Scheibe v. Fit Foods Distribution Inc.

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: November 8, 2023
• Docket: 3:23-cv-00220
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JACOB SCHEIBE, individually and on Case No.: 23-CV-220 JLS (AHG) behalf of all those similarly situated, 12 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND Plaintiff, 13 DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S v. MOTION TO DISMISS 14

FIT FOODS DISTRIBUTION, INC. dba 15 (ECF No. 4) Mutant, a Canadian corporation, 16 Defendant. 17 18 Presently before the Court is Defendant Fit Food Distribution, Inc.’s Motion to 19 Dismiss Complaint (“Mot.,” ECF No. 4). Plaintiff Jacob Scheibe filed an Opposition to 20 the Motion (“Opp’n,” ECF No. 6), and Defendant filed a Reply in support of the Motion 21 (“Reply,” ECF No. 7). In addition, Plaintiff filed two Notices of Supplemental Authority 22 (ECF Nos. 9, 10). 23 The Court took Defendant’s Motion under submission without oral argument 24 pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). See ECF No. 8. Having considered Plaintiff’s 25 Complaint (“Compl.,” ECF No. 1), the Parties’ arguments, and the law—including the 26 cases identified in Plaintiff’s Notices of Supplemental Authority—the Court GRANTS IN 27 PART AND DENIES IN PART Defendant’s Motion. 28 / / / 1 BACKGROUND 2 On or about August 16, 2022, Plaintiff purchased the blue raspberry flavor of Mutant 3 GEAAR essential amino acid powder (the “Product”)—a dietary supplement created and 4 sold by Defendant—on Amazon.com for $28.00. Compl. at 1; id. ¶ 18. Plaintiff claims he 5 carefully reviewed the Product’s label to ensure the Product did not contain artificial 6 flavors and ingredients. Id. ¶¶ 19, 50. The Product’s front label displayed a crossed-out 7 beaker and text that indicated that the Product contained no synthetic flavors. Id. ¶ 21. In 8 addition, the Amazon.com listing for the Product stated “No Artificial Colours or 9 Flavours.” Id. The nutritional label on the back of the Product stated that it contained 10 “malic acid.” Id. ¶ 23. 11 According to Plaintiff, testing by an independent third-party laboratory has 12 confirmed that all flavors of the Product contain a certain type of malic acid called “DL 13 malic acid.” See id. ¶¶ 23–24. Plaintiff asserts that “[w]hile there is a naturally occurring 14 form of malic acid,” DL malic acid is a “synthetic substance derived from petrochemicals.” 15 Id. ¶ 24. Consequently, Defendant’s claims that the Product is devoid of synthetic and 16 artificial flavors are misleading—at least, in Plaintiff’s view. See id. ¶ 30. Plaintiff 17 contends that he “would not have purchased the Product[] from Defendant if the truth about 18 the Product[] was known, or would have only been willing to pay a substantially reduced 19 price for the Product[] had [he] known that Defendant’s representations were false and 20 misleading.” Id. ¶¶ 49–54. 21 In addition to his allegations regarding Defendant’s affirmative, misleading 22 statements, Plaintiff argues that federal regulations and California law require (1) the 23 Product’s ingredient list to specify that it contains DL malic acid and (2) the Product’s front 24 and back labels to include disclosures clarifying that the Product is artificially flavored. Id. 25 ¶¶ 30–43. According to Plaintiff, the Product complies with neither requirement. Id. 26 Plaintiff filed the Complaint on February 6, 2023, asserting causes of action for (1) 27 violation of California Business & Professions Code §§ 17200–17210 (California’s Unfair 28 Competition Law (“UCL”))—“‘Unfair’ Conduct”; (2) violation of the UCL— 1 “‘Fraudulent’ Conduct”; (3) violation of the UCL—“‘Unlawful’ Conduct”; (4) violation of 2 California Business & Professions Code §§ 17500–17606 (California’s False Advertising 3 Law (“FAL”)) (5) violation of California Civil Code §§ 1750–1784 (California’s 4 Consumer Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”)); (6) unjust enrichment; and (7) breach of 5 express warranty. Id. at 14–21. 6 Plaintiff seeks to represent a class of all California-based consumers who purchased 7 any flavor of the Product in the four years prior to the filing of the Complaint. See id. ¶ 55. 8 Though Plaintiff purchased only the blue raspberry flavor, id. ¶ 18, Plaintiff refers to the 9 Product generally throughout the Complaint, thereby alleging that all flavors of the Product 10 share the alleged deficiencies that Plaintiff identifies. See id. at 1 (defining the Product 11 without differentiating by flavor); id. ¶ 23 (“All flavors of the Product[] state, on the back 12 label, that they contain ‘malic acid.’”). 13 Defendant filed the instant Motion on March 24, 2023, arguing the Complaint should 14 be dismissed pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), 12(b)(6), and 9(b). See 15 generally Mot. 16 LEGAL STANDARDS 17 I. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) 18 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, and as such have an obligation to 19 dismiss claims for which they lack subject-matter jurisdiction. See Demarest v. United 20 States, 718 F.2d 964, 965 (9th Cir. 1983). Because the issue of standing pertains to the 21 subject-matter jurisdiction of a federal court, motions raising the issue of lack of standing 22 are properly brought under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). White v. Lee, 23 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir. 2000). The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that he 24 has standing to bring the claims asserted. Takhar v. Kessler, 76 F.3d 995, 1000 (9th Cir. 25 1996). 26 Rule 12(b)(1) motions may challenge jurisdiction facially or factually. Safe Air for 27 Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). “In a facial attack, the challenger 28 asserts that the allegations contained in a complaint are insufficient on their face to invoke 1 federal jurisdiction.” Id. A district court resolves a facial attack “as it would a motion to 2 dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).” Leite v. Crane Co., 749 F.3d 1117, 1121 (9th Cir. 2014) 3 (“Accepting the plaintiff’s allegations as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in the 4 plaintiff’s favor, the court determines whether the allegations are sufficient as a legal matter 5 to invoke the court’s jurisdiction.”). 6 II. