ORDER ON PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION
WIESE, Judge.
On July 8, 1996, this court issued an opinion in this military pay case deciding, among other matters, that the Secretary of the Air Force (i) had not violated the “majority” determination requirements of 10 U.S.C. §§ 616(c) and 617(a) in identifying officers eligible for promotion through a panel selection system rather than through a unified selection board, and (ii) had sufficient procedural safeguards in place to assure a uniform distribution in the quality of officer records among the selection panel. Small v. United States, 36 Fed.Cl. 43 (1996).
On July 22,1996, plaintiff moved for reconsideration of the court’s decision. Plaintiff contended that the court had misread the [150]*150statutes involved (10 U.S.C. §§ 616(c) and 617(a)) and, additionally, had relied on an incomplete factual record in deciding that the quality of officer selection folders was uniformly distributed among the officer selection panels. Following a hearing on plaintiffs motion for reconsideration, the court decided that, in the interests of justice, plaintiff should be allowed additional discovery concerning both the administration and operation of the panel selection system.
A second hearing followed the completion of this discovery with plaintiff once again asserting that the court had erred in its rulings concerning the interpretation of sections 616(c) and 617(a) and had acted prematurely — i.e., without adequate factual foundation — in finding that the panel system did not expose promotion candidates to selection risks beyond those they would have faced had their records been considered by the selection board sitting as a whole.
After considering the parties’ views on these issues, the court has decided to reaffirm its earlier conclusion upholding the statutory acceptability of the panel system (we rely, however, on slightly different grounds) and to vacate that part of the earlier opinion relating to the quality of the distribution of records among selection panels. To carry out these changes, it is ordered that the earlier opinion be withdrawn and the accompanying “Opinion on Reconsideration” be issued in its place.
Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration is granted to the limited extent herein noted.
OPINION ON RECONSIDERATION
I
Introduction
Plaintiff is a former major in the Regular Air Force who was twice passed over for promotion in rank to the grade of lieutenant colonel and thereafter was involuntarily separated from the military upon completion of the twenty-year service period required for retirement pay eligibility.1 In this suit, he seeks review and reversal of a decision of the Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records (Correction Board) denying his application for a correction of records that would have (i) deleted the pass-overs in promotion, (ii) ordered reinstatement to active service, and (iii) granted constructive service credit together with back pay measured from the date of involuntary retirement.
The case is now before the court on cross-motions for summary judgment. There are two principal issues to be decided.2 The first concerns the administrative procedure that was followed by plaintiffs major command, the Air Force Systems Command, Space Division, in determining the level of indorsement to be accorded an officer’s performance evaluation report (OER). The contention, developed in more detail below, is that the procedure introduced, into the OER preparation process, reliance upon personnel data of the sort whose use was specifically prohibited by the governing regulation, Air Force Regulation (AFR) 36-10 (Nov.1982). The other argument plaintiff raises here is that the selection boards that considered his record for promotion (the calendar year 1986 and 1987 lieutenant colonel selection boards) were in violation of law because, among other things, these boards conducted their business in panels acting essentially independently, rather than in con sort as single, deliberative bodies. This panel system, and the administrative procedures it entails, are claimed to be violations of 10 U.S.C. §§ 616 and 617.
The parties were given an opportunity to brief these issues and to offer oral argument [151]*151in respect to them. After careful consideration, we conclude that plaintiff is not entitled to prevail on either issue.
II
Facts and Discussion
The OER Issue
Air Force Regulation 36-10 is the administrative guideline that sets out the requirements governing the preparation and processing of OERs. This regulation contemplates an officer evaluation system keyed to the chain of command — i.e., each officer’s performance is evaluated by a “rater” (the officer’s immediate supervisor), by an “additional rater” (the rater’s rater), and by an “indorser” (the additional rater’s rater). This hierarchy, however, is not east in stone. Commanders are given some latitude in structuring the reporting chains for their respective commands. Thus, while raters must be identified and assigned before the closeout date of a ratee’s report (indeed, every officer must know who his primary rater is), this requirement of pre-identification does not apply either to additional raters or to indorsers. In fact, the regulation allows indorsement chains to be established “by supplement to this regulation or by common usage in the unit.” AFR 36-10 1Í 2-23b. “This flexibility,” the regulation explains, “provides a further opportunity to achieve differentiation [among ratees] and recognizes that both level of indorsement and indorser grade have an impact on those who use the OER.” Id. at 112-23a. In short, the regulation vests commanders with discretion in determining the level of indorsement to be applied to a given OER.
