FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS September 11, 2007 FO R TH E TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court
CLARK S. SPALSBURY, JR.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 06-1193 (D.C. No. 04-cv-1458-PSF-M EH ) CY NTH IA L. SISSON ; RO NA LD (D . Colo.) SCHULTZ, as County Court Judge, 8th Judicial District, Larimer County, Colorado; JAM ES H IATT, as Chief and District Court Judge, 8th Judicial District, Larimer County, Colorado; SHERLYN K. SAM PSON, personally and as Clerk of Court, 8th Judicial District, Larimer County, Colorado; STA TE OF C OLO RA D O ; TO WN OF ESTES PARK, Colorado; ERIC ROSE, personally and as a sergeant, Estes Park Police Department, Colorado; JO DI DRING, personally and as an officer, Estes Park Police Department, Colorado; GR EG FELSINGER, personally and as lieutenant and assistant chief, Estes Park Police Department, Colorado; COREY PA SS, personally and as an officer, Estes Park Police Department, C olorado; JA M ES A . A LD ER DEN, as Sheriff, Larimer County, Colorado,
Defendants-Appellees.
CLARK S. SPALSBURY, JR.,
Plaintiff-Appellant, v. No. 06-1319 (D.C. No. 04-cv-1458-PSF-M EH ) TO W N O F ESTES PA RK , (D . Colo.) COLORADO; ERIC ROSE, personally and as a sergeant, Estes Park Police D epartm ent, C olorado; JO D I D RING, personally and as an officer, Estes Park Police Department, Colorado; GREG FELSINGER, personally and as lieutenant and assistant chief, Estes Park Police Department, Colorado; COREY PASS, personally and as an officer, Estes Park Police D epartm ent, C olorado; JA M ES A. ALDERDEN, Sheriff, Larimer County, C olorado; LA RIM ER CO U N TY, STATE OF COLORADO, as owner and operator of Larimer County Detention Center; RO NA LD SCHULTZ, as County Court Judge, 8th Judicial District, Larimer County, Colorado; JAM ES H IATT, as Chief and District Court Judge, 8th Judicial District, Larimer County, Colorado; STEPH EN SCHAPA NSK I, as District Court M agistrate Judge, 8th Judicial District, Larimer County, Colorado; and SH ERLY N K . SA M PSO N , personally and as Clerk of Court, 8th Judicial District, Larimer County, Colorado,
Defendants,
and
C YN TH IA L. SISSO N ,
Defendant-Appellee.
-2- OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *
Before TA CH A, Chief Judge, M U RPH Y and HO LM ES, Circuit Judges.
This order and judgment addresses two consolidated appeals filed by
plaintiff-appellant Clark S. Spalsbury, Jr. after the district court dismissed his
lawsuit against his ex-wife, Cynthia L. Sisson, and various public officials of
Larimer County, Colorado. In appeal 06-1193, M r. Spalsbury challenges the
bases for the district court’s dismissal of his claims, and in 06-1319, he asserts
error w ith respect to the district court’s award of attorneys’ fees to M s. Sisson.
W e have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and we AFFIRM in both
appeals.
I. Background
A. Facts
On July 18, 2003, M r. Spalsbury was to begin a weekend-long scheduled
visitation with his son, James. W hen he w ent to pick up James from M s. Sisson’s
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
-3- home, however, an argument ensued, which led to the events giving rise to this
lawsuit. Accepting M r. Spalsbury’s version of the facts, as we must in reviewing
a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, it appears the argument began when M r. Spalsbury
informed M s. Sisson that he would be returning James one day earlier than
planned, at 8:00 p.m. M s. Sisson became irate and demanded that he return James
at 6:00 p.m. W hen he refused to discuss the matter further, M s. Sisson
approached his car and stood in the open doorway of the passenger side holding a
tape recorder. M r. Spalsbury asked her repeatedly to move away from the car so
that he could drive away, but she refused to budge. Exasperated, M r. Spalsbury
walked over to the passenger side and “gently leaned the back of his shoulder
against her shoulder, and then used his body weight to slow ly start pushing [her]
out of his car doorway.” R., Doc. 2 at 8. W hen M s. Sisson began to lose ground,
she became enraged and demanded that M r. Spalsbury call the police. He dialed
911 and said that he needed assistance in getting M s. Sisson to back away from
his car so that he could leave.
