Shah Bros., Inc. v. United States

9 F. Supp. 3d 1402, 2014 CIT 109, 36 I.T.R.D. (BNA) 940, 2014 Ct. Intl. Trade LEXIS 110, 2014 WL 4654474

• Court: United States Court of International Trade
• Decided: September 18, 2014
• Docket: Slip Op. 14-109; Court 10-00205
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

POGUE, Senior Judge:

Plaintiff Shah Bros., Inc. (“Shah Bros.”) — an importer of a smokeless tobacco product from India called “gutkha”— seeks an award of its attorney’s fees, expenses, and costs in connection with this action, pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d) (2012) (“EAJA”). 1 As explained below, because Shah Bros, was the prevailing party;, because the agency determination upon which this action is based was not substantially justified; and because no special circumstances exist in this case that would make an EAJA fees and costs award unjust, Shah Bros, is entitled to an award of the fees and costs reasonably incurred in this action. Accordingly, Plaintiffs motion is granted.

BACKGROUND

At issue in this litigation was the tariff classification of Shah Bros.’, gutkha, entered in May 2009 and classified by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“Customs”) as “snuff’ under Subheading 2403.99.2040 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTSUS”). 2 In protesting this classification, Shah Bros, argued that the merchandise instead should have been classified as, “chewing tobacco” under HTSUS Subheading 2403.99.2030. 3

Prior to this action, in April 2009, Shah Bros, had brought an earlier suit challenging Customs’ classification of previously-entered gutkha as “snuff’ rather than “chewing tobacco.” See Shah Bros., Inc. v. United States, 751 F.Supp.2d 1303 (C.I.T.2010) (“Shah Bros. I”); Pl.’s Br. at 3 (noting that “[t]he underlying facts of this case are the same as those in [Shah Bros. I ]”). On November 27, 2009, the Government moved for entry of judgment in favor of Shah Bros, in that earlier case, agreeing to reclassify Shah Bros.’ entries of gutkha at the tariff and tax rates applicable to “chewing tobacco,” rather than “snuff,” and to refund to Shah Bros, any excess duties and taxes paid, along with lawful interest. 4

Meanwhile, after commencing its prior challenge (April 2009) but before the Government confessed judgment in that case (November 2009), Shah Bros, imported an additional entry of gutkha, which was also classified by Customs as snuff (May 2009). See Am. Compl. at ¶ 57. Shah Bros, filed a protest of the classification of this later entry, which Customs denied on June 22", 2010. Id. at ¶¶ 2-3. Shah Bros, then commenced this action to challenge the denial of the protest. See id. at ¶ 5; Summons, ECF No. 1, at 2. Despite confessing judgment as to the proper classification of Shah Bros.’ prior, entries in November 2009, the Government did not similarly confess judgment in this case until October 28, 2013, nearly four years later. See Def.’s Mot. for Entry of Confession of J. in PL’s Favor, ECF No. 81 (“Def.’s Mot. to Confess J.”).

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Under the EAJA, a party prevailing in a civil action brought by or against the United States is entitled to an award of the attorneys’ fees and other expenses incurred by that party in such action, “unless the court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d).

The “position of the United States,” as contemplated by 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d), “means, in addition to the position taken by the United States in the civil action, the action or failure to act by the agency upon which the civil action is based.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(D). 5 “The Government’s ‘position’ includes both the underlying agency action that gave rise to the civil litigation and the arguments made during the litigation itself.” DGR Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 690 F.3d 1335, 1340 (Fed.Cir.2012) (citations omitted).

To be “substantially justified,” the Government’s position must have “a reasonable basis in law and fact” and be “justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person.” Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565, 108 S.Ct. 2541, 101 L.Ed.2d 490 (1988). “[A] position can be justified even though it is not correct, and ... it can be substantially (i.e., for the most part) justified if a reasonable person could think it correct.” Id. at 566 n. 2, 108 S.Ct. 2541. Thus, “to determine whether the overall position of the United States is substantially justified, trial courts are instructed to look at the entirety of the government’s conduct and [determine] whether the government’s overall position had a reasonable basis in both law and fact.” Chiu v. United States, 948 F.2d 711, 715 (Fed.Cir.1991) (footnotes omitted). “[I]n assessing the justification of the government’s position, courts consider the clarity of the governing law, that is, whether judicial decisions on the issue left the status of the law unsettled, and whether the legal issue was novel or difficult.” Norris v. SEC, 695 F.3d 1261, 1265 (Fed.Cir.2012) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

The Government bears the burden of proving that its position was substantially justified. Libas, Ltd. v. United States, 314 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed.Cir.2003). To meet this burden, the Government must “show that it was clearly reasonable in asserting its position, including its position at the agency level, in view of the law and the facts.” Gavette v. Office of Pers. Mgmt., 808 F.2d 1456, 1467 (Fed.Cir.1986) (emphasis in original, citations omitted).

