IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_________________________
No. 95-30440 (Summary Calendar) _________________________
DEBORAH A. SIMS, Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
BROWN & ROOT INDUSTRIAL SERVICES INC., Defendant-Appellee,
and
FRANK BROSSETTE,
Defendant.
____________________________________________________
Appeal from United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana (94-CV-708) __________________________________________________
January 23, 1996 Before JONES, JOLLY and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Deborah Sims was sexually harassed by the project superintendent at her job with Brown and
Root Industrial Services (“Brown & Root”). When she reported the harassment according to the
policy in place at Brown & Root, the claim was immediately investigated, the project superintendent
was fired, and Sims’s pay was reimbursed. Nevertheless, she brought suit against Brown & Root,
alleging that she should not have had to prove a failure to take prompt remedial action, and that
* Pursuant to Local Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in Local Rule 47.5.4. Brown & Root had constructive knowledge that the project superintendent involved pervasively
sexually harassed women. The district court granted summary judgment for Brown & Root, and
Sims appeals that decision. We AFFIRM.
FACTS and BACKGROUND
Sims claims that project superintendent Frank Brossett made unwelcome sexual advances
even before she was hired. Within a short time after her hiring, she was made aware of the policy at
Brown & Root that provided a “hot line” to Human Resources for complaints of sexual harassment.
Although Brossett’s continued behavior was inappropriate and unwelcome -- he propositioned her,
called her mother and asked personal questions, and “banged” on her apartment door at odd hours
of the night -- she did not complain until he docked her pay by $2.00 per hour for refusing to have
intimate relations with him. When she complained shortly thereafter, her complaint was immediately
investigated, Brossett was dismissed, and Sims’s back pay was fully reimbursed. Sims brought a
sexual harassment claim under federal and state law against Brown & Root, state tort law claims
against Brossett, and filed a third party demand against State Farm, Brown & Root’s insurer. All of
the claims were dismissed on summary judgment. Sims appeals only the dismissal of Brown & Root.
She claims that she should not have been required to show that Brown & Root failed to take prompt
remedial action. She also contends that the district court erred in finding that Brown & Root did not
have constructive knowledge that Brossett sexually harassed women.
DISCUSSION
A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo under the same standard as that applied
by the district court. Ellert v. University of Texas, at Dallas, 52 F.3d 543, 545 (5th Cir. 1995).
Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp.
2 v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265, 273 (1986). Where critical
evidence is so weak or tenuous on an essential fact that it could not support a judgment in favor of
the nonmovant, then summary judgment should be granted. Armstrong v. City of Dallas, 997 F.2d
62, 67 (5th Cir. 1993). With these principles in mind, we now turn first to the legal issue concerning
sexual harassment law, and then to the mixed law-and-fact issue dealing with constructive knowledge.
Sims argues that she should not be required to show that Brown & Root failed to take prompt
remedial action once they received actual or constructive notice of the sexual harassment. She
argues that, regardless of the fact that Brown & Root took prompt remedial action, they should be
held liable for Brossett’s wrongful behavior on the grounds that he was a supervisor, rather than a
co-worker and he controlled Sims’ terms and conditions of employment. As pointed out by the
district court in its memorandum opinion, the necessary implication of her argument is that Brown
& Root should be held strictly liable for the wrongful behavior of its employee Brossett.
In Nash v. Electrospace System, Inc., 9 F. 3d 401, 404 (5th Cir. 1993), this court explicitly
rejected strict liability for employers in sexually hostile work environment claims brought under Title
VII, st ating that “[a]n employer is liable only if it knew or should have known of the employee’s
offensive conduct and did not take steps to repudiate that conduct and eliminate the hostile
environment.” The same denial of strict liability holds true in a quid pro quo sexual harassment claim
because the elements of both claims are nearly identical.
The distinctions between claims of a sexually hostile environment and quid pro quo sexual
harassment are outlined by this court in Jones v. Flagship International, 793 F.2d 714, 719-22 (5th
Cir. 1986), cert.denied 479 U.S. 1065, 107 S. Ct. 952, 93 L.Ed. 2d 1001 (1987). The only difference
between the two claims is that in a quid pro quo situation, the harassment complained of must affect
tangible aspects of the employee’s compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment.
