[389]*389GALLAGHER, Senior Judge:
This is an appeal from an order of the Superior Court granting summary judgment in favor of appellees Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (hereinafter “WMATA”) and Alfonso Rojas Res-trepo in a negligence action brought by appellant Carroll Smith as a result of a motor vehicle accident. In determining whether summary judgment was properly entered against Smith, the principal issue we are called upon to decide is whether, under the 1982 Compulsory/No-Fault Motor Vehicle Insurance Act' (“No-Fault Act”) (D.C.Code §§ 35-2101 to -2113 (1988 Repl.)), Smith has adequately demonstrated that she meets an exception to the Act’s restrictions against tort actions for non-economic losses. We affirm.
On April 4, 1986, Smith was a passenger aboard a WMATA metro bus when the bus was involved in an accident with a taxicab owned and operated by Restrepo. Smith was injured in the accident and requested, pursuant to the No-Fault Act (D.C.Code § 35-2104 (1988 Repl.)), personal injury protection (PIP) benefits from WMATA for economic losses.1 Accordingly, WMATA, a self-insurer,2 paid Smith PIP benefits for medical expenses and loss of work.
On March 18, 1989, Smith brought suit to recover certain noneconomic losses3 which she contends she is entitled to recover from WMATA under the No-Fault Act. On January 9, 1991, the trial court granted appel-lees’ oral motion for leave to file a motion for summary judgment. In their motion for summary judgment, filed on January 29, 1991, appellees asserted that “WMATA is self-insured against liability for injury to persons,”4 that “[a]t all times material to this action” the No-Fault Act is applicable, that Smith did not incur medical expenses in excess of the medical threshold of Five Thousand dollars,5 and there was no genuine issue as to material fact pertaining to Smith’s claim.6 Consequently, appellees claimed that they were entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law since Smith elected to receive PIP benefits from WMA-TA, and thus was prevented from maintaining a tort action for noneconomic losses because she failed to make her prima facie case, pursuant to the No-Fault Act, D.C.Code § 35-2105(b) (1988 Repl.), which requires that the injury directly resulted in:
substantial and medically demonstrable permanent impairment which has significantly affected [her] ability ... to perform ... her professional activities or usual and customary daily activities; or a medically demonstrable impairment that prevents [her] from performing all or substantially all of the material acts and duties which constitute ... her usual and customary daily activities for more than 180 continuous days.
Smith, in her opposition to appel-lees’ motion for summary judgment, claimed that it was a question for the jury to determine whether she had provided sufficient evidence that she met the exception. Smith supported her opposition to the mo[390]*390tion for summary judgment with her answers to interrogatories and an unsigned and unsworn report of her physical examination performed on January 16, 1991. The trial court held a hearing on these issues on April 11, 1991 and, “[u]pon consideration of the [Appellees’] Motion for Summary Judgment and the Memorandum of Points and Authorities in support thereof, [and] Opposition and Argument thereon,” issued an order granting appellees’ motion. It is from this order that Smith appeals.7
I.
Both a motion to strike and motion for summary judgment test the legal sufficiency of a cause of action, the former when the pleadings are open, the latter when pleadings are closed. See Camp v. Chase, 39 Conn.Supp. 264, 476 A.2d 1087 (1983). In other words, where the pleadings are closed, the motion for summary judgment, supported by verified pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, may be used to test whether the party opposing the motion met the threshold question of law at issue. See Nader v. de Toledano, 408 A.2d 31, 42 (D.C.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1078, 100 S.Ct. 1028, 62 L.Ed.2d 761 (1980); Super.Ct.Civ.R. 56. Where the party opposing the motion fails to meet the burden of demonstrating that she has stated a cause of action, then there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact” and “the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Nader, supra, 408 A.2d at 42.