As for “special circumstances [that would] make an award [of fees and costs to the prevailing party] unjust,” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d), such “[s]pecial circumstances have been recognized where the government unsuccessfully advanced novel and credible legal theories in good faith.” Am. Air Parcel Forwarding Co. v. United States, 12 CIT 850, 853, 697 F.Supp. 505, 507 (1988). Such circumstances do not exist, however, where the Government advances legal theories that were previously rejected by the courts. See Fakhri v. United States, 31 CIT 1287, 1294, 507 F.Supp.2d 1305, 1314 (2007) (“That the Government chose to relitigate an issue after [the courts] ruled against its position is not a special circumstance within the meaning of EAJA.”) (footnote omitted).

DISCUSSION

I. Entitlement to an EAJA Fee Award

The Government argues that Shah Bros, should not be awarded its fees and costs in this case because the Government’s position was substantially justified or, in the alternative, because special circumstances make such an award unjust. 6 Each argument is addressed in turn.

A. The Government Has Not Shown that its Position Was Substantially Justified.

First, the Government argues that its position was substantially justified because gutkha is particularly difficult to classify, there was no clear law on the subject, and because Shah Bros, had described its merchandise as “ground” (a word that appears in the statutory definition of “snuff’ 7 ) when protesting the classification of the entries at issue in Shah Bros. I. 8 But while this may have been true with regard to the entries at issue in Shah Bros. I, by the time Shah Bros, protested the classification of the entry at issue here, Customs already had the benefit of and experience from the litigation in Shah Bros. I.

In Shah Bros. I, the Government conceded that Shah Bros.’ gutkha should have been properly classified as chewing tobacco, not snuff. See Shah Bros. I, - CIT at -, 751 F.Supp.2d at 1305. Despite this concession, however, Customs denied Shah Bros.’ subsequent request to reclassify the entry now at issue in the same manner’ as Customs had agreed to classify the entries at issue in Shah Bros. I, 9 notwithstanding the fact that the entry was of apparently materially-identical merchandise to that at issue in Shah Bros. I, 10 imported by the same importer shortly after commencement of that action. Because Customs denied its protest and reclassification request, Shah Bros, incurred expense to bring this legal action, which the Government ultimately conceded in Shah Bros.’ favor, agreeing that, as in Shah Bros. I, the entry of Shah Bros.’ gutkha that is now in question should also have been properly classified as chewing tobacco rather than snuff. See Def.’s Mot. to Confess J.

Given these circumstances, Customs has not established justification for its decision, reached months after its concession in Shah Bros. I, to deny Shah Bros.’ request to reclassify its materially-identical merchandise in the same way, and for the same reasons, as the Government had agreed to classify the merchandise at issue in Shah Bros. I. The Government makes no argument in this regard, 11 and, as no justification is otherwise apparent, the circumstances of this case indicate that, although Customs may have been substantially justified in classifying Shah Bros.’ merchandise as snuff prior to the litigation underlying Shah Bros. /, the Government has not met its burden to show that its subsequent denial of Shah Bros.’ protest to reclassify materially identical merchandise was substantially justified.

Because Customs’ unjustified decision to deny Shah Bros.’ protest directly caused Shah Bros, to incur the expense of bringing this litigation, an award of fees and costs in this case furthers the remedial purpose of the EAJA, as well as its intent “to deter the unreasonable exercise of Government authority.” See Ardestani v. Immigration & Naturalization Srv., 502 U.S. 129, 138, 112 S.Ct. 515, 116 L.Ed.2d 496 (1991).

