Appellate Case: 24-7090 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 10/17/2025 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT October 17, 2025 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court MICHAEL ST. CLAIR,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 24-7090 (D.C. No. 6:23-CV-00338-JFH-JAR) CHRISTE QUICK, (E.D. Okla.)
Respondent - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY * _________________________________
Before MATHESON, CARSON, and FEDERICO, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Michael St. Clair, a prisoner serving consecutive life sentences for multiple
Oklahoma murder convictions, asserts an agreement between Oklahoma and Kentucky
renders his Oklahoma confinement unlawful. He filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2241 habeas
application seeking release, and the district court denied it. He now petitions for a
certificate of appealability (“COA”) to appeal the district court’s judgment. See 28
U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). We deny a COA and dismiss this matter.
* This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. Appellate Case: 24-7090 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 10/17/2025 Page: 2
I
An Oklahoma state court convicted Petitioner on two counts of first-degree
murder and one count of solicitation for murder, but he escaped custody before
sentencing. He then traveled to Kentucky and committed various crimes. Later, a
different Oklahoma state court convicted him on two additional first-degree murder
charges. Petitioner received life sentences for these convictions—four of them
consecutive and without the possibility of parole.
Kentucky authorities also wanted to prosecute Petitioner for, among other crimes,
two capital offenses. So, in 1995, the governors of Oklahoma and Kentucky signed an
agreement (“Executive Agreement”) authorizing Petitioner’s extradition to Kentucky.
The Executive Agreement provided the circumstances under which Kentucky would
return him to Oklahoma:
IT IS HEREBY AGREED by the undersigned Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the undersigned Governor of the State of Oklahoma that in the event [Petitioner] shall be acquitted following a trial in the court of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, or the prosecution in the Commonwealth of Kentucky is terminated in any manner other than by the imposition of a judgment and sentence of death, [Petitioner] shall be returned to the State of Oklahoma at the expense of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and that the Governor, or other acting executive authority of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, shall surrender [Petitioner] to the duly authorized agents for the State of Oklahoma.
App. at 58.
Once in Kentucky, Petitioner stood trial for capital murder and, separately, capital
kidnapping. The juries convicted him, and the Kentucky courts sentenced him to death in
both cases. These proceedings gave rise to numerous appeals, reversals, and new trials.
2 Appellate Case: 24-7090 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 10/17/2025 Page: 3
After spending over two decades confined in Kentucky, the court sentenced Petitioner to
a term of years with credit for time served. On November 15, 2018, Kentucky returned
him to Oklahoma.
In July 2020, Petitioner sought a writ of habeas corpus in Oklahoma state court,
arguing that Kentucky unlawfully returned him to Oklahoma in violation of the Executive
Agreement’s terms. The court denied habeas relief without reaching the merits. It
determined that Petitioner needed to apply for state postconviction relief first. Petitioner
asked the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (“OCCA”) to compel the lower court to
address the merits of his state habeas application. The OCCA affirmed the lower court,
ruling that Petitioner failed to demonstrate state postconviction relief was inadequate.
Then, in October 2021, Petitioner sought postconviction relief in Oklahoma state court.
The court denied relief, and the OCCA affirmed.
In October 2023, Petitioner filed his § 2241 habeas application in federal court,
asserting that (1) his confinement in Oklahoma violates the Executive Agreement’s
terms, and (2) Kentucky violated his procedural due process rights when it returned him
to Oklahoma without notice, a hearing, or an opportunity to challenge Oklahoma’s right
to confine him. The district court determined that 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)’s one-year
statute of limitations barred Petitioner’s application and dismissed it.
II
A state prisoner must obtain a COA to appeal the district court’s denial of his
§ 2241 habeas application. See Montez v. McKinna, 208 F.3d 862, 869 (10th Cir. 2000).
We may issue a COA “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial
3 Appellate Case: 24-7090 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 10/17/2025 Page: 4
of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). When, as here, the district court
denies a habeas application on procedural grounds, the prisoner must show that
reasonable jurists could debate whether the application states a valid constitutional claim
and whether the district court’s procedural ruling was correct. Slack v. McDaniel,
529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
Reasonable jurists could not debate the correctness of the district court’s
procedural ruling in this case. Section 2241 contains a one-year statute of limitations.