The problem that we encounter here centers on the procedure that the Space Division put into place in order to identify those OERs that merited a higher level of indorsement, e.g., indorsement by, say, a chief commander as opposed to a vice commander. As demonstrated in the record before us, that procedure involved the rater’s preparation of a separate form, an OÉR Indorsement Request Form, that accompanied the OER and that presented a brief summary of an officer’s military record including the information complained about here: “Times Passed Over To Next Grade.” On the reverse side of this same form the rater was required to indicate a suggested level of indorsement (along with a proposed text for the indorser’s comments) and to provide a justification supporting the suggested indorsement and text. Upon completion, this form, together with its related OER, was then forwarded .to the base personnel office for review there to assure compliance with prescribed format and completeness of data entries.
In this case, plaintiffs rater, Colonel William E. Sawyer, Commander of the 6592 Air Base Group, prepared an OER for the twelve-month period ending April 17, 1987, that graded plaintiff “well above standard” (the highest possible scoring) in each of the listed performance factors. Additionally, on the accompanying OER indorsement request form, Colonel Sawyer suggested that the OER be indorsed by the chief commander of the Space Division — an office then held by a three-star general. In support of this recommended indorsement, Colonel Sawyer wrote: “Major Small is in the top 5 percent of all majors under my command. Outstanding commander, Headquarters Squadron Section and dual-hatted administrator. Promote now.” The OER and the requested indorsement form were then forwarded to the consolidated base personnel office. And it is here — with the actions taken by the base personnel office — that plaintiffs grievance begins.
The base personnel office reviewed the forms and then, by handwritten entry, made the following observations with respect to Colonel Sawyer’s suggested indorsement and the likelihood of its being sufficient to influence the promotion process:
Maj. Small is a long shot for 05 [promotion to lieutenant colonel] whether with AFSC/CC or SD/CC [whether indorsed by Air Force Systems Command, Chief Commander or Space Division, Chief Commander]
— IX passover probably for reasons listed in [attached] memo
— not on list of officers identified as still promotable after last board by HQ AFSC/APX [Headquarters, Air Force [152]*152Systems Command, Military Personnel Plans Branch] — therefore AFSC/CC ind [indorsement] would be doubtful
— no point in using precious SD/CC ind for someone whom it would not help ([staff] agencies are “entitled” to 6 [three-star] ind and have used 1 of them)
— ABG/CC [Colonel Sawyer] put little effort into justification or text of ind toward winning 3 [star] ind.
Following the notation of these comments, the form was then circulated among the command personnel of the Space Division to elicit their recommendation as to the appropriate level of indorsement. The routing stamp indicates unanimous agreement among these officers — the Space Division’s director of personnel management, the executive officer, the chief of staff for administration, the chief of staff and the vice commander — that Major Small’s OER receive a vice commander indorsement rather than a chief commander indorsement. Upon the completion of this routing, the requested indorsement form, together with its handwritten commentary, was then returned to the rater, Colonel Sawyer, for further action.
Although the record is not entirely clear on the point, it would appear that, upon receipt of the circulated indorsement form, Colonel Sawyer agreed with the recommended step-down in indorsement level by changing his recommended indorsement from “CC” to “CV” (from chief commander to vice commander), and by striking the text of his earlier indorsement justification noting, in lieu thereof, the following: “Major Small is a one time passover to Lt. Col. He did not have his SSS [Senior Service School] complete last yr. Has now done that. It would take a AFSC/CC to push him over the top and I am not willing to go that high. A SD/CC would be nice but a CV will be good.”
Upon the conclusion of the OER preparation administrative process, there was entered into plaintiffs record an OER that reflected the performance ratings initially made by Colonel Sawyer, the indorser comments as initially drafted by Colonel Sawyer (“Major Small has turned into a key problem solver. He will make a good lieutenant colonel. Promote this board”) and the signature of the agreed-upon indorser — the Space Division’s vice commander, Major General Donald J. Kutyna.
The problem plaintiff sees in this administrative scheme is its use of and reliance upon a prior promotion passover as the central factor in determining the recommended level of indorsement. Reliance on that factor, argues plaintiff, deprived him of his rater’s unencumbered judgment, reinforced the negative aspects of his service record and, most importantly, transgressed the restriction that AFR 36-10 places upon the use of prior promotion passovers in the OER evaluation process.
