Smith v. Shaffer

515 A.2d 527, 511 Pa. 421, 1986 Pa. LEXIS 859
CourtSupreme Court of Pennsylvania
DecidedSeptember 25, 1986
Docket68 M.D. Appeal Docket 1985
StatusPublished
Cited by38 cases

This text of 515 A.2d 527 (Smith v. Shaffer) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Supreme Court of Pennsylvania primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Smith v. Shaffer, 515 A.2d 527, 511 Pa. 421, 1986 Pa. LEXIS 859 (Pa. 1986).

Opinions

OPINION OF THE COURT

LARSEN, Justice.

We granted this petition for allowance of appeal from an order of the Superior Court, 341 Pa.Super. 627, 491 A.2d 926, affirming the lower court’s grant of a new trial. The issue at trial was whether Cloyd Shaffer, appellant, was the biological father of an infant born to appellee, Shirley Smith.

A jury trial was held in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County. At trial, appellee testified that she had had sex only with appellant during the possible conception period. Appellee’s expert witness, a hemotologist, testified that blood tests conducted on appellant, appellee, and the infant included both red and white cell Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) bloodgrouping tests and that those blood tests established, in his opinion, a 99.99 percent probability that appellant was the biological father. His expert opinion was based upon the premise that blood types are inheritable according to genetic principles and the generally accepted reliability of HLA tests.

Appellant denied ever having had sex with appellee. Appellant also called as a witness Ed Smith, appellee’s brother, (who is also appellant’s stepbrother) who testified that he saw appellee’s stepfather (Ed Smith’s biological father) sexually fondle appellee during the possible conception period. Ed Smith also testified that he was present when appellee’s mother took appellee and appellee’s sisters to truck stops, where the girls would leave Ed Smith in the car and go to various trucks and return with money. The purpose of this testimony was to raise an inference that, contrary to appellee’s assertions, she had engaged in sexual activity with persons other than appellant during the conception period.

[424]*424The jury rendered a verdict in favor of appellant. The Court of Common Pleas, sitting en banc, granted appellee’s post-trial motion for a new trial on two grounds. First, the court held that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence, stating:

“While we may not grant a new trial merely because there is a conflict in the evidence and we would have arrived at a different conclusion than the jury, in light of the strong scientific evidence supporting the [appellee’s] claim and the lack of credible testimony to the contrary, the award of a new trial is imperative.”

Opinion of the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County, slip op. at 3.

Second, the court en banc found that the trial judge’s answer to a question raised by the jury during its deliberations had prejudiced appellee. “In support of a grant of a new trial, it is our feeling that the jury was prejudicially misled by the judge’s answer to a question submitted by the jury during their deliberation.” Id. at 3. The jury’s question and the judge’s answer were as follows:

“What is the possibility if this stepfather and stepbrother were.tested of their coming out 99.99 per cent?”
BY THE COURT:
“The answer is I can’t answer that question. I don’t think the doctor could answer it. What he gave you was the probability of the [appellant] being the father is [sic] 99.99. And I would give you the benefit of my opinion that if this is the possibility for this [appellant] then nobody else could have that possibility.”

Id. at 3-4.

In affirming the court en banc, the Superior Court, in a brief memorandum opinion without citation of authority, addressed only the court’s determination that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. We now reverse.

An appellate court “will not reverse a court’s exercise of discretion in granting or refusing to grant a new trial ... unless there has been a clear abuse of that discretion.” [425]*425Quinn v. Kumar, 437 Pa. 268, 275, 263 A.2d 458, 462 (1970).

“To determine whether a trial court’s decision to grant a new trial constituted a palpable abuse of discretion, an appellate court must examine the record and assess the weight of the evidence; not, however as the trial judge, to determine whether the preponderance of the evidence opposes the verdict, but rather to determine whether the court below in so doing plainly exceeded the limits of judicial discretion and invaded the exclusive domain of the jury.”

Thompson v. City of Philadelphia, 507 Pa. 592, 600, 493 A.2d 669, 673 (1985).

In the instant case, it is apparent that the court en banc “invaded the exclusive domain of the jury,” and “exceeded the limits of judicial discretion.” The testimony presented by the parties and the witnesses for appellant and appellee was in direct conflict. Appellee’s claim of paternity was supported by her testimony and the opinion of her expert witness. Appellee’s denial of paternity was supported by his testimony and the testimony of his witness, Ed Smith. “The determination of credibility is solely for the trier of fact.” Adoption of S.H., 476 Pa. 608, 615, 383 A.2d 529, 532 (1978). The jury in the instant case, by rendering a verdict for appellant, obviously resolved the credibility of the witnesses and the conflict in testimony in favor of appellant, as was its prerogative. The conclusion of the court en banc, i.e., that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence, was based on its reassessment of the credibility of the witnesses, a matter exclusively within the province of the jury.

The court en banc’s reassessment of credibility was obviously influenced by the weight it placed upon the opinion of appellee’s expert witness (99.99% probability that appellant was the father), since that court found the award of a new trial was imperative “in light of the strong scientific evidence supporting the [appellee’s] claim and the lack of credible testimony to the contrary----” Lower court slip [426]*426op. at 3.1 It was improper for the court to elevate the opinion of the expert witness to such lofty heights in light of the jury’s finding that appellant’s and his witness’ testimony were credible. As this Court stated in Tinicum Real Estate Holding Co. v. Commonwealth Department of Transportation, 480 Pa. 220, 232, 389 A.2d 1034, 1040 (1978), “in determining the facts the jury has the right to believe all, some of, or none of the experts’ testimony. Furthermore, it was the jury’s duty to consider all of the facts and circumstances established by the trial evidence____”

The Superior Court has had prior occasions to consider the reliability and probative value of HLA tests, and has held them to be admissible in a paternity action not only to disprove paternity2 but as affirmative evidence to prove paternity. See e.g., Turek v. Hardy, 312 Pa.Super. 158, 458 A.2d 562 (1983); Miller v. Kriner, 341 Pa.Super. 293, 491 A.2d 270 (1985); Connell v. Connell, 329 Pa.Super. 1, 477 A.2d 872 (1984).

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Bluebook (online)
515 A.2d 527, 511 Pa. 421, 1986 Pa. LEXIS 859, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/smith-v-shaffer-pa-1986.