In reviewing the grant of the summary judgment, this court must conduct an independent review of the record, Scrimgeour v. Magazine, 429 A.2d 187, 188 (D.C.1981), and must view the facts in “the light most favorable to the non-moving party,” Sayan v. Riggs Nat’l Bank of Washington, D.C., 544 A.2d 267, 268 (D.C.1988). After the moving party, here appel-lees, makes its initial requisite showing, the non-moving party, here Smith, “must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial,” and must demonstrate that a jury or judge is necessary to resolve the disputed fact. Super.Ct.Civ.R. 56(e); Nader, supra, 408 A.2d at 42. The requisite “showing of a ‘genuine issue for trial’ is predicated upon the existence of a legal theory which remains viable under the asserted version of the facts.... ” Id. at 48 (quoting McGuire v. Columbia Broadcasting Sys., Inc., 399 F.2d 902, 905 (9th Cir.1968)). Once movant has made the requisite showing in support of its motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party, in order to make the evidentiary showing that will permit her to advance to trial, must show that she has a plausible ground to maintain the particular cause of action; i.e., she must produce enough evidence to make out a prima facie case in support of her claim. Id. at 48-49.
II.
The No-Fault Act “established a compulsory insurance system for personal injury in which victims of automobile accidents would be compensated irrespective of fault.” Dimond v. District of Columbia, 253 U.S.App.D.C. 111, 114, 792 F.2d 179, 182 (1986). Under this Act, no-fault personal injury protection benefits paid by his own insurer compensated a victim for economic detriment incurred as a result of an accident.8 Id. at 114-15, 792 F.2d at 182-83. On the other hand, noneconomic loss[391]*391es9 could be recovered only by bringing a tort action against the driver “at fault” in an accident, but the No-Fault Act restricted a victims’ ability to bring such actions. See Monroe, supra
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
[389]*389GALLAGHER, Senior Judge:
This is an appeal from an order of the Superior Court granting summary judgment in favor of appellees Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (hereinafter “WMATA”) and Alfonso Rojas Res-trepo in a negligence action brought by appellant Carroll Smith as a result of a motor vehicle accident. In determining whether summary judgment was properly entered against Smith, the principal issue we are called upon to decide is whether, under the 1982 Compulsory/No-Fault Motor Vehicle Insurance Act' (“No-Fault Act”) (D.C.Code §§ 35-2101 to -2113 (1988 Repl.)), Smith has adequately demonstrated that she meets an exception to the Act’s restrictions against tort actions for non-economic losses. We affirm.
On April 4, 1986, Smith was a passenger aboard a WMATA metro bus when the bus was involved in an accident with a taxicab owned and operated by Restrepo. Smith was injured in the accident and requested, pursuant to the No-Fault Act (D.C.Code § 35-2104 (1988 Repl.)), personal injury protection (PIP) benefits from WMATA for economic losses.1 Accordingly, WMATA, a self-insurer,2 paid Smith PIP benefits for medical expenses and loss of work.
On March 18, 1989, Smith brought suit to recover certain noneconomic losses3 which she contends she is entitled to recover from WMATA under the No-Fault Act. On January 9, 1991, the trial court granted appel-lees’ oral motion for leave to file a motion for summary judgment. In their motion for summary judgment, filed on January 29, 1991, appellees asserted that “WMATA is self-insured against liability for injury to persons,”4 that “[a]t all times material to this action” the No-Fault Act is applicable, that Smith did not incur medical expenses in excess of the medical threshold of Five Thousand dollars,5 and there was no genuine issue as to material fact pertaining to Smith’s claim.6 Consequently, appellees claimed that they were entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law since Smith elected to receive PIP benefits from WMA-TA, and thus was prevented from maintaining a tort action for noneconomic losses because she failed to make her prima facie case, pursuant to the No-Fault Act, D.C.Code § 35-2105(b) (1988 Repl.), which requires that the injury directly resulted in:
substantial and medically demonstrable permanent impairment which has significantly affected [her] ability ... to perform ... her professional activities or usual and customary daily activities; or a medically demonstrable impairment that prevents [her] from performing all or substantially all of the material acts and duties which constitute ... her usual and customary daily activities for more than 180 continuous days.
