Shearer v. Commonwealth

388 S.E.2d 828, 9 Va. App. 394, 6 Va. Law Rep. 1259, 1990 Va. App. LEXIS 19

• Court: Court of Appeals of Virginia
• Decided: February 6, 1990
• Docket: Record No. 0022-88-3
• Status: Published

Opinions

Opinion

COLEMAN, J.

Fred Alexander Shearer appeals his convictions of breaking and entering, two counts of grand larceny and three counts of petit larceny. Shearer contends (1) that the Commonwealth violated his statutory right to a speedy trial by not bringing him to trial within five months of his preliminary hearing; and (2) the trial court erred by admitting into evidence a set of keys which was illegally seized from his apartment. We conclude the trial court did not err and affirm the convictions.

Shearer was convicted of all charges by a jury on December 27, 1987. The charges arose from the late night burglary of the Lynchburg Airport on February 18, 1986. He was arrested in late February 1986 shortly after the burglary. Counsel was appointed to represent Shearer. A preliminary hearing was held on May 6, 1986, at which time the district court found probable cause to certify the charges against Shearer to a grand jury. The grand jury returned true bills against Shearer on May 12, 1986. Shearer was arraigned on July 14, 1986, and trial was set for September 24, 1986. Between the probable cause determination on May 6, 1986, and the trial of September 24, 1986, four months and eighteen days elapsed.

Before trial on September 24, defense counsel moved Judge William W. Sweeney to be allowed to withdraw on the grounds that Shearer had been uncooperative and had continuously requested that she file frivolous motions. Counsel stated that the attorney-client relationship was so unsatisfactory that she felt she could not continue to render effective legal assistance. Counsel told the trial judge that, in her opinion, Shearer was not being candid with the court when he responded, “No, I don’t, personally, no,” to the court’s inquiry about whether he had any problems with the attorney. Counsel reported to the court that she received “countless . . . collect phone calls and more letters than I can read . . . ordering me to do things I think are both frivolous and harmful to his case [in Campbell County].” In direct response to the judge’s inquiry whether she thought “under the circumstances” she had been “able to properly prepare his case,” she responded,

No, sir, I have not, because—I have not. It’s not possible for me to say gracefully all of his complaints about what has—has happened and what he wants done in order to get to what I personally consider is important, Judge.

I have spent five or six weekends and many evenings interviewing witnesses just because I could not get to them in the daytime, answering his calls and was trying to answer his letters.

Shearer acknowledged at the hearing that he had experienced some problems with counsel, but stated that he was satisfied with her representation and wished to proceed to trial. While references were made by Shearer and his counsel to Shearer’s dissatisfaction in her handling of the Lynchburg appeals, the hearing and counsel’s assessment concerning the attorney-client relationship and her inability to communicate with her client pertained to the Campbell County prosecution. The trial court, after hearing Shearer and his counsel, granted counsel’s motion to withdraw and continued the case in order to appoint another attorney to represent Shearer. New counsel was appointed and trial dates were set on two separate occasions, both of which were continued upon motion of or with the concurrence of Shearer’s trial counsel. Shearer contends, and his attorney confirms, that he did not personally consent to the two continuances. A third trial date was set for December 23, 1986, but Shearer escaped from custody on November 24, 1986, and was not recaptured by the trial date.

After Shearer was recaptured he was brought to trial on October 14, 1987. He moved the trial court to dismiss the charges because he was not tried within five months of the probable cause determination as required by Code § 19.2-243. Shearer contends that most of the delay between September 24, 1986, and his trial on October 14, 1987, was caused by his counsel being improperly allowed to withdraw and by two continuances requested or concurred in by his new counsel without his consent. He contends that none of the delay, except that while he was at large, was attributable to him and his escape occurred after he had been deprived of a speedy trial. He asserts that, as a consequence, the Commonwealth failed to try him within five months as required by Code § 19.2-243.

At trial, two employees of Chautauqua Airlines testified that they had secured the Lynchburg airport terminal building on February 18, 1986, prior to leaving around 1:00 a.m. An employee of Airport Limousine testified that when he arrived at the terminal around 5:00 a.m., he found the office doors of National Car Rental and Airport Limousine had been “jimmied.” He discovered a metal box lying on the floor. Representatives of businesses located in the terminal discovered a safe missing from Hertz Rent-A-Car, a set of car keys missing from Avis Rent-A-Car, and an unspecified amount of money stolen from the businesses.