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) 7 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a party to raise by motion the 8 defense that the complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” A 9 court evaluates whether a complaint states a cognizable legal theory and sufficient facts in 10 light of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a), which requires a “short and plain statement 11 of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Although Rule 8 “does not 12 require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ . . . it [does] demand more than an unadorned, the- 13 defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 14 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). In other words, “a 15 plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more 16 than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action 17 will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (alteration in original) (quoting 18 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)). 19 To survive a motion to dismiss, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 20 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. 21 at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). A claim is facially plausible when the facts 22 pleaded “allow[] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for 23 the misconduct alleged.” Id. That is not to say that the claim must be probable, but there 24 must be “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. Facts 25 “‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability” do not demonstrate a plausible 26 entitlement to relief. Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). 27 Review under Rule 8(a) requires a context-specific analysis involving a court’s 28 “judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. A court must “accept[] all factual 1 allegations in the complaint as true and constru[e] them in the light most favorable to the 2 nonmoving party.” Skilstaf, Inc. v. CVS Caremark Corp., 669 F.3d 1005, 1014 (9th Cir. 3 2012). That said, the Court need not accept as true “legal conclusions” contained in the 4 complaint. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 5 If a complaint does not state a plausible claim for relief, a court should grant leave 6 to amend unless it determines that no modified contention “consistent with the challenged 7 pleading could . . . cure the deficiency.” DeSoto v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 8 658 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., 9 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 1986)). “The Ninth Circuit has instructed that the policy 10 favoring amendments ‘is to be applied with extreme liberality.’” Abels v. JBC Legal Grp., 11 P.C., 229 F.R.D. 152, 155 (N.D. Cal. 2005) (quoting Morongo Band of Mission Indians v. 12 Rose, 893 F.2d 1074, 1079 (9th Cir. 1990)). 13 III. Pleading Requirements for Fraud or Mistake—9(b) 14 A plaintiff who alleges fraud in their complaint must satisfy the heightened pleading 15 requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). Even if fraud is not an essential 16 element of a plaintiff’s claim, Rule 9(b)’s requirements nevertheless apply to allegations 17 of a complaint that aver fraud. Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1124 (9th Cir. 18 2009). A plaintiff avers fraud if they “specifically alleg[e] fraud, or . . . alleg[e] facts that 19 necessarily constitute fraud (even if the word ‘fraud’ is not used).” Id. (quoting Vess v. 20 Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1105 (9th Cir. 2003)). An allegation or group of 21 allegations necessarily constitute fraud if, when read together, they satisfy the elements of 22 the applicable jurisdiction’s substantive definition of fraud. See Kearns, 567 F.3d at 1126; 23 Vess, 317 F.3d at 1105. 24 If a plaintiff alleges “a unified course of fraudulent conduct and rel[ies] entirely on 25 that course of conduct as the basis of a claim,” a court must subject the claim as a whole to 26 Rule 9(b)’s requirements. Vess, 317 F.3d at 1103–04. But where a plaintiff alleges both 27 fraudulent and non-fraudulent conduct, “[a]llegations of non-fraudulent conduct need 28 satisfy only the ordinary notice pleading standards of Rule 8(a).” Id. at 1104–05. 1 To satisfy Rule 9(b), a plaintiff must “state with particularity the circumstances 2 constituting fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). A plaintiff’s allegations must be 3 “specific enough to give defendants notice of the particular misconduct . . . so that they can 4 defend against the charge and not just deny that they have done anything wrong.” Bly- 5 Magee v. California, 236 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks 6 omitted) (quoting Neubronner v. Milken, 6 F.3d 666, 672 (9th Cir. 1993)). The complaint 7 must include “an account of the ‘time, place, and specific content of the false 8 representations as well as the identities of the parties to the misrepresentations.’” Depot, 9 Inc. v. Caring for Montanans, Inc., 915 F.3d 643, 668 (9th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation 10 marks omitted) (quoting Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 764 (9th Cir. 2007)). In 11 other words, “[a]verments of fraud must be accompanied by the ‘who, what, when, where, 12 and how’ of the misconduct charged.” Kearns, 567 F.3d at 1124 (internal quotation marks 13 omitted) (quoting Vess, 317 F.3d at 1106). Lastly, a plaintiff must explain what is false or 14 misleading about the defendant’s statements and why those statements are false. Cafasso, 15 United States ex rel. v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1055 (9th Cir. 2011). 16 DISCUSSION 17 While Defendant raises a host of challenges to Plaintiff’s Complaint, the arguments 18 can be categorized into three groups: (1) Plaintiff’s claims are preempted; (2) Plaintiff 19 lacks standing to raise certain claims and to pursue injunctive relief; and (3) Plaintiff’s 20 Complaint fails to state a claim for some or all of the asserted causes of action. The Court 21 addresses each group of arguments in turn. 22 I. Preemption 23 The Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (“NLEA”) “amended the Food, Drug, 24 and Cosmetic Act (‘FDCA’) to ‘establish[] uniform food labeling requirements.’” Reid v. 25 Johnson & Johnson, 780 F.3d 952, 959 (9th Cir. 2015) (alteration in original) (quoting 26 Lilly v. ConAgra Foods, Inc., 743 F.3d 662, 664 (9th Cir. 2014)). The NLEA “expressly 27 preempts all state laws that ‘directly or indirectly’ establish ‘any requirement for the 28 labeling of food’ not identical to federal requirements.” Morris v. Mott’s LLP, No. 1 SACV1801799AGADSX, 2019 WL 948750, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 26, 2019) (quoting 2 21 U.S.C. § 343-1(a)(3)). In other words, “federal law provides the exclusive regulatory 3 scheme for food product labeling.” Sims v. Campbell Soup Co., No. EDCV18668PSGSPX, 4 2018 WL 7568640, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 24, 2018). Consequently, “Plaintiff’s claims are 5 preempted to the extent that they allege that Defendant[] failed to disclose something on 6 the [Product’s] label that is not required to be disclosed under federal law.” See id. 7 The relevant federal regulations require that ingredients on a product’s label be listed 8 by their “common or usual name.” 21 C.F.R. § 101.4(a). Such regulations, however, also 9 provide that the “name of an ingredient shall be a specific name and not a collective 10 (generic) name.” 21 C.F.R. § 101.4(b). 