B. No Special Circumstances Make an Award Unjust.

The Government also argues, in the alternative, that special circumstances exist in this case that would make the award unjust because Customs was only trying to do its job, working in a difficult area of the law, in the absence of guiding case law, and attempting in good faith to coordinate with the Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (“TTB”), which is “the agency responsible for enforcing the relevant Internal Revenue Statute for tobacco products domestically.” 12 But again, though this all may have been true with regard to the classification of merchandise at issue in Shah Bros. I, by the time Shah Bros, protested the classification of the merchandise at issue here, the Government had already agreed that such merchandise should indeed be reclassified as chewing tobacco. Thus the Government’s fairness argument fails for the same reasons as its argument that its position was substantially justified — namely that, with the benefit of and experience from the litigation in Shah Bros. I, the Government could no longer claim good-faith confusion with regard to a difficult question when it denied Shah Bros.’ request to reclassify an additional entry of the same merchandise that the Government had already agreed to reclassify in Shah Bros. I.

C. Conclusion

Accordingly, because Shah Bros, is the prevailing party in this civil action brought against the United States; 13 because the United States has not shown that the agency action “upon which [this] civil action is based” 14 — i.e., the denial of Shah Bros.’ classification protest after confession of judgment in Shah Bros. I — was substantially justified; and because the Government has not shown that special circumstances exist in this case that would make a fee award unjust, Shah Bros, is entitled to an award of reasonable and appropriate fees and expenses incurred in this litigation, except insofar as there is “any portion of [this] litigation in which [Shah Bros.] has unreasonably protracted the proceedings.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(D). The next question before the court, therefore, is what constitutes a reasonable and appropriate award in this case.

II. Appropriate Magnitude of EAJA Fee Award

During a telephone conference with the parties held on June 18, 2014, the court suggested that the parties engage in settlement discussions regarding the amount of a reasonable and appropriate EAJA fee award in this case, and report back to the court on July 17, 2014. See ECF Nos. 97, 99. When the parties failed to reach a negotiated agreement by July 17, 2014, the court ordered the parties to file their final arguments regarding the appropriate number of hours and attorneys to be compensated by an EAJA fee award, as well as the appropriate rate of compensation. See ECF No. 100. The parties filed their respective statements, covered by a Protective Order, see ECF No. 101, on August 8, 2014. 15

The parties’ main point of contention regards the hourly rates to be used to calculate the fee award. Plaintiff claims&emdash; and the Government objects to&emdash;a “special factor” exception to the general statutory cap on the hourly rate at which EAJA fee awards are to be calculated. 16 Specifically, the statute provides that “attorney fees shall not be awarded in excess of $125 per hour unless the court determines that an increase in the cost of living or a special factor, such as the limited, availability of qualified attorneys for the proceedings involved, justifies a higher fee.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(l)(D)(2)(A)(ii) (emphasis added). A “special factor” enhancement based on the “limited availability of qualified attorneys” is appropriate where the attorneys involved have “some distinctive knowledge or specialized skill [necessary] for the litigation in question&emdash;as opposed to an extraordinary level of the general lawyerly knowledge and ability useful in all litigation,” and such necessary qualifications can only be obtained at rates in excess of the statutory cap. Pierce, 487 U.S. at 572, 108 S.Ct. 2541 (construing 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(l)(D)(2)(A)(ii)).

This Court has previously held that, “[although cases involving customs law are not automatically worthy of elevated attorneys’ fees,” a special factor fee enhancement may be appropriate where specialized skills in customs law are both necessary and limited. Libas, Ltd. v. United States, 27 CIT 1193, 1197, 283 F.Supp.2d 1327, 1332 (2003); see also Jazz Photo Corp. v. United States, 32 CIT 1293, 1297, 597 F.Supp.2d 1364, 1369 (2008) (“The court considers customs law to be a specialized practice area, distinct from general and administrative law, for purposes of EAJA.”) (citation omitted). 17 Moreover, here, as held above, an EAJA fee award is warranted because this litigation resulted from the Government’s unjustified denial of Shah Bros.’ protest to reclassify an additional entry of merchandise that is materially identical to the entries that the Government had already agreed to reclassify seven months earlier, in Shah Bros. I. As the Government emphasizes, Shah Bros. I presented “particularly difficult” Customs classification issues, 18 which Shah Bros.’ counsel successfully helped to resolve in Shah Bros.’ favor. And while the material identity of the merchandise and circumstances surrounding the additional entry at issue here arguably should have made this a simple and straightforward case for the Government, it is precisely this continuity with Shah Bros. I that necessitated the specialized expertise of Plaintiffs counsel to challenge the denial of Shah Bros.’ protest on the same grounds as Shah Bros I. 19