Smith, in her opposition to appel-lees’ motion for summary judgment, claimed that it was a question for the jury to determine whether she had provided sufficient evidence that she met the exception. Smith supported her opposition to the mo[390]*390tion for summary judgment with her answers to interrogatories and an unsigned and unsworn report of her physical examination performed on January 16, 1991. The trial court held a hearing on these issues on April 11, 1991 and, “[u]pon consideration of the [Appellees’] Motion for Summary Judgment and the Memorandum of Points and Authorities in support thereof, [and] Opposition and Argument thereon,” issued an order granting appellees’ motion. It is from this order that Smith appeals.7
I.
Both a motion to strike and motion for summary judgment test the legal sufficiency of a cause of action, the former when the pleadings are open, the latter when pleadings are closed. See Camp v. Chase, 39 Conn.Supp. 264, 476 A.2d 1087 (1983). In other words, where the pleadings are closed, the motion for summary judgment, supported by verified pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, may be used to test whether the party opposing the motion met the threshold question of law at issue. See Nader v. de Toledano, 408 A.2d 31, 42 (D.C.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1078, 100 S.Ct. 1028, 62 L.Ed.2d 761 (1980); Super.Ct.Civ.R. 56. Where the party opposing the motion fails to meet the burden of demonstrating that she has stated a cause of action, then there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact” and “the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Nader, supra, 408 A.2d at 42.
In reviewing the grant of the summary judgment, this court must conduct an independent review of the record, Scrimgeour v. Magazine, 429 A.2d 187, 188 (D.C.1981), and must view the facts in “the light most favorable to the non-moving party,” Sayan v. Riggs Nat’l Bank of Washington, D.C., 544 A.2d 267, 268 (D.C.1988). After the moving party, here appel-lees, makes its initial requisite showing, the non-moving party, here Smith, “must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial,” and must demonstrate that a jury or judge is necessary to resolve the disputed fact. Super.Ct.Civ.R. 56(e); Nader, supra, 408 A.2d at 42. The requisite “showing of a ‘genuine issue for trial’ is predicated upon the existence of a legal theory which remains viable under the asserted version of the facts.... ” Id. at 48 (quoting McGuire v. Columbia Broadcasting Sys., Inc., 399 F.2d 902, 905 (9th Cir.1968)). Once movant has made the requisite showing in support of its motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party, in order to make the evidentiary showing that will permit her to advance to trial, must show that she has a plausible ground to maintain the particular cause of action; i.e., she must produce enough evidence to make out a prima facie case in support of her claim. Id. at 48-49.
II.
The No-Fault Act “established a compulsory insurance system for personal injury in which victims of automobile accidents would be compensated irrespective of fault.” Dimond v. District of Columbia, 253 U.S.App.D.C. 111, 114, 792 F.2d 179, 182 (1986). Under this Act, no-fault personal injury protection benefits paid by his own insurer compensated a victim for economic detriment incurred as a result of an accident.8 Id. at 114-15, 792 F.2d at 182-83. On the other hand, noneconomic loss[391]*391es9 could be recovered only by bringing a tort action against the driver “at fault” in an accident, but the No-Fault Act restricted a victims’ ability to bring such actions. See Monroe, supra note 5, 540 A.2d at 742. It is a threshold question of law for the court to decide whether appellant has met the strict statutory requirements as set forth in the No-Fault Act sufficient to overcome the Act’s restrictions against tort actions for noneconomic losses. Id.