11 The Complaint alleges that “[t]he ingredients on the Product[’s] label are declared 12 in a way that is misleading and contrary to law, because Defendant designates the 13 ingredient by its generic name, ‘malic acid,’ instead of its specific name, ‘DL malic acid.’” 14 Compl. ¶ 30. The Court will refer to this theory of liability as the “ingredient list theory.” 15 Defendant contends that any claims based on the ingredient list theory are preempted 16 because “malic acid” is the common and usual name for DL malic acid. Def’s Mem. Supp. 17 Mot. Dismiss Compl. at 21, ECF No. 4-1 (the “Mem.”).1 Plaintiff counters that there are 18 two types of malic acid—naturally occurring malic acid and DL malic acid—and whether 19 the Product’s ingredient list should have included the more specific name “DL malic acid” 20 or the more general name “malic acid” is a question of fact to be determined at a later stage 21 of the litigation. Opp’n at 12–13. The Court agrees with Defendant. 22 The best reading of 21 C.F.R. § 101.4(b)’s requirement that a product’s ingredient 23 list contain an ingredient’s “specific name and not . . . collective (generic) name” is not 24 that it overrides 21 C.F.R. § 101.4(a)’s “common or usual name” requirement, but instead 25 that it clarifies that ingredients must be listed separately rather than as a single generic 26 27 28 1 All citations to the Memorandum refer to the blue page numbers stamped to the top of the document in 1 category. See 21 C.F.R. § 101.4; Sims, 2018 WL 7568640, at *8. In other words, “apples, 2 oranges, and grapes can’t be listed collectively as ‘fruit.’ But, at the same time, sugar need 3 not be listed by its scientific name, sucrose.” Morris, 2019 WL 948750, at *5 (citation 4 omitted). Accordingly, if “malic acid” is the common name for DL malic acid, then federal 5 regulations would only require a product’s ingredient list to list “malic acid,” and Plaintiff’s 6 claims under the ingredient list theory of liability would be preempted. Hilsley v. Gen. 7 Mills, Inc., 376 F. Supp. 3d 1043, 1048 (S.D. Cal. 2019). 8 Food & Drug Administration (“FDA”) regulations defining malic acid suggest that 9 “malic acid” is the common name for both subtypes of malic acid: 10 Malic acid (C4H6O5, CAS Reg. No. of L-form 97–67–6, CAS 11 Reg. No. of DL-form 617–48–1) is the common name for 1– hydroxy–1, 2–ethanedicarboxylic acid. L (+) malic acid, 12 referred to as L-malic acid, occurs naturally in various foods. 13 Racemic DL-malic acid does not occur naturally. It is made commercially by hydration of fumaric acid or maleic acid. 14 15 21 C.F.R. § 184.1069(a). “[T]he regulation plainly states that ‘malic acid’ is the common 16 name for the forms listed in parentheses, including [DL] malic acid . . . .” Hilsley, 17 376 F. Supp. 3d at 1049. Accordingly, federal regulations do not require that malic acid 18 be listed by a more specific name on the Product’s ingredient list, see id, and Plaintiff’s 19 ingredient list theory of liability is preempted. 20 The Court acknowledges that this finding is in tension with a previous ruling by this 21 Court. In Allred v. Frito-Lay N. Am., Inc., No. 17-CV-1345 JLS (BGS), 22 2018 WL 1185227, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 7, 2018), this Court concluded that “it is plausible 23 that [DL ]malic and L-malic acid are specific names of the (collective, common) name 24 malic acid.” Since that decision, a clear majority of courts in this district, and throughout 25 the nation, have concluded that malic acid is the common name for DL malic acid. See 26 Hilsley, 376 F. Supp. 3d at 1049; Morris, 2019 WL 948750, at *5 (“[I]t’s sufficient that 27 Defendant listed ‘malic acid,’ which is the common or usual name for [DL] malic acid.”); 28 Branca v. Bai Brands, LLC, No. 318CV00757BENKSC, 2019 WL 1082562, at *6 (S.D. 1 Cal. Mar. 7, 2019) (same); Gross v. Vilore Foods Co., No. 20CV0894 DMS (JLB), 2020 2 WL 6319131, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 28, 2020) (finding “more persuasive” the reasoning of 3 a majority of courts that “malic acid” is the common name for DL malic acid); Sims, 2018 4 WL 7568640, at *8 (“[T]he Court is convinced that the common and usual name for the 5 ingredient in V8 Splash is ‘malic acid,’ rather than the scientific name of ‘[DL] malic 6 acid.’”); Scheibe v. Performance Enhancing Supplements, LLC, No. 3:23-CV-00219-H- 7 DDL, 2023 WL 3829694, at *6 (S.D. Cal. June 5, 2023) (“[T]o the extent Plaintiff’s claims 8 are based on the assertion that the Products’ labels should specifically list DL malic acid 9 instead of malic acid, those claims are preempted.”); Willard v. Tropicana Mfg. Co., 577 10 F. Supp. 3d 814, 830 (N.D. Ill. 2021) (finding “that Plaintiffs’ claims based on the theory 11 of listing ‘malic acid’ instead of ‘[DL ]malic acid’ on the ingredient list are preempted”). 12 But see Augustine v. Talking Rain Beverage Co., 386 F. Supp. 3d 1317, 1327 (S.D. Cal. 13 2019) (“At this stage of the proceedings, the Court cannot say that Plaintiffs’ argument is 14 preempted.”); Young v. Neurobrands, LLC, No. C 18-05907 JSW, 2019 WL 13247942, at 15 *5 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 19, 2019) (“Just as the court found in Allred v. Frito-Lay, the Court here 16 cannot say at this procedural stage that the Plaintiffs’ argument is preempted.”). 17 Having newly reviewed the arguments on both sides of the issue, the Court is now 18 persuaded by the majority reasoning. The Court is reassured in this conclusion by the 19 classification of the FDA regulation defining “malic acid.” 21 C.F.R. § 184.1069. That 20 regulation appears in Title 21, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 184, Subpart B of the Code 21 of Federal Regulations. Subpart B is titled “Listing of Specific Substances Affirmed as 22 [Generally Recognized as Safe].” 