See Burger v. Scott, 317 F.3d 1133, 1138 (10th Cir. 2003) (holding that applications
“challenging the execution of a state sentence under § 2241 are subject to a one-year
period of limitations.”). 1 This one-year limitations period starts running from the latest
of:
(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review;
(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State action;
(C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or
(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.
Petitioner argues “Burger is problematic and wrongly decided . . . because there 1
was no analysis of statutory construction.” Aplt. Br. at 16. But “[u]nder the doctrine of stare decisis, this panel cannot overturn the decision of another panel of this court.
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Appellate Case: 24-7090 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 10/17/2025 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT October 17, 2025 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court MICHAEL ST. CLAIR,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 24-7090 (D.C. No. 6:23-CV-00338-JFH-JAR) CHRISTE QUICK, (E.D. Okla.)
Respondent - Appellee. _________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY * _________________________________
Before MATHESON, CARSON, and FEDERICO, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Michael St. Clair, a prisoner serving consecutive life sentences for multiple
Oklahoma murder convictions, asserts an agreement between Oklahoma and Kentucky
renders his Oklahoma confinement unlawful. He filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2241 habeas
application seeking release, and the district court denied it. He now petitions for a
certificate of appealability (“COA”) to appeal the district court’s judgment. See 28
U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). We deny a COA and dismiss this matter.
* This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. Appellate Case: 24-7090 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 10/17/2025 Page: 2
I
An Oklahoma state court convicted Petitioner on two counts of first-degree
murder and one count of solicitation for murder, but he escaped custody before
sentencing. He then traveled to Kentucky and committed various crimes. Later, a
different Oklahoma state court convicted him on two additional first-degree murder
charges. Petitioner received life sentences for these convictions—four of them
consecutive and without the possibility of parole.
Kentucky authorities also wanted to prosecute Petitioner for, among other crimes,
two capital offenses. So, in 1995, the governors of Oklahoma and Kentucky signed an
agreement (“Executive Agreement”) authorizing Petitioner’s extradition to Kentucky.
The Executive Agreement provided the circumstances under which Kentucky would
return him to Oklahoma:
IT IS HEREBY AGREED by the undersigned Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the undersigned Governor of the State of Oklahoma that in the event [Petitioner] shall be acquitted following a trial in the court of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, or the prosecution in the Commonwealth of Kentucky is terminated in any manner other than by the imposition of a judgment and sentence of death, [Petitioner] shall be returned to the State of Oklahoma at the expense of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and that the Governor, or other acting executive authority of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, shall surrender [Petitioner] to the duly authorized agents for the State of Oklahoma.
App. at 58.
Once in Kentucky, Petitioner stood trial for capital murder and, separately, capital
kidnapping. The juries convicted him, and the Kentucky courts sentenced him to death in
both cases. These proceedings gave rise to numerous appeals, reversals, and new trials.
2 Appellate Case: 24-7090 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 10/17/2025 Page: 3
After spending over two decades confined in Kentucky, the court sentenced Petitioner to
a term of years with credit for time served. On November 15, 2018, Kentucky returned
him to Oklahoma.
In July 2020, Petitioner sought a writ of habeas corpus in Oklahoma state court,
arguing that Kentucky unlawfully returned him to Oklahoma in violation of the Executive
Agreement’s terms. The court denied habeas relief without reaching the merits. It
determined that Petitioner needed to apply for state postconviction relief first. Petitioner
asked the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (“OCCA”) to compel the lower court to
address the merits of his state habeas application. The OCCA affirmed the lower court,
ruling that Petitioner failed to demonstrate state postconviction relief was inadequate.
Then, in October 2021, Petitioner sought postconviction relief in Oklahoma state court.
The court denied relief, and the OCCA affirmed.
In October 2023, Petitioner filed his § 2241 habeas application in federal court,
asserting that (1) his confinement in Oklahoma violates the Executive Agreement’s
terms, and (2) Kentucky violated his procedural due process rights when it returned him
to Oklahoma without notice, a hearing, or an opportunity to challenge Oklahoma’s right
to confine him. The district court determined that 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)’s one-year
statute of limitations barred Petitioner’s application and dismissed it.
