Scott, J.:
■The defendant appeals from a judgment dissolving a limited partnership, which was formed on February 5,1906, by a written agreement between plaintiffs, who became general partners, and the defendant, who became a special partner, contributing $80,000 to the capital of the firm. Upon this contribution defendant was to. receive .interest at the rate of six per cent and one-sixth of the profits. The copartnership was to commence on the 10th day of February, 1906, and to terminate on December 1, 1911. The articles are drawn at great length and with much-detail, but are qualified and governed by the last paragraph in which it is expressly agreed that thé statutes relating to limited partnerships shall be taken and deemed a part of the agreement, and that everything inconsistent with or not in accordance with said statutes shall be null and void and the provisions of such statutes shall govern. In considering the rights and obligations of the general partners and the special partner as between themselves we shall, therefore, find it necessary to consider only the provisions of the Partnership Law relating to limited partnerships, referring to the copartnership agreement only by way of illustration of the provisions of the statute. The title of the firm was Joseph Skolny & Co. That firm had in its employ two persons, one named David 3VI. Sinclair, who had charge of the office and accounts, and the other Lewis E. Bemington, who was a salesman covering a large territory. The evidence shows that the relation between these employees and the general partners of Skolny & Co. had become somewhat strained, and in December, 1908, these two employees determined to form a copartnership for the purpose of carrying on a similar business to that of Skolny & Co., to wit, the manufacture of juvenile clothing. A proposition was made to defendant to become a special partner in the copartnership to be formed by Bemington and Sinclair, and that he contribute to the capital thereof the sum of $25,000. Before finally accepting defendant advised the general partners of Skolny & Co. of the proposition which had been made to him, and of his disposition to [536]*536accept it unless the Skolnys would consent to an extension of their copartnership agreement.
This action on the part of defendant is severely criticized by plaintiffs, but, as we consider, without any reason. The defendant’s contribution to the capital of the Skolny firm was a mere matter of business investment, and the firm had prospered.and made large profits. Not unnaturally defendant -was .desirous of prolonging so profitable an investment; and failing that could not be censured ■ for looking for other opportunities to invest. The Skolnys declined to consent to an extension of ■ their copartnership ' arrangement stating that they were already prepared to pay back defendant’s contribution to the capital of the firm when the copartnership should expire by limitation. The learned justice at Special Term found as a matter of fact that the plaintiffs did not at any, time consent to or acquiesce in the defendant’s act in becoming a special partner in the firm of L. E. Remington & Co.,, composed of Remington and Sinclair. A contrary finding would' probably have been justified by the' proof, because the evidence indicates that plaintiffs’ opposition to defendant’s declared purpose to join the new firm was of the slightest. The case does not, however, in our opinion, turn on the question whether or not plaintiffs did in fact consent or object. For the purposes of this appeal we may assume that they did not consent. The real question resolves itself to this: Whether a special partner in a limited partnership commits ■ a breach of his copartnership obligation by becoming contemporaneously a special partner in another limited partnership conducting a similar or competing business. In a certain sense subsidiary to this question is a second, whether such a breach of obligation, if it be a breach, justifies a judgment dissolving the first partnership at the suit of the general partners. “ A dissolution is the most far-reaching and radical remedy between partners, and a court of equity will not force partners into a dissolution, if justice can be done without resorting to this extreme. step.” (Berolzheimer v. Strauss, 19 J. & S. 96; citing Collyer Part. 339, § 345; Lindley Part. 752, 753.) Speaking generally, a dissolution will hot be decreed except for gross misconduct, .lack of good faith or some cause which is productive of serious and permanent injury to the partnership concerned or renders it impracticable to carry on the [537]*537business. The plaintiffs, recognizing this general rule, seek to justify and uphold the judgment therein by frequent reiteration that the relation between the parties to this action is a partnership and is so declared by statute, that