In substantiation of his position, plaintiff points, first of all, to section 1.7 of AFR 36-10. That section, titled “Guidelines for Evaluation,” cautions evaluators (meaning both raters and indorsers) that they “should not attempt to prejudge whether a ratee will or will not be selected by a future [promotion] board.” More particularly, the regulation states:
[Selection board eligibility status, such as previous nonselection, is not an entry on the selection brief provided to selection boards and should not form the basis for a decision to make a recommendation or to assign a particular potential rating.
To drive home its point, the regulation goes on to provide a list of items that should not play a part in the OER evaluation process or find their way into an evaluator’s comments in an OER. Promotability is on this list. The relevant section, section 3-14, titled “Inappropriate Items,” reads as follows:
Certain material is inappropriate and must not be considered in the evaluation process or included in comments in evaluation reports or indorsements to them. Do not consider or refer to:
f. An officer’s potential for promotion to general officer, if the officer is serving below the grade of colonel.
Plaintiff contends that the level of indorsement accorded an OER bespeaks an evaluation of that officer as much as do the ratings [153]*153given to the performance factors called out in the OER. And since it clearly is impermissible under the guidelines of AFR 36-10 to take account of an officer’s promotion passovers in determining the ratings to be assigned to those performance factors, so likewise is it impermissible to bring those passovers into play in deciding the level of indorsement to enter on the OER. The short of the matter, argues plaintiff, is that he was deprived of the opportunity to fairly compete for promotion by virtue of an in-dorsement that was unlawfully determined and that lacked the gravitas necessary to distinguish his record relative to his peers.
The Government responds to this attack by invoking essentially the same reason that was given by the Correction Board, namely, that the caution expressed in the regulation against permitting prior passovers to influence the rating process applies only to the OER in chief, and not to the supplementary process used to determine the OER’s level of indorsement. According to the Government, a rating and an indorsement are not the same thing. The rating process is concerned with documenting an officer’s performance in a particular assignment during a particular time period and assessing his promotion potential based on that performance; the in-dorsement process (referring to the process described herein) is an attempt to highlight those officers who are particularly deserving of recognition — i.e., to “achieve [the] differentiation” contemplated by AFR 36-10, H 2-23a.
These are not insubstantial arguments— each states its ease well. Indeed, what gives the arguments their strength is that each finds support in the language of the regulation. But therein also lies the difficulty: on the one hand, the regulation cautions against allowing promotion passovers to affect the objectivity of the performance rating while, on the other hand, it recognizes the desirability of identifying and rewarding superior officers through an enhanced indorsement. Accomplishment of this latter objective necessarily invites canvassing a service member’s entire military record (rather than just assessing performance during the rating period) in order to develop the data necessary to support the recommendation for a deserved higher level indorsement. Thus, promotion passovers are bound to come to light.
How is this conflict to be resolved? Unfortunately, the problem does not admit of a judicial solution. As the court pointed out in Murphy v. United States, 993 F.2d 871 (Fed. Cir.1993) the possibility of an error in a military service member’s record is not enough to vest the court with power to act. Judicial review, the court explained, “is only appropriate where the Secretary’s discretion is limited, and Congress has established ‘tests and standards’ against which the court can measure his conduct.” Id. at 873. That is what is missing here. There are no standards that we may look to to test the legality of the Air Force’s actions. Indeed, the regulation and the practice under it reflect policy judgments by the Air Force on matters of personnel management — an area which traditionally has been recognized to be “off-limits” to the courts. Orloff v. Willoughby, 345 U.S. 83, 93, 73 S.Ct. 534, 540, 97 L.Ed. 842 (1953) (“[J]udges are not given the task of running the Army.”). Therefore, in the absence of a statute prohibiting the Air Force from implementing the regulation in the manner described, the court is without authority to interject itself in this dispute.3 For lack of any law to apply, the court must abstain.