21 C.F.R. § 184.1005–184.1985 (emphasis added). 23 Malic acid’s inclusion in this list indicates that it is a “specific” substance that may be 24 identified by its common name on a product’s ingredient list. 25 In light of these conclusions, Plaintiff’s claims are preempted to the extent they rely 26 on the proposition that the Product’s ingredient list was required to specify that the Product 27 contained DL malic acid, as opposed to just malic acid. 28 / / / 1 Plaintiff’s Complaint, however, advances three theories of liability: the ingredient 2 list theory just described, see Compl. ¶ 30; the theory that the Product violates California 3 law because it lacks front- and back-label disclosures to inform consumers that the Product 4 is artificially flavored (the “omission theory”), see id. ¶¶ 42–43; and the theory that the 5 Product label’s affirmative claim regarding the absence of synthetic flavors is false (the 6 “misrepresentation theory”), see id ¶¶ 21–22. Defendant does not contend that the 7 omission or misrepresentation theories of liability are preempted, and most, if not all, 8 courts to rule on this issue have found that such theories are not preempted. See, e.g., 9 Hilsley, 376 F. Supp. 3d at 1048 (“[I]nsofar as Plaintiff’s claims are based on failure to 10 label the fruit snacks as artificially flavored, they are not preempted.”); Ivie v. Kraft Foods 11 Glob., Inc., No. C-12-02554-RMW, 2013 WL 685372, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 25, 2013) 12 (“[T]he claims based on ‘no artificial sweeteners or flavors’ labels on the challenged drink 13 mix are not preempted and survive the motion to dismiss.”). 14 Thus, the Court proceeds to assess Plaintiff’s claims based solely on Plaintiff’s 15 omission and misrepresentation theories of liability. 16 II. Standing 17 “Standing to sue is a doctrine rooted in the traditional understanding of a case or 18 controversy.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016). And “[n]o principle is 19 more fundamental to the judiciary’s proper role in our system of government than the 20 constitutional limitation of federal-court jurisdiction to actual cases or controversies.” 21 Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 818 (1997) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 22 Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rts. Org., 426 U.S. 26, 37 (1976)). 23 To demonstrate standing to sue, (1) “the plaintiff must have suffered an ‘injury in 24 fact’ . . . which is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) ‘actual or imminent’”; (2) the 25 injury must be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and (3) “it must 26 be ‘likely,’ as opposed to merely ‘speculative,’ that the injury will be ‘redressed by a 27 favorable decision.’” Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992) (citations 28 and footnote omitted) (first quoting Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 155 (1990); and 1 then quoting Simon, 426 U.S. at 38, 43). “In a class action, standing is satisfied if at least 2 one named plaintiff meets the requirements. The plaintiff class bears the burden of 3 showing that the . . . standing requirements are met.” Bates v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 4 511 F.3d 974, 985 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). Furthermore, “[s]tanding must be 5 shown with respect to each form of relief sought, whether it be injunctive relief, 6 damages[sic] or civil penalties.” Id. (citing Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’t 7 Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 185 (2000)). 8 A. Standing to Sue for Injunctive Relief 9 Defendant argues that Plaintiff lacks standing to seek injunctive relief because 10 Plaintiff’s Complaint does not allege that Plaintiff intends or desires to purchase 11 Defendant’s Product in the future. See Mem. at 12. Plaintiff counters that he has alleged 12 an injury sufficient to seek injunctive relief because he is “unable to rely on Defendant’s 13 labelling in the future.” Opp’n at 15. 14 In Davidson v. Kimberly–Clark Corporation, the Ninth Circuit held that “a 15 previously deceived consumer may have standing to seek an injunction against false 16 advertising or labeling . . . because the consumer may suffer an ‘actual and imminent, not 17 conjectural or hypothetical’ threat of future harm.” 889 F.3d 956, 969 (9th Cir. 2018) 18 (quoting Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009)). For example, the threat 19 of future harm could arise from the consumer’s plausible allegations “that she will be 20 unable to rely on the product’s advertising or labeling in the future, and so will not purchase 21 the product although she would like to” or that “she might purchase the product in the 22 future, . . . as she may reasonably, but incorrectly, assume the product was improved.” Id. 23 at 970. The Ninth Circuit distinguished the contrary opinions of other circuits, stating that 24 “[i]n none of th[ose] cases did the plaintiffs sufficiently allege their intention to repurchase 25 the product at issue.” Id. at 969 n.5. The Ninth Circuit then held that because the plaintiff 26 had alleged that she “desire[d] to purchase” the defendant’s product, she had sufficiently 27 alleged an imminent or actual threat of future harm. Id. at 970. 28 / / / 1 Since Davidson, many courts in the Ninth Circuit have held that “an explicitly stated 2 intention or desire to purchase [a product] in the future is required to demonstrate concrete 3 injury for standing to seek injunctive relief at the dismissal stage” with respect to claims 4 brought under the UCL, FAL, or CLRA. Vitiosus v. Alani Nutrition, LLC, No. 21-CV- 5 2048-MMA (MDD), 2022 WL 2441303, at *7 (S.D. Cal. July 5, 2022); see also, e.g., 6 Scheibe v. Livwell Prods., LLC, No. 23-CV-216-MMA (BLM), 2023 WL 4414580, at *9 7 (S.D. Cal. July 7, 2023) (finding no standing to pursue injunctive relief where the plaintiff 8 merely alleged that he may wish to purchase the defendant’s products in the future); Forrett 9 v. Gourmet Nut, Inc., 634 F. Supp. 3d 761, 768 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (concluding that the 10 plaintiff “ha[d] not specifically alleged a desire to purchase the Product in the future”); 11 Performance Enhancing Supplements, 2023 WL 3829694, at *4 (similar). 