the utmost good faith towards each other is a sine qua non, of the relation. between partners and that engaging in a competing business without the affirmative consent of the other copartners is a breach of good faith! Similarity of terminology does not always establish identity in meaning or in the rules of law affecting the subjects similarly named. Whether a given act is one of good faith or bad faith depends upon the duty which rests upon the actor, and whether any particular act upon the part- of one member of a copartnership is indicative of good faith towards his copartners must be determined by the nature and extent of the obligations which the one partner has assumed towards the others, That it would be an act of bad faith on the part of one general partner to engage without the consent of or against the objections of his copartner in a competing business is undoubtedly true, and the question now to be considered is whether the same rule is to be applied to a special partner. Limited partnerships in this State are solely creatures of statute. They were unknown to the common law and were not known in England until an act authorizing their foi’mation was passed in 1907. ■ The history of this form of copartnership is traced by the late Surrogate Bbadeobd in Ames v. Downing (1 Bradf. 321) and furnishes most interesting and instructive reading. It will serve our present purpose, however, to confine ourselves to the statute which authorizes and regulates such partnerships in this State. The first act was passed in 1822 (Laws of 1822, chap. 244); it was amended from time to time and finally cast in' its present form in 1897 (Chap. 420), being now found in chapter 39 of the Consolidated Laws of 1909. The general purpose of the statute was thus expressed by the Court of Appeals in Fifth Ave. Bank v. Colgate (120 N. Y. 381): “ The policy of this law was to bring into trade and commerce funds of those not inclined to engage in that business, who were disposed to furnish capital upon such limited liability, with a view to the share of profits which might, be expected to result to them from its use.” Stated in general terms the purpose of the act is to enable a person possessing capital to invest in business and to reap a share of the profits [538]*538of the business, without becoming liable generally for the debts of the firm, or risking in the venture more than the capital .contributed, provided he does not hold himself out as a general partner, or participate actively in the conduct of the business.
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Scott, J.:
■The defendant appeals from a judgment dissolving a limited partnership, which was formed on February 5,1906, by a written agreement between plaintiffs, who became general partners, and the defendant, who became a special partner, contributing $80,000 to the capital of the firm. Upon this contribution defendant was to. receive .interest at the rate of six per cent and one-sixth of the profits. The copartnership was to commence on the 10th day of February, 1906, and to terminate on December 1, 1911. The articles are drawn at great length and with much-detail, but are qualified and governed by the last paragraph in which it is expressly agreed that thé statutes relating to limited partnerships shall be taken and deemed a part of the agreement, and that everything inconsistent with or not in accordance with said statutes shall be null and void and the provisions of such statutes shall govern. In considering the rights and obligations of the general partners and the special partner as between themselves we shall, therefore, find it necessary to consider only the provisions of the Partnership Law relating to limited partnerships, referring to the copartnership agreement only by way of illustration of the provisions of the statute. The title of the firm was Joseph Skolny & Co. That firm had in its employ two persons, one named David 3VI. Sinclair, who had charge of the office and accounts, and the other Lewis E. Bemington, who was a salesman covering a large territory. The evidence shows that the relation between these employees and the general partners of Skolny & Co. had become somewhat strained, and in December, 1908, these two employees determined to form a copartnership for the purpose of carrying on a similar business to that of Skolny & Co., to wit, the manufacture of juvenile clothing. A proposition was made to defendant to become a special partner in the copartnership to be formed by Bemington and Sinclair, and that he contribute to the capital thereof the sum of $25,000. Before finally accepting defendant advised the general partners of Skolny & Co. of the proposition which had been made to him, and of his disposition to [536]*536accept it unless the Skolnys would consent to an extension of their copartnership agreement.