Thus here there was an extremely “limited availability of qualified attorneys for the proceedings involved” because the qualified attorneys were those customs attorneys familiar with the legal theories and proceedings in, and the facts underlying, Shah Bros. I. Accordingly, on the particular facts of this case, “the limited availability of qualified attorneys for the proceedings involved” is a special factor that “justifies a higher fee” than $125 per hour. 20

For its counsel’s specialized work, Shah Bros, seeks attorneys’ fees ranging from $375 per hour to $595 per hour. 21 In support of the reasonableness of these rates, Shah Bros, submits affidavits from partners at three firms whose practice is “exclusively in the area of customs and international trade matters.” 22 Each partner independently attests that there are approximately 200 Customs law practitioners in the U.S., and that the hourly rates customarily charged for experienced attorneys who specialize in these areas of law are generally “not less than $300 per hour and range up to more than $700 per hour.” 23 Each affiant also declares that associates are billed depending on their level of experience&emdash;ranging from $225 to $525 per hour at one firm, $225 to $360 at the second firm, and $300 to $550 at the third firm&emdash;with two of the three partners emphasizing that attorneys with ten or more years of experience are usually billed at the higher end of that range. 24 With regard to more experienced, partner-level attorneys, the affiants declare that senior partners at their firm charge “as high as $900”, “as high as $645”, and “[sometimes] higher than $700” per hour for Customs-related matters. 25

Although the Government opposes Shah Bros.’ claim to an award at the $375 to $595 per hour rates billed by its attorneys, the Government has submitted no evidence to contradict these experienced practitioners in the specialized field of Customs law. Thus, these affidavits corroborate Shah Bros.’ claim that attorneys’ fees ranging from $375 to $595 per hour are within the range of rates customarily charged for legal work in this field. But fitting within a customary range does not necessarily mean that the claimed rates, which fall at the higher end of that customary range, are reasonable in this particular case. As the evidence here establishes that the customary rates charged for legal work in this field normally range from $300 to $700 per hour, with rates for associates with less than ten years of experience billed as low as $225, 26 and as there is no evidence to situate the relative complexity of this case as compared to the type of legal work at either the high or the low end of that range, a cap at $450 per hour for the more experienced attorneys, and $300 per hour for attorneys with less than ten years of experience, appears both sufficient and reasonable on the evidence presented here. 27

In addition, the EAJA compensation to which Shah Bros, is entitled in this case does not cover all of its incurred litigating expenses in this action. As the court opined in granting the Government’s motion for confession of judgment, the live controversy at issue here was solely the liquidation of an entry of Shah Bros.’ merchandise at the tariff and tax rates applicable to snuff, rather than chewing tobacco. From Customs’ denial of Shah Bros.’ classification protest until the Government’s ultimate agreement to reliquidate in this case, Shah Bros, incurred litigating expenses to achieve the same treatment of this entry as would have resulted from the Government’s grant of Shah Bros.’ protest on the same basis as the Government’s decision to reclassify materially-identical entries in response to the challenge in Shah Bros. I. From this it follows that an award of those litigating expenses that are directly related to or caused by the Government’s apparently unjustified delay in agreeing to reclassify this additional entry after it had agreed to do so with regard to the five prior materially-identical entries in Shah Bros. I would serve the EAJA’s remedial and deterrent purposes, by compensating Shah Bros, for the litigation expenses unnecessarily incurred to correct an unjustified agency decision and thereby deterring the Government from unreasonably exercising its authority. But it also follows that an award relating to litigating expenses that were not directly caused by the Government’s delay in agreeing to reli-quidate this entry would not serve these purposes. 28 Accordingly, the fee award may not cover hours that were not reasonably and unambiguously related to effecting the reclassification of the entry in question in accordance with the outcome in Shah Bros. I. 29