Estes Park police officers Eric Rose and Jodi Dring responded to the scene.
They interviewed both M r. Spalsbury and M s. Sisson, as well as James and the
couple’s daughter, who had also witnessed the whole event. After listening to
what everyone had to say, officers R ose and Dring concluded that they had to
make an arrest under Colorado’s mandatory arrest law. See Colo. Rev. Stat.
§ 18-6-803.6(1). Under that law , “[w]hen a peace officer determines that there
-4- is probable cause to believe that a crime or offense involving domestic
violence . . . has been committed, the officer shall, without undue delay, arrest the
person suspected of its commission . . . and charge the person with the
appropriate crime or offense.” Id. The officers arrested M r. Spalsbury and
charged him with harassment, child abuse, and domestic violence. He was
initially booked at the Estes Park jail, but he was later transferred to the Larimer
County Detention Center and placed in the custody of defendant Larimer County
Sheriff, James A. Alderden.
After being in custody for three days, M r. Spalsbury was finally released on
M onday, July 21. Since he was not released until the evening, however, he was
unable to report to his job as a deputy district attorney in Colorado’s 14th Judicial
District. He claims that upon his release, his employer immediately placed him
on paid suspension and requested police reports and information about the
criminal charges filed against him. He further claims that he was eventually fired
as a result of his arrest and detention and the criminal charges. On July 31, a
Larimer County Court judge dismissed all charges against M r. Spalsbury on a
technicality because he had never been served with the summons and complaint.
Days later, however, M r. Spalsbury received a call from defendant police officer
Greg Felsinger, who ordered him to return to the police station so that he could be
served with a second summons and complaint, reinstating the dismissed charges.
-5- M r. Spalsbury complied and returned to the station on August 11, 2003, where he
was served by defendant police officer Corey Pass.
M r. Spalsbury filed numerous motions challenging the criminal charges
against him, arguing primarily that the police officers lacked probable cause to
arrest him. Eventually, the district attorney filed an ex parte motion to dismiss
the charges without responding to any of M r. Spalsbury’s motions. Ultimately,
on November 26, all charges against M r. Spalsbury were dismissed and his
criminal trial was vacated.
W hile the criminal charges against him were pending, M r. Spalsbury
prepared a “misdemeanor complaint” against M s. Sisson for her actions the
evening of July 18, charging her with crimes of false imprisonment, second
degree criminal tampering, and domestic violence. R., Doc. 2 at 27. W hen he
attem pted to file the complaint, however, the county clerk, defendant Sherlyn K .
Sampson, told him she would not formally file the complaint without seeking
guidance from her superiors. Shortly thereafter, on the advice of defendant
county court judge Ronald Schultz, M s. Sampson returned the complaint to
M r. Spalsbury without filing it or issuing a new case number. M r. Spalsbury filed
a request for reconsideration, which was referred to defendant James Hiatt, Chief
Judge for the Eighth Judicial District. In response, Judge Hiatt instructed
M s. Sampson not to create a new case for M r. Spalsbury’s criminal complaint,
and instead to file the document in his pending divorce case.
-6- B. Procedural History
Because much of our disposition, in particular with respect to
M r. Spalsbury’s claims against M s. Sisson, requires an understanding of this
case’s complex procedural history, we recount it here at some length. On
August 10, 2004, M r. Spalsbury filed his first amended complaint, 1 asserting
eleven claims for relief against four categories of defendants. W ith respect to the
Town of Estes Park and the defendant police officers (“Estes Park defendants”),
he asserted claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for false arrest, false imprisonment,
malicious prosecution, and abuse of process, as well as a liberty interest claim
under the Fourteenth Amendment premised on the harm to his reputation and
employment prospects caused by the defendants’ alleged defamatory statements.
He also asserted a state law claim against the town for negligent hiring and
supervision. He named Sheriff Alderden in a claim for false imprisonment.
As to M s. Sisson, he asserted a claim for relief entitled simply “C rimes/Torts,”
R., Doc. 2 at 22, which included allegations that she committed numerous
criminal and tortious acts against him and conspired with the police officers to
have him arrested. As w e explain below, however, M r. Spalsbury’s specific
claims against M s. Sisson are not relevant to this appeal because he dismissed all
of them voluntarily. Finally, M r. Spalsbury asserted a due process claim against
1 He filed his original complaint in July 2004, but that complaint was never served.
-7- the defendant judges and M s. Sampson (“judicial defendants”), claiming that they
violated his right of equal access to the courts. 2 In the midst of the ensuing
motions practice, M r. Spalsbury tendered a second amended complaint, in which
he attempted to clarify some of his claims.