Four days later, on February 22, 1986, Officer E. M. Williams answered an alarm call at the Southport Mall in Lynchburg. Williams found a gray Mercedes parked in the mall parking lot. When Williams approached the closed mall, he observed an intruder inside. He gave chase, but the intruder escaped. A check with the Division of Motor Vehicles determined that the Mercedes in the mall parking lot was registered to Fred Alexander Shearer and his wife. Officer W. D. Torbert testified that the Mercedes was seized as part of the criminal investigation and when he conducted an inventory search of the vehicle he found a safe in the trunk, which was identified as the safe stolen from the Hertz Rent-A-Car office during the airport terminal burglary. A warrant was obtained to search Shearer’s apartment for items related to the break-in at the Southport Mall. The warrant specified that the search was for clothing matching that which Officer E. M. Williams had seen the intruder wearing. While searching through a dresser in Shearer’s apartment, Officer Viar discovered in one drawer a metal cash box which matched the description of one which had been described at a police roll call as stolen during the airport burglary. Officer Viar opened the metal box and found a set of keys inside which were identified as those stolen from the Avis Rent-A-Car office in the airport burglary. Officer Viar stated that when he arrested Shearer, Shearer stated that he had purchased the metal box to resell but that he knew it had been stolen. He did not identify the alleged seller. At trial, Shearer did not testify. The jury convicted Shearer on all six charges related to the airport burglary.

I. Speedy Trial

Code § 19.2-243 provides that an incarcerated accused held continuously in custody shall be brought to trial within five months after a general district court finds probable cause to believe that the defendant has committed a crime. The Commonwealth has legislatively defined the duty to provide an accused a speedy trial, “and an accused may stand mute without waiving his rights so long as his actions do not constitute a concurrency in or necessitate a delay of the trial.” Moten v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 438, 441, 374 S.E.2d 704, 706 (1988). Thus, when a defendant has shown that he or she has not been brought to trial within the statutory period, the Commonwealth has the burden to satisfactorily explain the delay or the prosecution will be dismissed. Godfrey v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 460, 463, 317 S.E.2d 781, 782 (1984). Any delay in the trial, however, which is attributable to the defendant will not be counted in determining whether the Commonwealth complied with the statutory speedy trial mandate. O’Dell v. Commonwealth, 234 Va. 672, 681, 364 S.E.2d 491, 496, cert. denied, 488 U.S. 871 (1988).

Code § 19.2-243 enumerates reasons for a delay which will be attributable to the defendant. The “enumerated exceptions are not all-inclusive; others of a similar nature may be implied .... The exceptions, both express and implied, often look to the defendant’s actions which tend to delay the trial.” Cantwell v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 606, 610, 347 S.E.2d 523, 525 (1986) (citations omitted). One of the statutorily specified exceptions is delay caused by a continuance requested or concurred in by the defendant. Code § 19.2-243(4). Therefore, to the extent that the defendant requested or concurred in any delay, Corey v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 281, 284-85, 381 S.E.2d 19, 20-21 (1989), that time will be excluded in determining whether the trial took place within the mandated time period. If the defendant caused the delay through his action, that time will not be considered in computing compliance with the speedy trial statute. Moten, 7 Va. App. at 442, 374 S.E.2d at 706.

We find that the Commonwealth met its burden of proving that the delay in bringing Shearer to trial between September 24, 1986, and October 14, 1987, was attributable to the defendant. The statutory speedy trial requirements began to run on May 6, 1986, when the general district court found probable cause to certify the charges. Shearer, who remained incarcerated, was scheduled for trial on September 24, 1986, which would have complied with the five month requirement of Code § 19.2-243. The delay after that date was that caused by the need to replace defense counsel and by the two continuances requested or agreed to by defense counsel without the defendant’s consent. Shearer does not contend that the time for which he was a fugitive should be considered.

Shearer argues that the delay caused by the trial court’s action in approving counsel’s motion to withdraw should not be attributed to him because he did not necessitate the withdrawal of counsel nor did he assent to it. In fact, he emphasizes that he objected to the withdrawal and demanded a speedy trial. Shearer argues that the trial court was not confronted with a situation which required the replacement of trial counsel, and therefore, the continuance caused by the trial court’s action must be attributed to the Commonwealth. He argues that the trial court should not be permitted to prejudice his right to a speedy trial simply to accommodate counsel.