Jones, 793 F.2d at 722. In a sexually hostile environment, the harassment complained of must be
sufficiently pervasive so as to alter the conditions of employment and create an abusive working
environment. Jones, 793 F.2d at 719-20. Otherwise the elements of both claims are the same: 1)
The employee belongs to a protected group, 2) The employee was subject to unwelcome sexual harassment, 3) The harassment complained of was based upon sex, 4) The employer knew or should
have known of the harassment in question (respondeat superior) and failed to take prompt remedial
action. Jones, 793 F.2d at 719-22. Thus, while Nash addressed only a sexually hostile environment
claim, Jones indicates that the plaintiff is required in both situations to prove a failure to take remedial
action, and thus the Nash holding rejecting strict liability is equally applicable to a quid pro quo claim.
Moreover, common sense, as discussed both in the memorandum opinion and the amicus curie
brief, dictate that strict liability should not apply to a sexual harassment claim and a plaintiff should
be required to prove that the employer failed to take prompt remedial action. If the employer were
to be held strictly liable even after having taken prompt remedial action, then he would have no
incentive to take such remedial action, and no incentive to create effective policies in order to prevent
such abuses. Holding a company liable after it has taken prompt remedial action would “produce
truly perverse incentives benefitting no one, least of all actual or potential victims of sexual
harassment.” Carmon v.
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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_________________________
No. 95-30440 (Summary Calendar) _________________________
DEBORAH A. SIMS, Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
BROWN & ROOT INDUSTRIAL SERVICES INC., Defendant-Appellee,
and
FRANK BROSSETTE,
Defendant.
____________________________________________________
Appeal from United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana (94-CV-708) __________________________________________________
January 23, 1996 Before JONES, JOLLY and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Deborah Sims was sexually harassed by the project superintendent at her job with Brown and
Root Industrial Services (“Brown & Root”). When she reported the harassment according to the
policy in place at Brown & Root, the claim was immediately investigated, the project superintendent
was fired, and Sims’s pay was reimbursed. Nevertheless, she brought suit against Brown & Root,
alleging that she should not have had to prove a failure to take prompt remedial action, and that
* Pursuant to Local Rule 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in Local Rule 47.5.4. Brown & Root had constructive knowledge that the project superintendent involved pervasively
sexually harassed women. The district court granted summary judgment for Brown & Root, and
Sims appeals that decision. We AFFIRM.
FACTS and BACKGROUND
Sims claims that project superintendent Frank Brossett made unwelcome sexual advances
even before she was hired. Within a short time after her hiring, she was made aware of the policy at
Brown & Root that provided a “hot line” to Human Resources for complaints of sexual harassment.
Although Brossett’s continued behavior was inappropriate and unwelcome -- he propositioned her,
called her mother and asked personal questions, and “banged” on her apartment door at odd hours
of the night -- she did not complain until he docked her pay by $2.00 per hour for refusing to have
intimate relations with him. When she complained shortly thereafter, her complaint was immediately
investigated, Brossett was dismissed, and Sims’s back pay was fully reimbursed. Sims brought a
sexual harassment claim under federal and state law against Brown & Root, state tort law claims
against Brossett, and filed a third party demand against State Farm, Brown & Root’s insurer. All of
the claims were dismissed on summary judgment. Sims appeals only the dismissal of Brown & Root.
She claims that she should not have been required to show that Brown & Root failed to take prompt
remedial action. She also contends that the district court erred in finding that Brown & Root did not
have constructive knowledge that Brossett sexually harassed women.
DISCUSSION
A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo under the same standard as that applied
by the district court. Ellert v. University of Texas, at Dallas, 52 F.3d 543, 545 (5th Cir. 1995).
Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp.
2 v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265, 273 (1986). Where critical
evidence is so weak or tenuous on an essential fact that it could not support a judgment in favor of
the nonmovant, then summary judgment should be granted. Armstrong v. City of Dallas, 997 F.2d
62, 67 (5th Cir. 1993). With these principles in mind, we now turn first to the legal issue concerning
sexual harassment law, and then to the mixed law-and-fact issue dealing with constructive knowledge.
Sims argues that she should not be required to show that Brown & Root failed to take prompt
remedial action once they received actual or constructive notice of the sexual harassment. She
argues that, regardless of the fact that Brown & Root took prompt remedial action, they should be
held liable for Brossett’s wrongful behavior on the grounds that he was a supervisor, rather than a
co-worker and he controlled Sims’ terms and conditions of employment. As pointed out by the
district court in its memorandum opinion, the necessary implication of her argument is that Brown
& Root should be held strictly liable for the wrongful behavior of its employee Brossett.