On M arch 7, 2005, a magistrate judge issued an extensive report
recommending that the claims against the Estes Park defendants and Sheriff
Alderden be dismissed primarily based on the magistrate judge’s conclusion that
M r. Spalsbury’s arrest was supported by probable cause. The magistrate judge
also denied M r. Spalsbury’s request to file his second amended complaint, but
granted him leave to file a third amended complaint, not including claims against
the dismissed defendants. In a companion order, however, the magistrate judge
included a sharp warning concerning M r. Spalsbury’s continued prosecution of
claims against M s. Sisson and the judicial defendants. The magistrate judge
advised M r. Spalsbury that “his attempt to sue M s. Sisson in federal court, and his
attempt to sue her pursuant to § 1983, [w as] frivolous” and that he “ought to
abandon this claim before the matter reache[d] a point where he may be made to
pay fees and costs.” Aplee. Sisson Supp. App. at 57. The magistrate judge
further w arned M r. Spalsbury that his claims against the judicial defendants were
2 M r. Spalsbury also asserted a number of claims challenging various Colorado statutes, but since he failed to name a defendant with respect to these claims, and raises no arguments concerning them in his appeals, we need not discuss them here.
-8- almost certainly barred by judicial immunity and that the likelihood of him
convincing a federal court to instruct the state court in matters related to his
on-going dispute with M s. Sisson was “virtually zero.” Id. at 58.
Over M r. Spalsbury’s objections, on April 21, the district court issued an
order accepting and adopting the magistrate judge’s recommendation. The court
agreed that officers Rose and Dring had probable cause to arrest M r. Spalsbury
under Colorado’s criminal harassment statute because M r. Spalsbury admitted to
using his body weight to push M s. Sisson aw ay from his car. And the court
concluded that the dismissal of the criminal charges against M r. Spalsbury did not
ipso facto establish a lack of probable cause. Therefore, it held that all of
M r. Spalsbury’s claims premised on the asserted lack of probable cause must be
dismissed. His abuse of process, malicious prosecution, and defamation claims
were also dismissed because the court concluded that M r. Spalsbury failed to state
facts meeting the elements of those claims. The court therefore granted the Estes
Park defendants’ and Sheriff Alderden’s motions to dismiss, leaving only
M r. Spalsbury’s claims against the judicial defendants and M s. Sisson.
On June 11, M r. Spalsbury filed a “Dismissal Request As Directed By
M agistrate” claiming that the magistrate judge had orally ordered him to dismiss
his remaining claims against M s. Sisson and the judicial defendants. R., Doc. 120
at 1. He stated that while he disagreed with the magistrate judge’s legal
conclusions, he had no choice but to dismiss his claims if the district court would
-9- not stay the magistrate judge’s ruling. Contemporaneously, he filed an
“Objection to M agistrate’s Order” formally objecting to the oral order. Id., Doc.
121. In this document, M r. Spalsbury again agreed to dismiss without prejudice
his claims against M s. Sisson, relying on the magistrate judge’s conclusion that
the court lacked supplemental jurisdiction over those claims. He changed his
position, however, regarding his claims against the judicial defendants, indicating
that he w ished to proceed with those claims, despite the magistrate judge’s
warning that they too were subject to dismissal on other grounds. Curiously,
however, two days later, M r. Spalsbury filed his third amended complaint 3
naming as defendants M s. Sisson and Sheriff Alderden, along with the judicial
defendants. On July 8, M r. Spalsbury filed an “Emergency Request For
Immediate Stay of M agistrate’s Order,” claiming that during a July 1 status
conference, the magistrate judge directed him to dismiss his complaint or face
sanctions. Id., Doc. 119. In it, M r. Spalsbury stated that he “disagree[d] with the
M agistrate’s legal conclusions, but [was] filing a dismissal of all claims except
his 7th claim for relief (raising access to courts, due process, and equal
protection)” against the judicial defendants. Id. at 1. A few weeks later, the
judicial defendants and M s. Sisson moved to dismiss the third amended
complaint.