In this regard, the Government correctly identified the entries in Plaintiffs itemized attorneys’ bill that are not com-pensable by an EAJA fee award in this case because they were related to an unsuccessful separate claim; involved work not reasonably related to the case; involved unreasonably vague time entries; involved clerical work billed at attorney rates; reflected overstaffing or duplicative work; involved work on unfiled motions; and involved unnecessary work protracting the litigation. 30 Each of these suggested amendments to the itemized fee bill is reasonable, for the individualized reasons the Government provides. 31 The fee award in this case shall accordingly be calculated in accordance with the Government’s amendments to Shah Bros.’ itemized fee bill, as detailed in ECF Nos. 96-2 and 96-3, with the exception of entries relating to time spent traveling to and from depositions. 32

CONCLUSION

Upon careful review of all filings and proceedings had in this action, the court concludes that an award of Plaintiffs reasonable legal fees, incurred as a direct result of the Government’s unjustified ac tion that lead to this litigation, is appropriate pursuant to the EAJA. Because the litigation required special expertise of limited availability, awarding compensation for fees billed at hourly rates exceeding the normal statutory cap of $125 per hour is justified, and the evidence suggests that rates up to $300 for attorneys with less than ten years of experience, and up to $450 per hour for more experienced attorneys, are reasonable in this case. Accordingly, Plaintiff shall be awarded its attorneys’ fees, for the hours and at the rates specified in this opinion — i.e., the hours and rates detailed in ECF No. 93-2, as amended by the Government’s edits, ECF Nos. 96-2 and 96-3, with the exception for the government’s challenges to entries referring to deposition travel time. The parties. shall calculate the resulting amount certain and submit a joint statement stating such amount by October 2, 2014. In addition, Shah Bros, is entitled to an award of its costs and expenses, in the amount of $10,586.79, 33 which was not contested. 34

It is SO ORDERED.

1 . PL's Mem. in Supp. of its Appl. for Att’y Fees & Expenses Under the Equal Access to Justice Act, ECF No. 93-1 (“PL’s Br.”).

2 . See Am. Compl., ECF No. 19, at ¶ 2, 57.

3 . See id. at ¶¶ 2, 92(a). Classification as "chewing tobacco” rather than "snuff” does not alter the applicable tariff rate but does lower the applicable excise tax. See HTSUS 2403.99.20; 26 U.S.C. § 5701(e)(l)-(2). The gutkha imported by Shah Bros, "is a grayish/beige substance consisting of dry rough chunks of betel nut pieces and bits of tobacco leaf, coated with a powdered blend of the spices.” Am. Compl. at ¶ 36. "Snuff” is defined as "any finely cut, ground, or powdered tobacco that is not intended to be smoked,” 26 U.S.C. § 5702(m)(2), whereas “chewing tobacco” is “any leaf tobacco that is not intended to be smoked.” Id. at § 5702(m)(3). According to Shah Bros., its gutkha “is not finely cut, ground or powdered,” and when “the gutkha is rinsed in a fine mesh strainer, the spice coating is washed off, and the remaining components, i.e., crushed betel nut and tobacco leaf, are plainly visible and identifiable as such.” Am. Compl. at ¶ 36.

4 .Def.’s Mot. for Entry of Confession of J. in PL's Favor, Ct. No. 09-00180, ECF No. 34; Order, Jan. 27, 2010, Ct. No. 09-00180, ECF No. 40 (granting the Government’s motion for entry of judgment in Plaintiff's favor). See also Shah Bros. I, - CIT at -, 751 F.Supp.2d at 1305, 1308.

5 . Except that “fees and expenses may not be awarded to a party for any portion of the litigation in which the party has unreasonably protracted the proceedings." Id.

6 . Def.'s Mem. in Opp'n to PL's Appl. for Att'ys Fees & Expenses Under the [EAJA], ECF No. 96 (“Def.’s Opp’n”).

7 . See 26 U.S.C. § 5702(m)(2) (defining "snuff” as "any finely cut, ground, or powdered tobacco that is not intended to be smoked”) (emphasis added).

8 . See Def.’s Opp’n at 9-11 (referring to Shah Bros.’ August 2008 Memorandum in' Support of Protest and Application for Further Review); cf. Am. Compl., Ct. No. 09-00180, ECF No. 43, at ¶ 40 (the amended complaint in the case underlying Shah Bros. I, stating that, on August 12, 2008, Shah Bros, filed a Protest and Application for Further Review of the classification of entries at issue in that case).