In Nash v. Electrospace System, Inc., 9 F. 3d 401, 404 (5th Cir. 1993), this court explicitly
rejected strict liability for employers in sexually hostile work environment claims brought under Title
VII, st ating that “[a]n employer is liable only if it knew or should have known of the employee’s
offensive conduct and did not take steps to repudiate that conduct and eliminate the hostile
environment.” The same denial of strict liability holds true in a quid pro quo sexual harassment claim
because the elements of both claims are nearly identical.
The distinctions between claims of a sexually hostile environment and quid pro quo sexual
harassment are outlined by this court in Jones v. Flagship International, 793 F.2d 714, 719-22 (5th
Cir. 1986), cert.denied 479 U.S. 1065, 107 S. Ct. 952, 93 L.Ed. 2d 1001 (1987). The only difference
between the two claims is that in a quid pro quo situation, the harassment complained of must affect
tangible aspects of the employee’s compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment.
Jones, 793 F.2d at 722. In a sexually hostile environment, the harassment complained of must be
sufficiently pervasive so as to alter the conditions of employment and create an abusive working
environment. Jones, 793 F.2d at 719-20. Otherwise the elements of both claims are the same: 1)
The employee belongs to a protected group, 2) The employee was subject to unwelcome sexual harassment, 3) The harassment complained of was based upon sex, 4) The employer knew or should
have known of the harassment in question (respondeat superior) and failed to take prompt remedial
action. Jones, 793 F.2d at 719-22. Thus, while Nash addressed only a sexually hostile environment
claim, Jones indicates that the plaintiff is required in both situations to prove a failure to take remedial
action, and thus the Nash holding rejecting strict liability is equally applicable to a quid pro quo claim.
Moreover, common sense, as discussed both in the memorandum opinion and the amicus curie
brief, dictate that strict liability should not apply to a sexual harassment claim and a plaintiff should
be required to prove that the employer failed to take prompt remedial action. If the employer were
to be held strictly liable even after having taken prompt remedial action, then he would have no
incentive to take such remedial action, and no incentive to create effective policies in order to prevent
such abuses. Holding a company liable after it has taken prompt remedial action would “produce
truly perverse incentives benefitting no one, least of all actual or potential victims of sexual
harassment.” Carmon v. Lubrizol, 17 F.3d 791, 795-96 (5th Cir., 1994). Because Sims could not
show that Brown & Root failed to take prompt remedial action, the district court made no error in
holding that Sims’s claims against Brown & Root failed.
Sims also claimed that Brossett’s prior acts tend to prove that Brown & Root knew or should
have known of Brossett’s behavior at a much earlier date and failed to take prompt remedial action
at that point. In Waltman v. International Paper Co, 875 F.2d 468, 478 (5th Cir. 1989), a case
similarly dealing with a supervisor’s sexual harassment of an employee, this court found that the
plaintiff had shown actual knowledge on the part of an employer sufficient to withstand summary
judgment review because she proved that she had complained to higher management. Moreover, this
court also found that she had adduced sufficient summary judgment evidence to raise a fact issue with
regard to constructive knowledge: constructive knowledge was inferred where there was sexual
graffitti directed at the plaintiff in numerous locations at her place of employment.
In the case at bar, despite her awareness of the policy prohibiting sexual harassment at Brown
& Root, Sims did not pursue the procedure outlined by that policy until Brossett docked her pay,
4 consequently, there was no actual knowledge on the part of Brown & Root of any harassment prior
to that time. With regard to constructive knowledge, Sims presented the depositions of other
employees who had said that they either were themselves propositioned by Brossett or knew of others
who had been. Upon reviewing this summary judgment evidence, the district court found that the
only supervisors who had heard “rumors” of Brossett’s conduct were low-level foremen, and there
was a notable absence of evidence that a higher level supervisor or immediate supervisor had
knowledge of Brossett’s alleged conduct. A thorough review of the record shows no clear error in
this finding of fact. On this basis, the court found “as a matter of law” that Brown & Root had not
had constructive knowledge that Brossett sexually harassed female employees, and then concluded
that Sims failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact whether Brown & Root had knowledge of
Brossett’s prior conduct and failed to take prompt remedial action at that point. We agree, and
therefore AFFIRM the granting of summary judgment to appellee Brown & Root.