This action on the part of defendant is severely criticized by plaintiffs, but, as we consider, without any reason. The defendant’s contribution to the capital of the Skolny firm was a mere matter of business investment, and the firm had prospered.and made large profits. Not unnaturally defendant -was .desirous of prolonging so profitable an investment; and failing that could not be censured ■ for looking for other opportunities to invest. The Skolnys declined to consent to an extension of ■ their copartnership ' arrangement stating that they were already prepared to pay back defendant’s contribution to the capital of the firm when the copartnership should expire by limitation. The learned justice at Special Term found as a matter of fact that the plaintiffs did not at any, time consent to or acquiesce in the defendant’s act in becoming a special partner in the firm of L. E. Remington & Co.,, composed of Remington and Sinclair. A contrary finding would' probably have been justified by the' proof, because the evidence indicates that plaintiffs’ opposition to defendant’s declared purpose to join the new firm was of the slightest. The case does not, however, in our opinion, turn on the question whether or not plaintiffs did in fact consent or object. For the purposes of this appeal we may assume that they did not consent. The real question resolves itself to this: Whether a special partner in a limited partnership commits ■ a breach of his copartnership obligation by becoming contemporaneously a special partner in another limited partnership conducting a similar or competing business. In a certain sense subsidiary to this question is a second, whether such a breach of obligation, if it be a breach, justifies a judgment dissolving the first partnership at the suit of the general partners. “ A dissolution is the most far-reaching and radical remedy between partners, and a court of equity will not force partners into a dissolution, if justice can be done without resorting to this extreme. step.” (Berolzheimer v. Strauss, 19 J. & S. 96; citing Collyer Part. 339, § 345; Lindley Part. 752, 753.) Speaking generally, a dissolution will hot be decreed except for gross misconduct, .lack of good faith or some cause which is productive of serious and permanent injury to the partnership concerned or renders it impracticable to carry on the [537]*537business. The plaintiffs, recognizing this general rule, seek to justify and uphold the judgment therein by frequent reiteration that the relation between the parties to this action is a partnership and is so declared by statute, that the utmost good faith towards each other is a sine qua non, of the relation. between partners and that engaging in a competing business without the affirmative consent of the other copartners is a breach of good faith! Similarity of terminology does not always establish identity in meaning or in the rules of law affecting the subjects similarly named. Whether a given act is one of good faith or bad faith depends upon the duty which rests upon the actor, and whether any particular act upon the part- of one member of a copartnership is indicative of good faith towards his copartners must be determined by the nature and extent of the obligations which the one partner has assumed towards the others, That it would be an act of bad faith on the part of one general partner to engage without the consent of or against the objections of his copartner in a competing business is undoubtedly true, and the question now to be considered is whether the same rule is to be applied to a special partner. Limited partnerships in this State are solely creatures of statute. They were unknown to the common law and were not known in England until an act authorizing their foi’mation was passed in 1907. ■ The history of this form of copartnership is traced by the late Surrogate Bbadeobd in Ames v. Downing (1 Bradf. 321) and furnishes most interesting and instructive reading. It will serve our present purpose, however, to confine ourselves to the statute which authorizes and regulates such partnerships in this State. The first act was passed in 1822 (Laws of 1822, chap. 244); it was amended from time to time and finally cast in' its present form in 1897 (Chap. 420), being now found in chapter 39 of the Consolidated Laws of 1909. The general purpose of the statute was thus expressed by the Court of Appeals in Fifth Ave. Bank v. Colgate (120 N. Y. 381): “ The policy of this law was to bring into trade and commerce funds of those not inclined to engage in that business, who were disposed to furnish capital upon such limited liability, with a view to the share of profits which might, be expected to result to them from its use.” Stated in general terms the purpose of the act is to enable a person possessing capital to invest in business and to reap a share of the profits [538]*538of the business, without becoming liable generally for the debts of the firm, or risking in the venture more than the capital .contributed, provided he does not hold himself out as a general partner, or participate actively in the conduct of the business. The two .most prominent, and indeed the distinguishing characteristics of a general partnership are that each partner is liable for all the debts of the firm, and that each partner is the agent of the firm and competent to bind it in all transactions within the scope of the partnership business, hi either of these characteristics is applicable to a special partner; He is not liable for any of the debts of the firm, except to the extent of his contribution of capital, and has none of the attributes of an agent and cannot bind the copartnership in any way. It is apparent, therefore, that in these particulars at least a limited partnership differs radically from a general partnernership; that the duties and obligations of a special partner are different from those of a general partner, and that different