9 . While it is true that, due to “the unique and continually shifting facts of merchandise classifications, ‘a determination of fact or law with respect to one importation is not res judicata as to another importation of the same merchandise by the same parties,’ ” Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. United States, 21 CIT 1083, 1093, 981 F.Supp. 654, 664 (1997) (footnote omitted) (quoting Schott Optical Glass, Inc. v. United States, 750 F.2d 62, 64 (Fed.Cir.1984) (relying oh United States v. Stone & Downer Co., 274 U.S. 225, 47 S.Ct. 616, 71 L.Ed. 1013 (1927))), the rationale behind this jurisprudence does not apply where, as here, Customs seemingly arbitrarily treats identical merchandise, imported by the same importer and during substantially the same time period, without any intervening change in law or fact, differently. See, e.g., Heartland By-Products, Inc. v. United States, 26 CIT 268, 277, 223 F.Supp.2d 1317, 1328 (2002) (discussing the "significant subsequent narrowing of the [Stone & Downer ] principle by statute and caselaw,” and noting that the rationale behind the Stone & Downer decision and its progeny was a narrow concern "that a [classification] decision would create binding law between one [importer] and Customs that would be applied to another [importer], without giving the second [importer] a chance to litigate any distinguishing elements”); Gulfstream Aerospace, 21 CIT at 1094, 981 F.Supp. at 665 (distinguishing Stone & Downer and holding that the outcome of prior litigation regarding a challenge to Customs' specific procedure for classifying the type of merchandise at issue in that case was preclusive against Customs in a later litigation challenging Customs’ use of the same procedure to classify subsequent entries of the same merchandise).

10 . Compare Am. Compl. at ¶ 36 (describing the merchandise at issue here), with, Am. Compl., Ct. No. 09-00180, at ¶ 27 (describing the merchandise at issue in Shah Bros. I).

11 . See Def.'s Opp'n at 9-11 (arguing that the Government’s position was substantially justified because "there was a genuine dispute between the parties as to whether the gutkha fit the definition of snuff found in 26 U.S.C. § 5702(m)(2)” but offering no explanation or justification for Customs’ decision to deny Shah Bros.' reclassification request after conceding this dispute in Shah Bros.’ favor in the litigation underlying Shah Bros. I).

12 . Def.'s Opp'n at 10; see id. at 12 (arguing that an award of EAJA fees here "would be unfair to the Government,” which was working with "a particularly puzzling product for classification purposes,” while "operating in an unsettled legal environment ..., with few clear standards by way of judicial precedent, or otherwise,” and "coordinating with TTB on the application of the relevant tax statuses which they jointly enforce”).

13 . See Shah Bros., Inc. v. United States, 953 F.Supp.2d 1328, 1332 (2013) (“Shah Bros. III") (granting the Government’s motion to confess judgment in favor of Shah Bros, and explaining that “the Government has agreed to provide all the relief that is legally available to Shah Bros. — by reliquidating the merchandise in question at the tariff and tax rates claimed in the amended complaint”); Judgment & Order, ECF No. 91 (entering judgment for Shah Bros, and ordering Customs to reclassify the subject merchandise as requested by Shah Bros.). Cf. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983) (‘‘[P]laintiffs may be considered 'prevailing parties' for attorney’s fees purposes if they succeed on any significant issue in litigation which achieves some of the benefit the parties sought in bringing suit.”) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

14 . 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(D) (defining “position of the United States” within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)).

15 . Pl.’s Statement of Remaining Issues for Pl.’s Appl. for Att’ys Fees & Expenses Under EAJA, ECF No. 103 ("Pl.’s Stmt.”); Def.’s Resp. to the Ct.’s Request for a Concise Statement Regarding Number of Hours, Billing Att'ys & Rate Appropriate for Pl.’s [EAJA] Fee Claim, ECF No. 102 ("Def.'s Stmt.”). The Government moves to strike a portion of Shah Bros.’ filing that reveals certain statements made during settlement negotiations. [Gov’t's] Mot. to Strike, ECF No. 104 (relying on Fed.R.Evid. 408(a)(2) (statements made during settlement negotiations may not be used to prove a claim)). As the parties were unable to reach agreement, the court has decided this matter on the basis of the evidence presented, without relying on any confidential statements made while attempting settlement. The Government's motion is therefore denied as moot. In addition, Shah Bros, correctly points out that the Government may not raise new arguments at this stage, beyond the scope of its original opposition to Plaintiff's fee application, see Pl.’s Stmt, at 3 n. 2; Def.’s Stmt, at 2-4, and the court accordingly has not considered these new arguments. Cf., e.g., Stauffer v. Brooks Bros. Grp., Inc., 758 F.3d 1314, 1322 (Fed.Cir.2014) (declining to consider new arguments raised for the first lime in a reply brief) (citing DSND Subsea AS v. Oceanografia, S.A. de CV, 569 F.Supp.2d 339, 347 (S.D.N.Y.2008)).