3 Rather than call it his third amended complaint, M r. Spalsbury titled this document “June, 2005 Amendment Pursuant to M arch 7 Order.” Id., Doc. 107.
-10- On November 16, the district court issued an order responding to
M r. Spalsbury’s repeated statements concerning the magistrate judge’s alleged
order that he dismiss his claims or face sanctions. Having reviewed the
courtroom minutes, the minute order, and the transcript of the July 1 status
conference, the court concluded that the record reflected no such order. Rather,
the court concluded it was clear from the transcript that M r. Spalsbury had been
given an opportunity to further research his claims and consider a voluntary
dismissal. In the end, M r. Spalsbury did not dismiss his claims against the
judicial defendants. Accordingly, the court disposed of all remaining claims in an
order dated M arch 29, 2006.
In that order, the court first concluded that M r. Spalsbury had voluntarily
dismissed his claims against M s. Sisson pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 41(a)(2).
Under F.R.Civ.P. 41(a)(2), a court may order dismissal “at the plaintiff’s instance.” Here, dismissal of the claims against M s. Sisson certainly comes “at the plaintiff’s instance.” M r. Spalsbury has never sought to withdraw his dismissal request as to her, despite his ongoing and contradictory efforts to continue litigating other aspects of the case. M r. Spalsbury has on more than one occasion represented to this Court that he wishes to dismiss his claims against M s. Sisson.
R., Doc. 188 at 4. The court went on to note that given M r. Spalsbury’s voluntary
dismissal of M s. Sisson, it did not need to decide whether it had supplemental
jurisdiction over those claims. Finally, based on Rule 41(a)(2)’s directive that a
-11- dismissal without prejudice be “upon such terms and conditions as the court
deems proper,” the court held that M r. Spalsbury’s voluntary dismissal of
M s. Sisson be accompanied by an order directing him to pay her attorneys’ fees
and costs. As to M r. Spalsbury’s claims against the judicial defendants, the court
held that he had failed to show an unconditional right to initiate criminal charges
against M s. Sisson. Thus, his constitutional rights were not violated by those
defendants’ refusal to file his criminal complaint. In addition, the court
concluded M r. Spalsbury’s claims against the judicial defendants, including
M s. Sampson, were barred by absolute judicial immunity. It therefore dismissed
all claims against the judicial defendants with prejudice, but stopped short of
awarding those defendants fees and costs.
M s. Sisson’s motion for attorneys’ fees soon followed, requesting fees in
the amount of $9,169.75 and costs of $100.00. M r. Spalsbury objected to the
motion, arguing generally that the rates charged and time expended were
excessive. He also claimed that M s. Sisson had not actually paid her attorneys
the entire amount for which she sought reimbursement. He requested a three-day
evidentiary hearing to enable him to cross-examine witnesses and also sought
permission to serve written discovery concerning the fee request.
The district court denied M r. Spalsbury’s request for discovery, explaining
that its award of attorneys’ fees to M s. Sisson was not an invitation “to embark on
satellite litigation, further delaying the completion of this suit,” R., Doc. 203 at 2,
-12- and concluding that M r. Spalsbury had failed to show a good faith basis for
discovery under the circumstances. The court subsequently issued an order
granting M s. Sisson’s motion for attorneys’ fees and denying M r. Spalsbury’s
request for an evidentiary hearing. W ith respect to the hearing, the court
reasoned that its negative aspects would far outw eigh any potential benefits.
And as to the fee request, the court held that the amount requested was neither
unexpectedly excessive nor unreasonable and it reiterated that M r. Spalsbury had
failed to cite any factual basis for his contention that the fees were excessive or
not actually paid by M s. Sisson. Ultimately, the court determined a fee award of
$8,750.00 was appropriate, in addition to $100.00 in costs.
M r. Spalsbury then filed appeals both of the district court’s decision to
dismiss his claims and its award of attorneys’ fees to M s. Sisson.
II. Discussion
W e review dismissals pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)
and (6) de novo. High Country Citizens Alliance v. Clarke, 454 F.3d 1177, 1180
(10th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 2134 (2007). The grant of a
voluntary dismissal pursuant to Rule 41(a)(2), however, is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. County of Santa Fe v. Pub. Serv. Co. of N.M ., 311 F.3d 1031, 1047
(10th Cir. 2002).