WMATA, in support of its summary judgment motion, has met its requisite initial showing that it is self-insured, that the No-Fault Act applies here, and that appellant has not incurred medical expenses in excess of the medical threshold of Five Thousand Dollars; therefore, the burden of proof shifts to Smith. Thus, to defeat a motion for summary judgment, Smith must produce enough evidence through verified pleadings, interrogatories, affidavits, and depositions to demonstrate that she can maintain a cause of action for noneconomic losses under the limitations set forth by the No-Fault Act (D.C.Code § 35-2105(b) (1988 Repl.)). She must show that she suffered a “substantial and medically demonstrable permanent impairment” and/or a “medically demonstrable impairment” that prevented her from “performing all or substantially all of the material acts and duties” of her “usual and customary daily activities for more than 180 continuous days.” Id.
In our review of the record, however, we conclude that Smith’s evidentiary showing is insufficient to maintain a cause of action under the statutory provisions of the No-Fault Act so that WMATA is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. In order to try to meet the substantial permanent impairment exception of the No-Fault Act’s restrictions against tort actions for noneconomic losses, Smith was examined by a doctor on January 16, 1991, almost five years after the accident. However, the report that she submitted to the trial court of this examination was unsigned and unsworn as required by Super.Ct.Civ.R. 56 so it cannot properly be considered. Even assuming, arguendo, that this report could be considered, it does not help her claim. Though the report describes her condition as of that date as “permanent” on the ground that “she will continue to have [back] problems from time to time,” the described injuries are minor and relieved by aspirin. See Patrello v. United States, 757 F.Supp. 216, 223 (S.D.N.Y.1991) (noting that plaintiff’s discomfort from her injuries was relieved by aspirin, court affirmed the grant of summary judgment against her because it determined that she did not meet her burden of proving that her injury rose to necessary level of seriousness required by its No-Fault statute).
Thus, in order to defeat the motion, Smith had to meet her burden of demonstrating that she met the substantial permanent impairment exception to the statute’s restrictions against tort actions solely on her answers to interrogatories. In her answers we find that Smith still has worked full time, from December 1986 until the present, as a legal secretary where she is “required to perform computer work, filing, and ... administrative duties that require [her] to move around the office a lot” for which she has been paid between $24,500 to $28,090 per year which belies her claim of substantial permanent injuries.
In addition, we also find that appellant’s answers to interrogatories are insufficient to show that her injuries from the accident prohibited her from performing all or substantially all of her duties for 180 continuous days. We consider, just as the court did in Licari v. Elliott, 57 N.Y.2d 230, 455 N.Y.S.2d 570, 441 N.E.2d 1088, 1091 (1982), that “substantially all” means what it says, i.e., to “a great extent.” There, the court held that although two doctors testified on plaintiff’s behalf, neither one offered evidence as to the extent of the impairment so that there was no line of reasoning by which the jury could have concluded that plaintiff suffered a significant impairment, or that he was prevented from performing substantially all of his usual daily activities [392]*392for the requisite number of continuous days pursuant to its No-Fault statute.10 Id. That court then concluded that “[w]hile there is little doubt that plaintiff suffered discomfort as a result to the accident, the court has no choice but to enforce the legislative mandate and dismiss the complaint when a plaintiff fails to meet the burden of proving the threshold requirement of establishing a prima facie case ... within the meaning of the statute.” Id. 455 N.Y.S.2d at 575, 441 N.E.2d at 1093. And so it is here. In her answers, appellant states that she curtailed her normal activities, stayed at home in bed a lot, and was able to work only part-time. Without sworn medical affidavits as to the extent of her impairment for 180 continuous days, however, these merely conclusory answers are inadequate to meet the requisite “substantially all” exception to the No-Fault statute.
Therefore, we find that Smith has not provided, through her answers to interrogatories, sufficient evidence to demonstrate that her cause of action remains viable under the exceptions to the No-Fault Act’s restrictions against tort actions for noneco-nomic losses. She failed to make a prima facie showing that she suffered substantial permanent impairment or was virtually incapacitated for 180 continuous days after the accident. Thus, we conclude that the trial court’s grant of summary judgment was appropriate.
Affirmed.