A continuance can be granted over a defendant’s express objection and still be attributable to him if the delay has been necessitated by circumstances caused or brought about by the defendant. For instance, in O’Dell, a continuance, which was granted over the defendant’s demand for a speedy trial, was held attributable to the defendant because he had filed complex pretrial motions which caused delay in order for the trial court to consider and decide them. 234 Va. at 688, 364 S.E.2d at 496; see also Stephens v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 224, 233-34, 301 S.E.2d 22, 27-28-(1983). Also, where a continuance is granted over the defendant’s objection in order to conduct a second psychological evaluation which is necessitated because the defendant refused to cooperate with the doctor at the initial evaluation, the delay will be attributed to the defendant. See Moten, 7 Va. App. at 444, 374 S.E.2d at 708.

Here, the trial court granted a motion by defense counsel to withdraw based on her statements that Shearer had been so uncooperative that she felt she could not render effective legal assistance to him. Shearer acknowledged that he had some problems with counsel’s representation. In this situation, the trial court was confronted with the need to ensure an indigent defendant effective legal representation while at the same time also attempting to ensure the accused his statutory and constitutional rights to a speedy trial. A trial court’s determination whether to allow counsel to withdraw depends upon the circumstances of each case and lies within the court’s sound discretion. Payne v. Commonwealth, 233 Va. 460, 473, 357 S.E.2d 500, 508, cert. denied, 484 U.S. 933 (1987); Snurkowski v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 532, 535, 348 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1986). One of the circumstances which confronted the court in this case was that withdrawal would necessitate a continuance beyond the five month requirement for trial. “The filing of motions by a defendant will not in every case justify a delay beyond the time required by Code § 19.2-243 to bring him to trial.” Cantwell, 2 Va. App. at 613, 347 S.E.2d at 526. The trial court specifically found that defense counsel’s request to withdraw was necessitated by Shearer’s uncooperative attitude. Shearer acknowledged that a problem existed. Of primary concern to the trial court was counsel’s assessment that she could not proceed to trial and render effective legal assistance. Under these circumstances, even though a trial court may require a recalcitrant defendant to continue with counsel, the court did not abuse its discretion in permitting counsel leave to withdraw and appointing a replacement counsel, even though it necessarily meant there would be a continuance. Once trial counsel had been permitted to withdraw, the trial court had no reasonable alternative other than to continue the case until other counsel could be appointed who could confer with Shearer and prepare his defense. Accordingly, we hold that because the continuance was necessary to enable replacement counsel for the defendant to prepare the defense, the continuance was attributable to the defense.

Shearer concedes that his newly appointed counsel requested or concurred in two subsequent continuances.¹ Shearer’s contention regarding those continuances is that he was not informed and did not consent to either continuance, and therefore, they should not be attributed to him. Defense counsel may, however, request or concur in a continuance without the consent or presence of a defendant and a defendant will be bound by counsel’s assent to the delay. Butts v. Commonwealth, 145 Va. 800, 809, 133 S.E. 764, 767 (1926). Code § 19.2-243(4) makes clear that continuances requested or concurred in by a defendant are excepted from the time for computing compliance with bringing an accused to trial. Therefore, the delay caused by the two continuances is attributable to Shearer.

Finally, any delay caused in the trial after Shearer’s escape from custody on November 24, 1986, is attributed to him under Code § 19.2-243(4). Thus, we find the Commonwealth has satisfactorily shown that the delay in bringing Shearer to trial beyond the statutorily prescribed time is attributed to his actions and, therefore, he cannot take advantage of the delay by now claiming that his statutory right to a speedy trial was denied.

II. Search

Shearer also contends that the trial court erred in overruling his objection to the introduction of the set of keys found in a search of his apartment by the police. He argues that the keys, belonging to Avis Rent-A-Car, were discovered while the police were conducting a search beyond the scope of the warrant. The warrant was issued to search for clothes matching those which Shearer was suspected of having worn during an unrelated burglary. During the search of a chest of drawers in Shearer’s bedroom, a metal cash box was found. When the box was opened, the police found keys taken during a burglary other than that being investigated. Shearer contends that the opening of the metal box was not authorized by the warrant because it was not a container which reasonably might contain the items specified in the warrant. Shearer argues that the officer who discovered the keys admitted that when he opened the box he did not expect to find clothes. Thus, since the officers exceeded the scope of the search authorized by the warrant, Shearer argues that the keys should have been suppressed. He also argues that their admission was highly prejudicial to his case. We disagree that the keys were illegally seized.