-13- A. Estes Park Defendants and Sheriff Alderden
M r. Spalsbury claims that the Estes Park defendants violated his Fourth
Amendment rights by arresting him without probable cause on the evening of
July 18, 2003. “[A] warrantless arrest by a law officer is reasonable under the
Fourth Amendment where there is probable cause to believe that a criminal
offense has been or is being committed.” Devenpeck v. Alford, 543 U.S. 146, 152
(2004). In determining whether an officer had probable cause to make an arrest,
w e look objectively at the reasonable conclusions that could have been drawn
based on the facts known to the officer at the time of the arrest. See id. at 152-53.
In Devenpeck, the Supreme Court clarified that an arrest is lawful under the
Fourth Amendment so long as probable cause existed as to any offense that could
be charged. See id. Thus, “it is not relevant whether probable cause existed with
respect to each individual charge, or, indeed, any charge actually invoked by the
arresting officer at the time of arrest.” Jaegly v. Couch, 439 F.3d 149, 154
(2d Cir. 2006). 4
4 Based on the facts alleged in the first amended complaint, we have our doubts as to w hether there was probable cause to believe M r. Spalsbury comm itted the offense of child abuse. As the Second Circuit noted in Jaegly, however, there has long been a consensus among the courts of appeals that an arrest is lawful so long as one of the charged crimes is supported by probable cause, even if probable cause is lacking as to other charged crimes. 439 F.3d at 153 n.1 (collecting cases). The district court was, therefore, correct to limit its inquiry to the charge of harassment.
-14- Focusing specifically on the charge of harassment, M r. Spalsbury claims
the arresting officers could not have had probable cause to believe he committed
that offense because the explanation he gave them foreclosed any possibility that
he acted with criminal intent towards M s. Sisson. The facts divulged in
M r. Spalsbury’s complaint reveal that officers Rose and Dring arrived at
M s. Sisson’s home in response to a 911 call to find M s. Sisson and M r. Spalsbury
engaged in a heated argument. M r. Spalsbury admitted that he tried to physically
move M s. Sisson away from his car, and that she resisted, became enraged, and
demanded that he call the police. Under Colorado law , “a person commits
harassment if, with intent to harass, annoy, or alarm another person,
he . . . [s]trikes, shoves, kicks, or otherwise touches a person or subjects him
to physical contact.” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-9-111(1)(a). Colorado’s domestic
violence statute requires an officer to make an arrest when he has probable cause
to believe that a crime involving domestic violence has occurred. See
Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-6-803.6(1). W e agree with the district court that based on
these facts, the police officers had probable cause to believe M r. Spalsbury had
committed the offense of harassment and properly placed him under arrest
pursuant to Colorado law.
M r. Spalsbury zealously argues, and claims he told the officers at the time,
that he acted with no criminal intent towards M s. Sisson and was merely trying
to defend himself and his property. “A policeman, however, is under no
-15- obligation to give any credence to a suspect’s story,” and even a plausible
explanation in no way “require[s] the officer to forego arrest pending further
investigation if the facts as initially discovered provide probable cause.” Criss v.
City of Kent, 867 F.2d 259, 263 (6th Cir. 1988); see Romero v. Fay, 45 F.3d 1472,
1480 (10th Cir. 1995) (citing Criss and holding that plaintiff’s protestations of
innocence did not require defendants to forgo arrest). The district court,
therefore, properly dismissed M r. Spalsbury’s § 1983 claim premised on false
arrest and false imprisonment. It follows that M r. Spalsbury’s false imprisonment
claim against Sheriff Alderden was also properly dismissed. Not only did the
police officers have probable cause to arrest M r. Spalsbury, but the Sheriff, as the
official charged with maintaining custody of M r. Spalsbury, had no independent
duty to investigate his every claim of innocence. See Scull v. New M exico, 236
F.3d 588, 598 (10th Cir. 2000).
In a separate claim for relief entitled “M alicious Prosecution; Abuse of
Process,” R., Doc. 2 at 23, M r. Spalsbury accuses the Estes Park defendants of
violating his constitutional rights by pursuing unjustified criminal charges against
him with the purpose of intimidating him and avoiding charging M s. Sisson for
her criminal acts. It has long been established that a misuse of legal procedure
may be so egregious as to amount to a deprivation of constitutional dimensions
compensable under § 1983. Taylor v. M eacham, 82 F.3d 1556, 1561 (10th Cir.