12 Here, Plaintiff has failed to allege an actual and imminent threat of future injury 13 giving rise to standing to pursue injunctive relief. The Complaint is devoid of allegations 14 showing that Plaintiff intends or desires to purchase the Product in the future. See generally 15 Compl. And while the Complaint alleges that in the absence of an injunction, Defendant 16 “will likely continue to advertise, market, promote, and sell its Product[] in an unlawful 17 and misleading manner, . . . and members of the Class will continue to be misled, harmed, 18 and denied their rights under law,” id. ¶ 70, such allegations do not demonstrate that 19 Plaintiff wishes to purchase more products from Defendant. 20 The Court therefore dismisses Plaintiff’s claims for injunctive relief. 21 B. Claims for Products Not Purchased 22 Defendant argues that Plaintiff lacks Article III standing to represent the claims of 23 class members as to flavors of the Product that he did not purchase, Mem. at 13, noting that 24 some Ninth Circuit courts “have concluded that absent economic injury, a plaintiff’s claims 25 for products she did not purchase must be dismissed for lack of standing,” Lorentzen v. 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Kroger Co., 532 F. Supp. 3d 901, 909 (C.D. Cal. 2021). Plaintiff counters that a majority 2 of Ninth Circuit courts have held that “class action plaintiffs can bring claims for products 3 they did not purchase ‘as long as the products and alleged misrepresentations are 4 substantially similar.’” Opp’n at 7–8 (quoting Cordes v. Boulder Brands USA, Inc., No. 5 CV 18-6534 PSG (JCX), 2019 WL 1002513, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 30, 2019)). Plaintiff 6 also asserts that the Court should not assess “substantial similarity” until class certification. 7 Opp’n at 9. 8 Conspicuously, neither Party cites Melendres v. Arpaio, 784 F.3d 1254 9 (9th Cir. 2015). There, the Ninth Circuit held that a “disjuncture between the claims of 10 named plaintiffs and those of absent class members” does not raise a standing issue, but 11 rather an issue of a named plaintiff’s ability to adequately represent the interests of the 12 class. Id. at 1261–62. In other words, “[r]epresentative parties who have a direct and 13 substantial interest have standing; the question whether they may be allowed to present 14 claims on behalf of others who have similar, but not identical, interests depends not on 15 standing, but on an assessment of typicality and adequacy of representation.” Id. at 1262 16 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 7AA Charles Alan 17 Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 1785.1 (3d ed.)). Relying on Melendres, the 18 Ninth Circuit has reversed a district court that concluded at the pleading stage that named 19 plaintiffs lack standing to assert claims on behalf of putative class members for products 20 that the named plaintiffs did not purchase. Nunez v. Saks Inc., 771 F. App’x 401, 402 21 (9th Cir. 2019). 22 Here, Plaintiff only purchased the blue raspberry flavor of the Product. Compl. ¶ 18. 23 There is no dispute that Plaintiff has standing to assert claims based on this purchase. See 24

25 2 Defendant also argues that Plaintiff, to the extent he is suing as an individual, cannot bring claims 26 regarding flavors of the Product that he did not purchase. Reply at 7. But it is not clear from Plaintiff’s Complaint that Plaintiff asserts any claims regarding other flavors of the Product outside of his status as 27 a potential class representative. See generally Compl. Indeed, Plaintiff argues only that he can serve as a 28 representative for the claims of consumers who purchased other flavors. See Opp’n at 7–9. The Court 1 generally Mem. But Plaintiff also seeks to represent the claims of consumers who 2 purchased any flavor of the Mutant GEAAR powder. See Compl. at 1; id. ¶ 23; id. ¶ 55.3 3 Accordingly, there is a “disjuncture between the claims of [Plaintiff] and those of absent 4 class members.” See Melendres, 784 F.3d at 1261. Following Melendres, the Court finds 5 that this disjuncture is not grounds for dismissing Plaintiff’s claims at the pleading stage 6 for lack of standing. Whether Plaintiff may represent claims by other consumers based on 7 the labeling for other flavors of the Mutant GEAAR powder is a question to be resolved at 8 the class certification stage of the litigation. See Stotz v. Mophie Inc., No. CV 16-8898- 9 GW (FFMX), 2017 WL 1106104, at *5–6 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 27, 2017). 10 III. Sufficiency of the Pleadings 11 Defendant first argues that Plaintiff has not adequately pleaded that he is entitled to 12 equitable relief with respect to any of his claims. Mem. at 14–16. Defendant then argues 13 that Plaintiff must, and has not, pleaded actual reliance with sufficient particularity under 14 Rule 9(b) to sustain his UCL, FAL, and CLRA claims. Id. at 16–18. Lastly, Defendant 15 asserts that Plaintiff has not pleaded enough factual content to support the conclusion that 16 Defendant’s Product contains artificial malic acid. Id. at 18–20. The Court addresses each 17 argument in turn. 18 A. Equitable Relief 19 Defendant argues that the Court must dismiss Plaintiff’s claims for equitable relief 20 because Plaintiff has not pleaded that he lacks an adequate remedy at law. Mem. at 14–16. 21 Defendant relies on Sonner v. Premier Nutrition Corp., in which the Ninth Circuit held that 22 “traditional principles governing equitable remedies in federal courts, including the 23 requisite inadequacy of legal remedies, apply when a party requests restitution under the 24 UCL and CLRA in a diversity action.” 971 F.3d 834, 844 (9th Cir. 2020). Based on 25 Sonner, Defendant asks the Court to dismiss Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim, Plaintiff’s 26