16 . Pl.’s Br. at 19-22; Def.’s Opp'n at 13-15.

17 . Here, as in Jazz Photo, "the credentials and expertise of plaintiff’s attorneys in customs law” are not in dispute. See Jazz Photo, 32 CIT at 1297, 597 F.Supp.2d at 1369; Def.'s Opp’n, ECF No. 96, at 13-16 (arguing that specialized customs knowledge was not necessary to this litigation, without challenging the expertise of plaintiff's attorneys).

18 . Def.’s Opp’n at 10.

19 . Cf. Diamond Sawblades Mfrs. Coalition v. United States, - CIT -, 816 F.Supp.2d 1342, 1361 (2012) (explaining that, in that case, the plaintiff had "succeeded in the judicial process that resulted in administrative reversal on remand of the original [agency] determination, ... [but] Commerce subsequently refused to issue an antidumping duty order and begin the collection of cash deposits, which forced [the plaintiff] to file the underlying litigation seeking mandamus, on which [the plaintiff] prevailed, and on which this EAJA petition [was] solely concerned,” and holding that while "[s]eeking mandamus as a general matter is a process well within that which would be considered the general lawyerly knowledge and ability useful in all litigation, ... obtaining the writ in this instance required the distinctive knowledge or specialized skill of an international trade law attorney in order to successfully prevail”) (emphasis in original, internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also id. ("Members of the international trade bar are expected to (and do) have a solid understanding of the interrelationship of U.S. and customs laws and administration as applied to international trade.”). Plaintiffs counsel in this case has represented Shah Bros.' international trade related interests for nearly 20 years, including in the successful Shah Bros. I litigation. Decl. of Elon A. Pollack, ECF No. 93-2 ("Pollack Dec!.”) at ¶ 12.

20 . See 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(D)(2)(A)(ii); Pierce, 487 U.S. at 572, 108 S.Ct. 2541.

21 . Ex. A to Pollack Decl., ECF No. 93-2 ("Compilation of Attorney fees re: Shah Brothers, Inc. v. U.S. Court No. 10-00205”). Specifically, "JCS”&emdash;an associate with 6 years of experience&emdash;was billed at $375 per hour; “KO”&emdash;an associate with 12 years of experience&emdash;was billed at $425 per hour; "XL,” with 16 years of experience, was billed at $475 per hour; "BNS,” with 37 years of experience, was billed at $525 per hour; "JPC,” with 36 years of experience, was billed at $595 per hour; and "EAP,” with 41 years of experience, was billed at $475, $495, and $595 per hour. Id.; Pollack Deck, ECF No. 93-2 at ¶ 9; Ex. B to Pollack Deck, ECF No. 93-3 (Attorneys’ Resumes).

22 . Ex. F to Pollack Deck, ECF No. 93-3 (Decís, of Erik D. Smithweiss, Evelyn Suarez, and Jonathan M. Fee) at respective ¶¶ 3.

23 . Id. at respective ¶¶ 4-5.

24 . Id.

25 . Id.

26

27 . Only JCS, whose time was billed at $375 per hour, had less than ten years of experience. Accordingly, JCS's compensable hours shall be compensated at $300 per hour. All other attorneys' compensable hours shall be compensated at a maximum of $450 per hour. The only attorney other than JCS who was billed at less than $450 per hour was KO, who was billed at $425 per hour. Because KO had more than ten years of experience, KO's compensable hours shall be compensated at $425 per hour as billed.