1996). In determining w hether a plaintiff has stated such a claim, however, we
-16- start with the common law elements of malicious prosecution. Id. Only if all the
elements are met, need we proceed to the ultimate determination of whether the
plaintiff has proven a Fourth Amendment violation. See id. Under Colorado law ,
one of the elements for malicious prosecution is that the defendant acted without
probable cause. Hewitt v. Rice, 154 P.3d 408, 411 (Colo. 2007) (listing
elements). Since we have already determined that the Estes Park defendants had
probable cause to arrest M r. Spalsbury, his § 1983 claim premised on malicious
prosecution was properly dismissed.
W e reach the same conclusion with respect M r. Spalsbury’s claim premised
on abuse of process. “U se of a legal proceeding in an improper manner is an
essential element of an abuse of process claim.” Jam es H. M oore & Assocs.
Realty, Inc. v. Arrowhead at Vail, 892 P.2d 367, 373 (Colo. Ct. App. 1994).
“Classic examples of the requisite improper use include the use of process to
accomplish a coercive goal which is not the intended legal purpose of the
process.” Id. Therefore, even if M r. Spalsbury’s allegations concerning the
defendants’ alleged ulterior motives are true, there was no abuse of process if
the process was used for the purpose for w hich it w as intended. See id.
M r. Spalsbury’s first amended complaint contains no facts to indicate that the
Estes Park defendants arrested and filed criminal charges against him for any
other purpose than to prosecute him for the offenses that occurred on July 18,
2003. As such, he has failed to state an abuse of process claim.
-17- Finally, M r. Spalsbury asserts that false statements made by the Estes Park
defendants in connection with their filing of criminal charges against him
damaged his reputation in the local community, caused him to lose his job, and
made it impossible for him to gain future employment. The district court
correctly interpreted this claim as a liberty interest claim under the D ue Process
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Damage to one’s reputation, standing alone, is insufficient to implicate due
process protections. The Supreme Court has held, however, that under certain
circumstances a protectible liberty interest may be implicated “where a person’s
good name, reputation, honor, or integrity is at stake because of what the
government is doing to him.” Bd. of Regents of State C olls. v. Roth, 408 U.S.
564, 573 (1972) (quotation and alteration omitted). In Jensen v. Redev. Agency of
Sandy City, 998 F.2d 1550, 1558 (10th Cir. 1993), we held that to be successful
on a deprivation of liberty interest claim, a plaintiff must show (1) that the
defendant published false and stigmatizing information; and (2) that the alleged
stigmatization was entangled with some further interest. W e gave as one example
a plaintiff who alleges present harm to established business relationships. Id.
And we noted in particular that “[d]amage to prospective employment
opportunities is too intangible to constitute deprivation of a liberty interest.” Id.
at 1559. Later we refined the test in response to the very type of claim that
M r. Spalsbury asserts here, involving “a liberty interest in [the plaintiff’s] good
-18- name and reputation as it affects [his] property interest in continued
employment.” Stidham v. Peace Officer Standards & Training, 265 F.3d 1144,
1153 (10th Cir. 2001) (quotation omitted). W e held:
First, to be actionable, the statements must impugn the good name, reputation, honor, or integrity of the employee. Second, the statements must be false. Third, the statements must occur in the course of terminating the employee or must foreclose other employment opportunities. And fourth, the statements must be published.
Id. (quotation and italics omitted).
M r. Spalsbury’s liberty interest claim fails for two reasons. First, he has no
colorable claim of falsity, as the magistrate judge deftly explained in his M arch 7,
2005, report and recommendation.
[P]laintiff is unable to prove that the Estes Park defendants defamed him with false information. The facts relied upon by the police to support their decision to arrest, at the very least, are the facts that are presented by plaintiff in his [first amended complaint]. Plaintiff merely disagrees with the credibility decisions, inferences and conclusions that the police elected to draw from those facts. . . . [P]laintiff’s facts reflect the existence of probable cause for his arrest, and plaintiff is therefore unable to show any falseness in relation to his arrest.
R., Doc. 74 at 29. Second, M r. Spalsbury failed to allege any facts that would
satisfy the third prong of the Stidham test. In that case, we made clear that to be
actionable under § 1983, the alleged defamation must have been uttered incident
to plaintiff’s termination. Stidham, 265 F.3d at 1154; see Siegert v. Gilley,
500 U.S. 226, 234 (1991). W e have no doubt that the criminal charges levied
-19- against M r. Spalsbury damaged his reputation and contributed to him being fired.