27 3 Defendant argues that the Complaint “does not even identify” all products at stake. Mem. at 14 n.2. The 28 Complaint, however, makes it sufficiently clear that the claims of Plaintiff and the putative class relate 1 UCL and FAL claims, and Plaintiff’s claim for equitable relief under the CLRA. Mem. at 2 16. 3 Plaintiff concedes that “a plaintiff may seek equitable relief (such as restitution or 4 disgorgement under an unjust enrichment theory) only if [they] lack[] an adequate legal 5 remedy.” Opp’n at 13 (citing Sonner, 971 F.3d at 845). But Plaintiff points out that Federal 6 Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(3) allows alternative pleading. Id. So, Plaintiff argues, the 7 Court should permit him to plead equitable claims as a fail-safe in case discovery reveals 8 his legal remedies are inadequate. Id. Plaintiff implies that the Court should not dismiss 9 his equitable claims4 unless the Court can “say with certainty” that he has an adequate legal 10 remedy. Id. at 15. 11 Plaintiff is correct that he may plead a claim for damages without sacrificing his 12 ability to plead a claim for equitable relief. Rule 8(a)(3) explicitly countenances seeking 13 relief in the alternative, and Rule 8(d)(3) allows a party to state “as many separate claims 14 or defenses as it has, regardless of consistency.” Fed. R. Civ. P 8(a)(3); id. 8(d)(3). To 15 read Sonner to preclude Plaintiff from pleading an equitable remedy in the alternative 16 would therefore put it in conflict with the plain language of Rule 8. Fortunately, Sonner’s 17 language does not compel this result. See Cepelak v. HP Inc., No. 20-CV-02450-VC, 2021 18 WL 5298022, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 15, 2021) (“[N]othing in Sonner precludes plaintiffs 19 from [pleading a claim for equitable relief] in the alternative to remedies at law.”). 20 That said, Plaintiff must still adequately plead his alternative, equitable claims. The 21 Sonner court affirmed the dismissal of a plaintiff’s equitable claims in part because “the 22 operative complaint [did] not allege that Sonner lack[ed] an adequate legal remedy.” 971 23 F.3d at 844. Sonner therefore unambiguously requires Plaintiff, for each equitable claim 24 he asserts, to “plead the ‘basic requisites of the issuance of equitable relief’” under federal 25 law—including that he “lacks an adequate legal remedy”—to survive a motion to dismiss. 26

27 4 Because the Court has already dismissed Plaintiff’s claims for injunctive relief for lack of standing, see 28 supra Part II.A, the Court does not reach the question of whether Sonner’s holding applies to claims for 1 See id. (quoting O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 502 (1974)). Put another way, the fact 2 that Plaintiff pleads an equitable claim in the alternative does not relieve him of his burden 3 to show that he is entitled to relief. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); see also Cepelak, 4 2021 WL 5298022, at *2 (“The relevant inquiry is not what other claims the plaintiffs have 5 raised, but whether they have plausibly alleged the inadequacy of legal remedies for each 6 claim for equitable relief that they seek.”). 7 Plaintiff does not contest Defendant’s assertion that Plaintiff has not pleaded that his 8 legal remedies are inadequate with respect to his claims for equitable monetary relief. See 9 Opp’n at 13–15. Nor does Plaintiff attempt to explain how equitable monetary relief would 10 redress an injury that damages could not. See Compl.; Opp’n; see also Cepelak, 11 2021 WL 5298022, at *3 (concluding that plaintiffs had not alleged an inadequate remedy 12 at law because “[a]ll of the plaintiffs’ claims for [equitable monetary] relief [were] ‘rooted 13 in the same theory and factual allegations’ as their claims for damages” (quoting Elgindy 14 v. AGA Serv. Co., No. 20-CV-06304-JST, 2021 WL 1176535, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 15 2021))). Therefore, Plaintiff has failed to adequately plead a claim for equitable monetary 16 relief under Sonner. 17 Plaintiff appears to concede that his FAL and UCL claims, his standalone claim for 18 unjust enrichment, and his claims for disgorgement and restitution under the CLRA are 19 equitable in nature. See Opp’n at 13 (categorizing the foregoing claims as “claims for 20 equitable relief”). Given Plaintiff’s apparent concession, the Court does not reach the 21 question as to whether Plaintiff can seek a form of restitution at law under any of the Counts 22 of his Complaint. See Sonner, 971 F.3d at 830 n.2 (“Sonner does not dispute that the 23 restitution she seeks under the UCL and CLRA is restitution in equity, not restitution at 24 law.”); Great-W. Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson, 534 U.S. 204, 213 (2002) 25 (“[W]hether [restitution] is legal or equitable depends on ‘the basis for [the plaintiff’s] 26 claim’ and the nature of the underlying remedies sought.” (alteration in original) (quoting 27 Reich v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 33 F.3d 754, 756 (7th Cir. 1994) (Posner, J.))). The Court instead 28 dismisses all claims for restitution and disgorgement. 1 As the Court has now dismissed all of Plaintiff’s claims for both injunctive and 2 equitable monetary relief, it must also dismiss entirely three of Plaintiff’s causes of action. 3 First, because non-government plaintiffs may only seek an injunction or restitution under 4 the UCL and FAL, In re Vioxx Class Cases, 103 Cal. Rptr. 3d 83, 96 (Ct. App. 2009), the 5 Court dismisses Plaintiff’s UCL and FAL causes of action. Second, because Plaintiff 6 characterizes his unjust enrichment claim as a claim in quasi-contract for equitable 7 restitution and disgorgement, see Opp’n at 13, the Court also dismisses Plaintiff’s unjust 8 enrichment claim.5 9 B. Rule 9(b) and Rule 8(a) 10 1. Application of Rule 9(b) 11 Defendant argues that because Plaintiff’s UCL, FAL, and CLRA claims sound in 12 fraud, Plaintiff’s Complaint must satisfy Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirements with 13 respect to those claims. Mem. at 16–17. Plaintiff does not dispute Defendant’s contention. 14 See Opp’n at 5–7. Instead, Plaintiff responds that he has satisfied Rule 9(b)’s 15 requirements. Id. 16 The Parties do not address why Plaintiff’s UCL, FAL, and CLRA claims sound in 17 fraud but instead proceed directly to the Rule 9(b) analysis. The Parties’ omission in this 18 regard is curious, as Rule 9(b) does not always apply to UCL, FAL, and CLRA claims. 19 See, e.g., Kearns, 567 F.3d at 1126 (determining whether Rule 9(b) applied to UCL and 20 CLRA claims by asking whether the plaintiff alleged the elements of fraud under California 21 law, including intent to induce reliance); id. at 1125 (“[F]raud is not a necessary element 22 of a claim under the CLRA and UCL[] . . . .”); Vess, 317 F.3d at 1105–06 (declining to 23 apply Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement to the plaintiff’s claim that one of the 24 defendants negligently failed to disclose a financial relationship); FAL § 17500 (outlawing 25