The Promotion Board Issue
Turning to the other issue in the case, the central contention is that the selection boards that were convened in 1986 and 1987 to consider candidates for promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel were illegally constituted because those boards conducted their business through separate panels rather than as single, consolidated bodies. This panel system, described below, is claimed to violate, in a number of respects, the requirements of the statutes prescribing the selection board procedures, 10 U.S.C. §§ 616, 617 (1994). A subordinate contention that plain[154]*154tiff also raises here is that the selection boards were in violation of a governing Department of Defense Directive, DOD 1320.9 (1981), in that they simultaneously considered for promotion officers in different competitive categories rather than just officers, like Major Small, who made up the so-called “line of the Air Force.”4
As background to our consideration of these issues, we begin with a brief description of the procedure that the Air Force follows in distributing officer selection records for evaluation for promotion. To start with, the officers who are designated to serve on the selection board (generally numbering about 40-45 officers) are broken down into subordinate panels for their independent scoring of records and their recommendation of officers for promotion.5
At the outset of a board, and prior to actual scoring of records, board members are formally briefed as to the scoring procedures and then participate in a practice scoring exercise. During this exercise, each board member reviews the same sample records and scores each record (using a scale of six through ten in half-point increments) and then the board members are informed of the overall results. Thereafter, the sample records are reviewed by the entire promotion board and scoring variations between individual board members are discussed with a view to establishing a board standard of scoring.
Following this training, the actual records of the “In-the-Promotion Zone” (IPZ) and the “Above-the-Promotion Zone” officers6 are distributed among the panels. The Air Force uses a reverse social security number method of distribution, meaning that the last four digits of each eligible officer’s social security number is read from right to left. Groups of twenty records are then sequentially assigned to each of the panels (ie records 1 through 20 are assigned to panel one, records 21-40 to panel two, etc.) until all records are distributed.
Panel members score each record separately. As soon as a panel has reviewed and scored a block of twenty records, the scores given to each record by each of the panel members are totaled and the total score given to each record is then aligned in its relative order of merit (numerical ranking) within the records scored by that panel.
Each panel receives a proportionate share of the entire board’s promotion quota based upon the number of records that panel scored. After a panel has completed scoring all of the records that were distributed to that panel and has aligned the records according to their relative order of merit, the panel’s proportionate share of the promotion quota is then applied to the scored records, starting from the top of the order of merit and moving down through the numerical rankings until the promotion quota is exhausted. As a rule, when a panel’s proportionate quota is applied to that panel’s relative order of merit, the numerical scoring level at which the promotion cut-off point occurs contains more records than can be accommodated within the panel’s promotion quota. Records in that score category are referred to as records in the “gray” zone. When gray zone records appeal’, the panel is required to rescore these records in order to eliminate the duplicative scores. For example, if a panel’s promotion quota is, say, 50 candidates, and 45 records fall into score categories above the gray zone and ten records are in the panel’s gray zone, the panel must rescore the 10 gray zone records in order to determine the five best.
Prior to the convening of each promotion board, the eligibility criteria, method of selection, promotion quota, and statistical data are submitted to and approved by either the [155]*155Secretary of the Air Force or the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Manpower and Reserve Affairs. At the conclusion of each promotion board, the board formally submits a written report to the Secretary of the Air Force apprising him/her of the results of the promotion board’s session.
Moving on now to plaintiffs arguments, the principal contention is that a selection board is statutorily obliged to conduct its business as a collective body and not through independent panels.7 The argument relies on the wording of 10 U.S.C. § 616(c) and 10 U.S.C. § 617(a), in particular, the underscored text. Section 616(c) provides:
(e) A selection board convened under section 611(a) of this title may not recommend an officer for promotion unless—
(1) the officer receives the recommendation of a majority of the members of the board; and
(2) a majority of the members of the board finds that the officer is fully qualified for promotion, [emphasis added].
The other statute, Section 617(a), reads as follows:
(a) Each selection board convened under section 611(a) of this title shall submit to the Secretary of the military department concerned a written report, signed by each member of the board, containing a list of the names of the officers it recommends for promotion and certifying (1) that the board has carefully considered the record of each officer whose name was furnished to it under section 615 of this title, and (2) that, in the opinion of a majority of the members of the board, the officers recommended for promotion by the board are best qualified for promotion to meet the needs of the armed force concerned ... among those officers whose names were furnished to the selection board, [emphasis added].
As plaintiff interprets it, the requirement called out in these statutes for actions by “a majority of the members of the board” (underscored in the above-quoted text) demands a selection process in which at least a majority of the members of the board have (i) considered the record of each officer vying for promotion, and (ii) found each officer being recommended for promotion to be fully qualified for promotion and among the best qualified for promotion. Unless at least a majority of the members of the selection board look at and agree on each record being recommended, plaintiff insists the statutory requirements are left unmet.