But as the district court pointed out, M r. Spalsbury was not employed by the Estes
Park defendants, and those defendants played no role in the decision to fire him.
In Siegert, the Supreme Court recognized that defamation plaintiffs typically
show special damages and out-of-pocket losses flowing from the injury to their
reputations. It held, however, that “so long as [the] damage flow s from injury
caused by the defendant to a plaintiff’s reputation, it may be recoverable under
state tort law but it is not recoverable in a [§ 1983] action.” 500 U.S. at 234. The
district court correctly dismissed M r. Spalsbury’s liberty interest claim. 5
B. The Judicial Defendants
In his numerous filings, M r. Spalsbury explains in detail the Colorado
criminal procedure rules that he claims entitled him to initiate a criminal
proceeding against M s. Sisson. Unlike the district court, we decline to indulge
this argument because regardless of M r. Spalsbury’s right to initiate a criminal
prosecution under state law, the judicial defendants enjoy absolute immunity from
his § 1983 claims unless they acted without jurisdiction. Ledbetter v. City of
Topeka, 318 F.3d 1183, 1189 (10th Cir. 2003). Even if the judicial defendants’
acts violated Colorado law, they are nonetheless immune from civil damages
5 Since M r. Spalsbury failed to state any constitutional violations as against the Estes Park police officers, the district court correctly dismissed his negligence claim against the Town of Estes Park. Taylor, 82 F.3d at 1564 (holding that claim against supervisory authority is properly dismissed once court concludes that employee committed no constitutional violation).
-20- liability because they clearly did not act in the absence of all jurisdiction. See id.
And this immunity also extends to M s. Sampson, who, as the court clerk, is
accused of no more than assisting Judges Schultz and Hiatt in the discharge of
their judicial functions. See Trackwell v. United States Gov’t, 472 F.3d 1242,
1247 (10th Cir. 2007) (explaining clerk’s derivative immunity).
Furthermore, to the extent M r. Spalsbury’s third amended complaint seeks
an order directing the judicial defendants to accept filing of his “‘citizens’
misdemeanor complaint,” R., Doc. 107 at 22, the district court clearly lacked
jurisdiction to award such relief. Federal courts have no authority to “direct state
courts or their judicial officers in the performance of their duties.” Van Sickle v.
Holloway, 791 F.2d 1431, 1436 n.5 (10th Cir. 1986) (quotation omitted); see also
Sm ith v. United States Ct. of Appeals, Tenth Cir., 484 F.3d 1281, 1287 (10th Cir.
2007) (“declin[ing] to recast [plaintiff’s] request for mandamus as a § 1983
claim” and “adher[ing] to our general prohibition on issuing a writ of mandamus
to a state court judge”). Finally, as M r. Spalsbury has alleged no facts showing
he was in any way foreclosed from filing a grievance in the state court system
regarding the acts of the judicial defendants, he has not begun to show a
deprivation of a constitutional right. See generally Olson v. Hart, 965 F.2d 940,
943 (10th Cir. 1992) (explaining that injunctive relief under § 1983 is not
available absent deprivation of federal right). Accordingly, the district court
committed no error in dismissing his claims against the judicial defendants.
-21- C. M s. Sisson
i. Dismissal Under Rule 41(a)(2)
As we noted above, the district court dismissed all claims against
M s. Sisson pursuant to filings that it interpreted as requests to dismiss under
Rule 41(a)(2). M r. Spalsbury now argues that he agreed to dismiss his claims
against M s. Sisson under duress based on the magistrate judge’s faulty legal
reasoning as to the court’s jurisdiction and his threat of sanctions. W e are not
convinced by M r. Spalsbury’s attempt to undermine his own decision, which was
clearly made with the intent to prosecute the same claims against M s. Sisson in
state court. M r. Spalsbury has been a licensed attorney for over twenty years.
See R., Doc. 2 at 5-6. As such, the magistrate judge acted well within his
discretion in reminding M r. Spalsbury that his continued prosecution of any
frivolous claims might result in sanctions. In his M arch 7, 2005 companion order,
the magistrate judge certainly questioned whether the court had supplemental
jurisdiction over the claims against M s. Sisson. But he specifically granted
M r. Spalsbury leave to file a third amended complaint after urging him to
thoroughly research the viability of all remaining claims.