26 5 The Court does not reach the Parties’ arguments regarding whether the Court should construe Plaintiff’s 27 unjust enrichment claim as a claim in quasi-contract seeking restitution, as (1) the claim as presented is 28 subject to dismissal for Plaintiff’s failure to allege irreparable harm and (2) neither Party has addressed in 1 advertising that is “known, or which by the exercise of reasonable care should be known, 2 to be untrue or misleading” (emphasis added)). 3 Plaintiff’s Complaint appears to contain allegations of both fraudulent and 4 nonfraudulent conduct. Compare Compl. ¶ 29 (“Defendant uses the petrochemical-derived 5 DL malic acid in its Product[] to create a sweet and tart flavor but pretends otherwise . . . .” 6 (emphasis added)), with id. ¶ 79 (suggesting Defendant “knew or in the exercise of 7 reasonable care should have known” that its statements were untrue or misleading 8 (emphasis added)). But as the Parties do not raise the issue of whether Rule 9(b) applies, 9 the Court declines to decide that issue here. Instead, the Court will proceed under the 10 assumption that Rule 9(b) governs Plaintiff’s claims. See Moore v. Mars Petcare US, Inc., 11 966 F.3d 1007, 1019 n.11 (9th Cir. 2020) (noting that a Rule 9(b) analysis “may not even 12 be necessary” but proceeding under the assumption that Rule 9(b) applies because the 13 plaintiffs “did not raise this argument in their briefing”). 14 2. The Circumstances of the Alleged Fraud 15 To survive Rule 9(b) scrutiny in the Ninth Circuit, a plaintiff must plead the “who, 16 what, when, where, and how” of the defendant’s alleged misconduct. Kearns, 567 F.3d at 17 1124 (quoting Vess, 317 F.3d at 1106). Here, Plaintiff accuses only one alleged 18 wrongdoer—Defendant (the “who”). Compl. ¶ 20. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant 19 misrepresented the natural origin of a specified flavoring ingredient—malic acid—in all 20 flavors of one Product (the “what”). Id. at 1; id. ¶¶ 20, 22–25. Plaintiff provides his 21 approximate purchase date, states that Plaintiff reviewed the natural flavoring claims on 22 Defendant’s Product “prior to his purchase,” and clarifies the relevant class period in which 23 other class members were allegedly exposed to Defendant’s misrepresentations (the 24 “when”). Id. ¶¶ 18, 50, 55. And Plaintiff alleges that he purchased the Product from 25 Amazon.com while residing in California and seeks to represent only California-resident 26 class members (the “where”). Id. 27 This leaves the “why” and the “how.” Plaintiff identifies the exact statements and 28 omissions that he alleges are misleading: the statement on the front label of all flavors of 1 the Product claiming that the Product contains no synthetic flavors, the statement on the 2 Product’s Amazon.com listing that the Product contains no artificial flavors, and the 3 omission of front- and back-label disclosures that would have clarified that the Product 4 contains artificial flavors. Id. ¶¶ 21, 42–43. Plaintiff then explains why these statements 5 and omissions are misleading and/or false—because the products allegedly contain a 6 synthetic version of malic acid. Id. ¶ 22. Lastly, Plaintiff alleges how Defendant’s 7 statements and omissions allegedly harmed him—he claims that he was exposed to the 8 alleged statements, relied on them, and “would not have purchased the Products from 9 Defendant if the truth about the Products was known, or would have only been willing to 10 pay a substantially reduced price.” Id. ¶¶ 19, 21, 51. By identifying specific misleading 11 statements and omissions, explaining why they are misleading, and alleging how he was 12 harmed by them, Plaintiff adequately alleges the “how” and “why” of the alleged 13 misconduct. See Stewart v. Kodiak Cakes, LLC, 537 F. Supp. 3d 1103, 1133–34 (S.D. Cal. 14 2021). 15 Based on the above analysis, the Court is convinced that Plaintiff has complied with 16 Rule 9(b).6 Defendant, however, has advanced additional arguments as to why Plaintiff’s 17 allegations do not satisfy Rule 9(b) and/or Rule 8(a). The Court will address each in turn. 18 3. Actual Reliance 19 Defendant argues that Plaintiff has failed to plead enough detail regarding his actual 20 reliance on Defendant’s alleged misstatements. See Mem. at 16–17. Defendant’s 21 argument, however, is in tension with binding Ninth Circuit precedent. In Moore—which 22 involved claims under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA—the Ninth Circuit reversed a district 23 court’s decision to “fault[] [p]laintiffs for not providing more detail as to how each 24 [p]laintiff relied on the ‘prescription’ label or requirement to purchase the food.” 966 F.3d 25 / / / 26

27 6 Because the Court has determined that Plaintiff’s ingredient list theory of liability is preempted, the 28 Court does not assess whether Plaintiff pleaded that theory of liability in compliance with Rule 9(b)’s 1 at 1020. The Ninth Circuit then determined that the plaintiffs, despite the lack of “detail 2 in their individual allegations,” had adequately pleaded actual reliance. Id. 3 Though Plaintiff must identify the statements on which he relied, allege when he 4 was exposed to them, and allege that he relied on them, see Kearns, 567 F.3d at 1126, 5 Moore demonstrates that Plaintiff is not required to provide extensive detail regarding his 6 alleged reliance to survive Rule 9(b). Indeed, after Moore, courts—applying Rule 9(b)— 7 have found that plaintiffs have adequately pleaded actual reliance via similar allegations to 8 those in the instant Complaint. See, e.g., Stewart, 537 F. Supp. 3d at 1132–37 (finding that 9 the plaintiffs had adequately pleaded actual reliance by pleading that they were exposed to 10 statements that were prominently displayed on the package of the products they 11 purchased); Scheibe v. Performance Enhancing Supplements, LLC, No. 3:23-CV-00219- 12 H-DDL, 2023 WL 5444644, at *3–4 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 23, 2023). 13 Having clarified the level of detail that Plaintiff must provide regarding his reliance, 14 the Court now turns to whether Plaintiff has adequately pleaded actual reliance. To plead 15 actual reliance (i.e., statutory standing) under the UCL or FAL in a case involving false 16 advertising, a plaintiff must “show that the misrepresentation was an immediate cause of 17 the injury-producing conduct” but need not allege that “[the challenged] misrepresentations 18 were the sole or even the decisive cause of the injury-producing conduct.” Kwikset Corp. 19 v. Superior Ct., 246 P.3d 877, 888 (Cal. 2011) (alteration in original) (internal quotation 20 marks omitted) (quoting In re Tobacco II Cases, 207 P.3d 20, 39–40 (Cal. 2009)). 21 Moreover, “any plaintiff who has [statutory] standing under the UCL[] and 22 FAL[] . . . will, a fortiori, have suffered ‘any damage’ for purposes of establishing CLRA 23 [statutory] standing.” Hinojos v. Kohl’s Corp., 718 F.3d 1098, 1108 (9th Cir. 2013). In 24 other words, if a plaintiff adequately pleads actual reliance under the UCL and FAL, they 25 will have satisfied the CLRA’s related element. 