In determining whether the keys were lawfully seized, we must first decide whether the metal cash box was legally seized. The box could not be seized pursuant to the search warrant because it was not an item specified in the warrant.

Our inquiry, however, does not end there. We must consider whether the seizure of the box and search of it can be validated on other grounds. The Commonwealth argues that the evidence was legally seized under the “plain view” exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement, which provides generally that a law enforcement officer can seize evidence of crime or contraband when it is discovered inadvertently in a place where the officer has a right to be. Stokes v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 207, 209, 355 S.E.2d 611, 612 (1987). The “plain view” exception “authorizes seizure of illegal or evidentiary items visible to a police officer whose access to the object has some prior Fourth Amendment justification and who has probable cause to suspect that the item is connected with criminal activity.” Cantrell v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 269, 282, 373 S.E.2d 328, 334 (1988) (quoting Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 771 (1983)). In order for the “plain view” exception to be applicable, the police must establish: (1) that they were in a lawful position to view and seize the item; (2) the discovery of the evidence in plain view was inadvertent; and (3) the police had probable cause to believe that the evidence seized was seizable—i.e., contraband, the fruits or tools of a crime, or other evidence of a crime. Id. at 283, 373 S.E.2d at 335; see Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443 (1971); see also Delong v. Commonwealth, 234 Va. 357, 362 S.E.2d 669 (1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 929 (1988). We find that the metal cash box was lawfully seized under the “plain view” exception.

The metal box was discovered in a place where the police had a lawful right to be under the authority of the warrant. See Cantrell, 7 Va. App. at 284, 373 S.E.2d at 335; see also Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 325-26 (1987). The warrant authorized the police to search for certain items of clothing thought to be in Shearer’s possession; the dresser drawer located in Shearer’s bedroom was, clearly, a place where such items might be found. The discovery of the box was inadvertent. There is no evidence that the police “knew” in advance the location of the evidence and intended to seize it. Stokes, 4 Va. App. at 211, 355 S.E.2d at 613 (quoting Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. at 470). Finally, based on a description of a similar metal cash box given to them at a police roll call, the police had probable cause to believe the metal box was stolen property. See Cantrell, 7 Va. App. at 283, 373 S.E.2d at 335; see also Delong, 234 Va. at 365, 362 S.E.2d at 673. Therefore, we find that the metal cash box, containing the set of Avis Rent-A-Car keys, was properly seized under the plain view exception to the Fourth Amendment.

After the metal box was seized, the police opened the box and found the set of keys from the Avis Rent-A-Car office. We need not pause to inquire whether the opening of the box was, itself, a discreet act which required additional fourth amendment authority beyond that found in the plain view exception to the warrant requirement. Shearer lacked standing to challenge the search of the stolen metal box. In order for a defendant to object on fourth amendment grounds to a search and seizure, he or she has the burden of showing that his or her own fourth amendment rights were violated. Williams v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 53, 70, 354 S.E.2d 79, 88 (1987); McCoy v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 309, 311, 343 S.E.2d 383, 384 (1986). Fourth Amendment protections can only be claimed by one who “has ‘a legitimate expectation of privacy’ in the property searched or seized.” Wells v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 541, 549, 371 S.E.2d 19, 23 (1988). See generally Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 353 (1967). A defendant cannot assert a legitimate expectation of privacy in stolen property. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 143 n.12 (1979); United States v. Dickerson, 655 F.2d 559 (4th Cir. 1981); United States v. Hargrove, 647 F.2d 411 (4th Cir. 1981); see also Buza v. State, 529 N.E.2d 334 (Ind. 1988); State v. Luleff, 729 S.W.2d 530 (Mo. Ct. App. 1987).

Since the police were lawfully in a place where they had a right to be, discovered the box inadvertently, and had probable cause to believe that the metal box was stolen property, the box was lawfully seized under the plain view exception. Shearer lacked standing to complain about it being opened and searched by the police. Thus, the trial court did not err in admitting into evidence the set of stolen keys from the Avis Rent-A-Car office.

Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s decision.

Affirmed. 2

Duff, J., concurred.

1 Shearer does not challenge the sufficiency of the trial court orders or trial record to show why his case was continuted or that his counsel concurred in the continuances between September 24, 1986, and December 23, 1986.

2 Other issues raised by Shearer in this appeal have no precedential or public value, and therefore, are considered and decided in an unpublished memorandum opinion filed with the clerk of this court, from whom it is available upon request.