28 . See also Libas, 27 CIT at 1198, 283 F.Supp.2d at 1333 (“It is well grounded that attorneys' fees apply only to the proceedings surrounding the action at hand.’’) (citing Gavette, 808 F.2d at 1461; Cox Const. Co. v. United States, 17 Cl.Ct. 29, 36 (1989)). As previously noted, EAJA fees and expenses “may not be awarded to a party for any portion of the litigation in which the party has unreasonably protracted the proceedings.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(D). Here, Shah Bros, opposed the Government's motion for entry of judgment in Shah Bros.’ favor, which sought to provide all of the relief legally available to Shah Bros, by reliquidating the subject merchandise as requested in Shah Bros.' amended complaint. See Shah Bros. III, - CIT at -, 953 F.Supp.2d at 1329-30. In granting the Government's motion over Shah Bros.1 opposition, the court concluded that, "the Government having agreed to redress the Plaintiff in full, no controversy or injury remains for the court to address,” id. at 1332, and, accordingly, "[bjecause this Court decides legal questions only in the context of actual cases or controversies, the Government’s agreement to reliquidate the subject entry as ‘chewing tobacco’ under HTSUS Subheading 2403.99.2030 [as requested in Shah Bros.’ amended complaint] concludes this litigation." Id. at 1330 (citing U.S. Const. art. III, § 2; Alvarez v. Smith, 558 U.S. 87, 93, 130 S.Ct. 576, 175 L.Ed.2d 447 (2009) (holding that an abstract legal dispute regarding the lawfulness of Governmental procedures "falls outside the scope of the constitutional words 'Cases’ and 'Controversies’ ” when such dispute "is no longer embedded in any actual controversy”)).

29 . See Def.’s Opp’n at 16-21.

30 . Id. See ECF Nos. 96-2 & 96-3 (reproducing Plaintiff’s itemized attorneys’ bill, ECF No. 93-2, and highlighting each challenged entry and providing explanations and authority for each challenge).

31 . For example, the Government suggests the exclusion of entries billing for work related to Plaintiff's "unsuccessful separate claim based upon [28 U.S.C. § ] 1581 (i) jurisdiction against the Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau for which the Court ultimately found no jurisdiction.” Ex. 5 (Shah fee bill annotated to show hours and rates contested by the Government) to Def.’s Opp’n, pt. 1, ECF No. 96-2, at 2 (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. 424, 103 S.Ct. 1933 (no fee awarded on unsuccessful separate claim); Traveler Trading Co. v. United States, 13 CIT 380, 713 F.Supp. 409 (1989) (no fee award for unsuccessful defense against defendant’s partial motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction)); see also, e.g., Ex. 5 to Def.’s Opp’n, pt. 2, ECF No. 96-3, at 41 (arguing that a special factor enhancement is not warranted for time spent in preparation of the EAJA petition (citing Diamond Sawblades, - CIT at -, 816 F.Supp.2d at 1362 ("Attorney's fees are not entitled to a special factor enhancement for the time spent in preparation of the EAJA petition.") (citing Ragan v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 210 F.3d 514, 518-19 (5th Cir.2000)))). For a complete inventory of the Government’s challenges, see Ex. 5 to Def.'s Opp'n, pts. 1 and 2, ECF Nos. 96-2 and 96-3.

32 .With regard to travel time, the Government objects to an enhanced rate because the relevant entries in the itemized bill do not state that the attorney was performing work relevant to this litigation while traveling, see, e.g., Ex. 5 to Def.’s Opp'n, pt. 1, ECF No. 96-2, at 28, but Shah Bros, explains that the entries include work relating to the depositions. See PL’s Stmt., ECF No. 103, at 5. Thus the contested travel entries shall be compensated at the enhanced rates. However, time spent in preparation of the EAJA petition shall be compensated at the normal statutory cap of $125 per hour. See Diamond Sawblades, - CIT at -, 816 F.Supp.2d at 1362 ("Attorney’s fees are not entitled to a special factor enhancement for the time spent in preparation of the EAJA petition.") (citations omitted).

33 . See Pollack Decl., ECF No. 93-2, at ¶ 5; Ex. A (expenses) to Ex. A (compilation of attorneys’ fees) to Pollack Decl., ECF No. 93-2.

34 . See Def.’s Opp'n (making no argument with respect to Plaintiff's claim for costs).