Plaintiff further contends that the procedure followed by the board of dividing the class of promotion-eligible candidates among various panels and then having each panel approve the promotion determinations of the other panels is not an acceptable means of satisfying the demands of a “majority” determination. Referring to this procedure as “promotion by proxy,” plaintiff says that it amounts to no more than empty ritual — each panel blindly adopting the results reported by other panels and passing off the combined results as majority action. The absence of informed judgment on the part of the selectors, argues plaintiff, deprived him of the individual consideration that the statutes mandate and precludes treating the board’s action as bona fide majority action.
Although we concede the appeal of plaintiffs argument, we do not agree with it. As they stand, the statutes neither condemn nor condone the use of panels. Nevertheless, plaintiff reads into them text an implied limitation on the manner in which the members of the selection board may be permitted to carry out their assigned responsibilities. According to plaintiff, the majority concurrences required under the statute — an officer may not be recommended for promotion unless he receives the recommendation of a “majority of the members of the board” and [156]*156“a majority of the members of the board” finds the officer fully qualified for promotion — contemplate deliberative participation on the part of the board majority in the conduct of the selection board’s business. In other words, actions taken in the name of the selection board must be the product of a knowing and conscientious consideration of an officer’s record by not less than a majority of the selection board’s members.
We do not think the word “majority” should be read as expansively as plaintiff insists. In its usual or ordinary sense, that term simply means “a number greater than half of a total.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1363 (1976). Thus, for example, a majority vote simply means a vote by more than half of those eligible to vote. Robert’s Rules of Order § 43, at 395 (Henry M. Robert III & William J. Evans eds., 1990). Nothing in these definitions supports the argument that a majority determination requires an assembled deliberative body or, for that matter, first-hand knowledge on the part of the deliberators of the act or proposition under consideration. To become the act or choice of the body, all that is required is a numerical showing that more than half of the members entitled to act on a matter have each registered their approval (or disapproval) of the proposition in question. There is therefore no reason why the business of coming to a “majority” consensus cannot be accomplished through collective approval of the findings and recommendations of a subgroup — i.e., a selection panel.
Even as we see no restriction in the wording of the statutes regarding the use of a panel system to achieve the required majority concurrences, so also is it worth noting that that system garnered no note of disapproval in a congressionally directed study of Air Force promotion practices and procedures that was undertaken by the Assistant Secretary of Defense in 1990.
This study, the details of which are set out in a Senate Armed Services Committee report, had, as one of its principal objectives, the review of officer promotion programs and promotion board procedures to ensure that existing regulations and procedures “are in compliance with statutory requirements.” Committee on Armed Services, Report on the Conduct of Proceedings for the Selection of Officers for Promotion in the U.S. Air Force, S.Rep. No. 102-482, at 6 (1992). Although the report identifies numerous shortcomings in the Air Force selection process, no mention is made of the use of the panel system in the selection of field grade officers. Given the absence of any adverse commentary, it is fair to assume that the panel system — and the procedures that that system engages — were not seen to be violative of the statutory responsibilities assigned to selection boards under 10 U.S.C. §§ 616(c) and 617(a).
The panel system of evaluating selection records was adopted by the Air Force as a means of reviewing all eligible records within a relatively short time in order to avoid the potential for inconsistent scoring that could result from board member fatigue brought on by an extended selection process. This concern, placed in the context of the preceding discussion, leads us to conclude that the Air Force’s decision to carry out the promotion selection process through use of the panel system represents a legitimate exercise of personnel management authority that is not inconsistent with law. In short, plaintiffs challenge to the panel system does not state an actionable claim.
The final point we consider is plaintiffs contention that he was considered for promotion by a selection board convened in violation of DOD 1320.9. Among other things, this directive specifies that “[sjeparate selection boards shall be convened for each competitive category and grade.” Plaintiff contends that he was evaluated for promotion along with officers from other competitive categories — ie., chaplains, judge advocates and medical specialists. This inter-category evaluation, he maintains, is a violation of DOD 1320.9.
The short answer to plaintiffs contention is that there is no evidence in the record to support his assertion. The point deserves no further attention.
Ill
Conclusion
Based on the reasons stated in this opinion on reconsideration, the court reaffirms its [157]*157prior conclusion granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment, denying plaintiffs cross-motion for summary judgment and directing the entry of judgment dismissing the complaint.