II
A state prisoner must obtain a COA to appeal the district court’s denial of his
§ 2241 habeas application. See Montez v. McKinna, 208 F.3d 862, 869 (10th Cir. 2000).
We may issue a COA “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial
3 Appellate Case: 24-7090 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 10/17/2025 Page: 4
of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). When, as here, the district court
denies a habeas application on procedural grounds, the prisoner must show that
reasonable jurists could debate whether the application states a valid constitutional claim
and whether the district court’s procedural ruling was correct. Slack v. McDaniel,
529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
Reasonable jurists could not debate the correctness of the district court’s
procedural ruling in this case. Section 2241 contains a one-year statute of limitations.
See Burger v. Scott, 317 F.3d 1133, 1138 (10th Cir. 2003) (holding that applications
“challenging the execution of a state sentence under § 2241 are subject to a one-year
period of limitations.”). 1 This one-year limitations period starts running from the latest
of:
(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review;
(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State action;
(C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or
(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.
Petitioner argues “Burger is problematic and wrongly decided . . . because there 1
was no analysis of statutory construction.” Aplt. Br. at 16. But “[u]nder the doctrine of stare decisis, this panel cannot overturn the decision of another panel of this court. We are bound by the precedent of prior panels absent en banc reconsideration or a superseding contrary decision by the Supreme Court.” United States v. Meyers, 200 F.3d 715, 720 (10th Cir. 2000) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 4 Appellate Case: 24-7090 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 10/17/2025 Page: 5
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1).
Petitioner did not identify any specific triggering date for the one-year limitations
period. Instead, he argued that § 2244(d)(1) did not apply to his § 2241 application.
Thus, the district court assumed Petitioner’s claims accrued under § 2244(d)(1)(D) the
day Kentucky returned him to Oklahoma custody, November 15, 2018. It therefore
correctly concluded that Petitioner needed to file his § 2241 application no later than
November 16, 2019. But Petitioner did not file his § 2241 application until October
2023—almost four years after the deadline.
The district court also correctly concluded that nothing entitled Petitioner to
statutory tolling because he failed to pursue collateral review of his claims until “well
after” the November 16, 2019, deadline. App. at 172; see Clark v. Oklahoma, 468 F.3d
711, 714 (10th Cir. 2006) (“Only state petitions for post-conviction relief filed within the
one year allowed by [§ 2244(d)(1)] will toll the statute of limitations.”).
Petitioner argues that the district court should have equitably tolled the limitations
period. “Equitable tolling is a rare remedy,” and “[a]n inmate bears a strong burden to
show specific facts to support his claim.” Al-Yousif v. Trani, 779 F.3d 1173, 1179 (10th
Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). Equitable tolling applies only if Petitioner
can show that he diligently pursued his claims and that extraordinary circumstances
beyond his control prevented his timely filing. See Marsh v. Soares, 223 F.3d 1217, 1220
(10th Cir. 2000). Here, the district court found no grounds to equitably toll the one-year
limitations period.
5 Appellate Case: 24-7090 Document: 21-1 Date Filed: 10/17/2025 Page: 6
Because Petitioner seeks a COA, he must show that “reasonable jurists could
debate whether the [district] court’s refusal to toll the statute of limitations was an abuse
of discretion.” Fleming v. Evans, 481 F.3d 1249, 1254–55 (10th Cir. 2007). Reasonable
jurists could not do so here. Petitioner’s equitable tolling arguments center around his
counsel’s difficulty determining how to appropriately exhaust his claims before the
Oklahoma state courts. He asserts that his counsel’s ignorance of the law caused the
filing delay. But because a petitioner does not have a constitutional right to an attorney
in state post-conviction proceedings, habeas counsel’s negligence is not generally a basis
for equitable tolling. Id. at 1255. And “ignorance of the law, even for an incarcerated
pro se prisoner, generally does not excuse prompt filing.” Marsh, 223 F.3d at 1220
(internal quotation marks omitted).
III
Reasonable jurists could not debate the district court’s dismissal of Petitioner’s
§ 2241 application as untimely. Accordingly, we deny Petitioner’s request for a COA
and dismiss this matter.
Entered for the Court
CHRISTOPHER M. WOLPERT, Clerk