participate; Hon. Geo. M. McKenna, Judge of Third Judicial District, sitting in his stead.

Filed September 28, 1934.