rules of conduct apply to them. The only question is as to the extent of those differences. There is little to be found in the books as to the relations and obligations-of general and special partners as between themselves. Many cases may be cited as to the relations between ■ special partners' and firm creditors, and as to what will and what will not charge a special partner with the obligations of a general partner. These, however, throw little light upon the question now before us, and the expressions to be found in those cases;to the effect that a special partnership is nothing more than a general partnership- with certain limitations and the like,, are to be read and understood with respect to the particular question under consideration, to wit, the relation of special partners to firm creditors; The provisions of the Partnership Law which regulate limited partnerships also deal chiefly with the limitations placed upon a special partner with reference to the firm business and creditors. The most striking feature of the relation of a special partner to the copartnership is its detached and impersonal character which accentuates sharply its dissimilarity from the relations of a general partner. The spe-' cial partner must make his contribution to the firm’s capital in cash, and the amount of his- contribution must be stated in the certificate of partnership.' (§ 30 et seq.) His narhe may not be used as a part of the firm name, and if it is used, with his privity, he becomes [539]*539liable as a general partner. (§ 35.) These provisions are evidently inserted so that the firm may not trade upon the credit to be gained from the personality of the special partner, but only upon that to be gained from his actual cash contribution. By section 36 the general partners are made jointly and severally liable, but the special partner is freed from liability beyond his actual contribution. Section 37, which provides generally what a special partner may or may not do, reads as follows : ‘£ Except as provided in this section, the general partners only may transact the business of the partnership, and they shall be liable to account to each other and to the special' partners, for their management of the business, as other partners are by law. Except as provided in this section, a special partner may not sign for the partnership nor bind the same, nor transact any business on account of the partnership, nor be employed for that purpose, as agent, attorney or otherwise. A special partner may, from time to time, examine into the state and progress of the partnership business, and advise as to its management; may loan money to, and advance and pay money for the partnership; may take and hold the notes, drafts, acceptances and bonds of or belonging to the partnership, as security for the repayment of such money and interest, and may use and lend his name and credit as security for the partnership, in any business thereof, and has the same rights and remedies in these respects as other creditors might have ; may lease to the general partners any real or other property for the purposes of the partnership, at such rents and ón such terms as may be agreed on ; and may negotiate sales, purchases and other business for the partnership, but no business so negotiated is, binding on the partnership until approved by a general partner. If a special partner interfere contrary to these provisions, he shall be deemed and be liable as a general partner. If such partnership become insolvent or bankrupt, a special partner shall not, except for claims contracted in pursuance of this section, be allowed to claim as creditor, until the claims of all the other creditors of the partnership are satisfied.” It will be seen that the sole part that a special partner may take in the conduct of the business, which any stranger could not take, is to examine from time to time into the state and progress of the business and advise as to its management. The extent of the inquiry that he may make, if opposed by the general [540]*540partners, is not specified and need not now be considered. As to advice the statute merely allows him to tender it, and imposes no obligation upon him to offer or upon the general partners to- accept it. In all other réspects the section puts him in the position of a stranger to the firm; he may not sign for the partnership nor bind it, nor transact any business on its account, nor be employed for that purpose as agent, attorney or otherwise. In short he may not, in his right as.a partner, or even by direct authority of his copartners, become the agent of the firm for any purpose. He may negotiate sales, purchases and other business, but cannot carry such negotiations to the point of binding the firm, which can be done only by. a general partner possessing the power of general agency for the firm. Thus every attribute which is peculiar to a general partner as such is denied to a special partner. This is strikingly exemplified in the effect of the death of a special partner upon the continuance of the firm. ' So far as general partners are concerned the death of one terminates the partnership, unless special provision to the contrary is made in the articles. It was held in Ames v. Downing (supra) that the same result followed upon the death of a special partner and in 1857 the Legislature expressly so.provided (Ohap. 414). But in the following year a contrary rule was established (Laws of 1858, chap. 289) and has prevailed, ever since.
' The judgment appealed from must be reversed and a new' trial ordered, with costs to defendant to abide event.
Ingraham, P. J., and McLaughlin, J., concurred; Laughlin and Dowling, JJ., dissented.
Judgment reversed, new trial ordered, costs to appellant to abide event.
See 1 R. S. 765, § 13, as amd. by Laws of 1895, chap. 145; Gen. Laws, chap. 51 (Laws of 1897, chap. 430), § 41; Consol. Laws, chap. 39 (Laws of 1909, chap. 44), § 41:— [Rep.