M r. Spalsbury responded by filing numerous conflicting documents
concerning whether he agreed with the magistrate’s conclusions as to
supplem ental jurisdiction. In the end, however, it is clear that he voluntarily
chose to dismiss the claims against M s. Sisson without prejudice so that he could
-22- refile them in state court, as is evident from M r. Spalsbury’s response to
M s. Sisson’s motion to dismiss:
Based on the Court’s oral ruling and threat that continuing any claims against Sisson in Federal court would be improper, Spalsbury requested dismissal of claims against Sisson for lack of jurisdiction so they could be pursued in state court. . . .
. . . The Court must simply dismiss Spalsbury’s claims against Sisson on the grounds of lack of jurisdiction, that is what Spalsbury sought in July to comply with this Court’s orders, and Spalsbury concedes the claims must be dismissed for lack of Federal jurisdiction based on the Court’s prior rulings.
Id., Doc. 149 at 4, 5. Based on our review of the record, we also agree with the
district court’s finding that M r. Spalsbury was never ordered, orally or otherwise,
to dismiss his claims against M s. Sisson. In short, M r. Spalsbury has failed to
convince us that the district court abused its discretion in dismissing his claims
against M s. Sisson under Rule 41(a)(2).
ii. Award of Attorneys’ Fees
Finally, we address M r. Spalsbury’s appeal of the district court’s orders
granting M s. Sisson’s motion for attorneys’ fees and denying his requests for
discovery and an evidentiary hearing. W e review each of these decisions for an
abuse of discretion. See Santana v. City & County of Denver, 488 F.3d 860, 867
(10th Cir. 2007) (applying abuse of discretion standard to discovery rulings);
Robinson v. City of Edmond, 160 F.3d 1275, 1286 (10th Cir. 1998) (applying
abuse of discretion standard to decision denying hearing); cf. AeroTech, Inc. v.
-23- Estes, 110 F.3d 1523, 1528 (10th Cir. 1997) (applying abuse of discretion
standard to decision not to aw ard fees under Rule 41(a)(2)).
Rule 41(a)(2) provides that “an action shall not be dismissed at the
plaintiff’s instance save upon order of the court and upon such terms and
conditions as the court deems proper.” Courts have long recognized that “[w]hen
a plaintiff dismisses an action without prejudice, a district court may seek to
reimburse the defendant for his attorneys’ fees because he faces a risk that the
plaintiff will refile the suit and impose duplicative expenses upon him.”
Aerotech, Inc., 110 F.3d at 1528 (citing Cauley v. Wilson, 754 F.2d 769, 771-72
(7th Cir. 1985)). Here, the district court acted well within its discretion in
awarding fees to M s. Sisson, particularly in light of M r. Spalsbury’s expressed
intent to refile the dismissed claims in state court. See R., Doc. 188 at 5 (district
court order).
W e also conclude the district court acted within its discretion in denying
M r. Spalsbury’s requests for discovery and an evidentiary hearing. In support of
her fee request, M s. Sisson attached (a) unredacted copies of her lawyers’ billing
entries, which contained detailed descriptions of all charges, organized by date,
including the time increment billed, the billing rate, and the total amount for each
attorney working on her case; (b) copies of actual invoices received from her
attorneys, which included amounts paid and amounts outstanding; and
(c) affidavits from the attorneys setting forth their legal experience and attesting
-24- to the veracity of their charges. M r. Spalsbury failed to make any specific
challenges to any of this information and never articulated what else he hoped to
find through written discovery. Under these circumstances, the district court did
not abuse its discretion in denying his discovery request. The same is true with
respect to his request for an evidentiary hearing. Faced with similar
circumstances in Robinson, we held that “[a] district court does not abuse its
discretion when it fails to hold a hearing at which the parties will simply reiterate
arguments they already have made in their briefs.” 160 F.3d at 1286. Since the
plaintiffs failed to show that they were denied the opportunity to present new,
critical information, we upheld the court’s decision not to hold an evidentiary
hearing on the attorneys’ fee issue. For the same reason, we reach the same
conclusion here.
The judgment of the district court and its order regarding attorneys’ fees
are A FFIRME D.
Entered for the Court
M ichael R. M urphy Circuit Judge
-25-