26 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s Complaint “is devoid of any specific factual 27 allegations that he looked for any specific information on Fit Foods’ Product labels before 28 making his purchase, or that he actually based his purchased[sic] decision on the presence 1 or absence of any such information.” Mem. at 17. The Court disagrees. Rule 9(b) does 2 not supplant the requirement that the Court “[a]ssum[e] the truth of [Plaintiff’s] allegations 3 and construe[] them . . . in the light most favorable to [Plaintiff].” Davidson, 889 F.3d 4 at 964.7 Under this review, Defendant’s critiques do not hold water. 5 First, Plaintiff has adequately alleged his exposure to Defendant’s alleged 6 misrepresentations and omissions. Plaintiff asserts that he reviewed “the natural flavoring 7 claims being made [on the Product’s label]” and did so “prior to his purchase.” 8 Compl. ¶ 50. Accepting this allegation as true, the Court can reach no other conclusion but 9 that Defendant’s alleged affirmative misrepresentation was on the Product’s label at the 10 time Plaintiff made his purchase.8 Similarly, Plaintiff alleges that he reviewed a no- 11 synthetic-flavors claim on the Product’s Amazon.com storefront, and that Defendant’s 12 Product lacks statutorily required, front- and back-label disclosures regarding the use of 13 artificial flavors. Id. ¶¶ 21, 41–43. Plaintiff has thus (1) adequately alleged that he read 14 the Product’s label and Amazon listing prior to his purchase and (2) adequately described 15 the condition of the Product’s label and Amazon listing at the time he read it. 16 Second, Plaintiff has adequately alleged the immediate causal role that Defendant’s 17 alleged misstatements and omissions played in his decision to purchase Defendant’s 18 product. In Moore, the plaintiffs made a sufficient showing to survive a motion to dismiss 19 by pleading that as a result of an allegedly fraudulent pet-food label, they either paid more 20 for pet food than they would have paid in the absence of the fraud or would never have 21 purchased the type of pet food at issue. 966 F.3d at 1020. Here as well, Plaintiff alleges 22 that he either “would not have purchased the Product[] from Defendant if the truth about 23 24 25 7 To the extent that Defendant implies that Rule 9(b) requires Plaintiff to meet a higher plausibility standard, see Mem. at 20, Defendant’s argument is inconsistent with Ninth Circuit precedent. See Cafasso, 26 637 F.3d at 1055 (“Iqbal’s plausibility requirement applies to claims subject to Rule 9(b).”). 8 Defendant in its Reply argues that “the natural flavoring claims” is vague, Reply at 2, but the Court is 27 unconvinced. Reading the Complaint as a whole, it is clear that “the natural flavoring claims” refers to 28 the specifically identified statement on the Product’s label that indicates that the Product contains no 1 the Product[] [was apparent], or would have only been willing to pay a substantially 2 reduced price for the Product[].” Compl. ¶ 51. Plaintiff then further alleges that he 3 “carefully reviews labels, including the Product[’s] label[], to ensure that he consumes only 4 natural ingredients and avoids artificial flavors and ingredients.” Id. ¶ 19. Lastly, Plaintiff 5 alleges that he understood the statement on the Product’s label (“No Synthetic Flavors,” 6 id. ¶ 21)—and the Product’s failure to disclose the presence of artificial flavors—to mean 7 that the Product contained only natural flavors. Id. ¶ 50. Together, these allegations are 8 sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. 9 Lastly, even if Plaintiff had not adequately alleged his actual reliance, Plaintiff’s 10 allegations are sufficient to invoke the presumption of reliance that arises at the pleading 11 stage under California law. See Moore, 966 F.3d at 1021 (“[A]t the motion to dismiss 12 stage, ‘actual reliance . . . is inferred from the misrepresentation of a material fact.’” 13 (second alteration in original) (quoting Friedman v. AARP, Inc., 855 F.3d 1047, 1055 (9th 14 Cir. 2017))). To allege reliance, therefore, a plaintiff “only need[] establish it to be 15 plausible that a ‘reasonable man would attach importance to [the] existence or nonexistence 16 [of the misrepresentation] in determining his choice of action in the transaction in 17 question.’” Id. (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 18 Friedman, 855 F.3d at 1056). 19 Here, Plaintiff alleges that sixty to seventy percent of consumers reported on a 20 consumer survey that they would pay a premium for clean label foods, which include foods 21 labeled as containing no artificial ingredients. Compl. ¶ 16. Given this allegation, it 22 “certainly seems plausible that a reasonable consumer would at least partially rely” on a 23 no-synthetic-flavors label to pay more money for a certain supplement over others. See 24 Moore, 966 F.3d at 1021. The Court therefore declines to dismiss any of Plaintiff’s claims 25 on the grounds that Plaintiff has failed to adequately plead actual reliance. 26 4. Presence of Malic Acid in Defendant’s Product 27 Defendant also asserts that Plaintiff has failed to “allege facts establishing plausibly 28 or with particularity that the product he purchased contained DL malic acid.” Mem. at 18 1 (capitalization altered). Specifically, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has insufficiently 2 described the laboratory testing that allegedly revealed the presence of DL malic acid in 3 the Product. Id. at 18–19. 4 a. Plaintiff’s Laboratory-Testing Allegation 5 Plaintiff alleges that “testing by an independent third-party laboratory has confirmed 6 that the malic acid that Defendant uses in [the Product] is DL malic acid, a synthetic 7 substance derived from petrochemicals.” Compl. ¶ 24. Defendant argues that this 8 allegation is “vague and conclusory” and therefore that the Court should not accept it for 9 its truth. Mem. at 19. 10 True, this Court need not assume the truth of conclusory allegations. See Iqbal, 556 11 U.S. at 681. But in Twombly and Iqbal, the Supreme Court identified conclusory 12 allegations as those that “amount to nothing more than a ‘formulaic recitation of the 13 elements’” that the plaintiff must prove to prevail. Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). 14 For example, the bare allegation that two defendants “agreed” not to compete is conclusory 15 in an antitrust case—it states merely the existence of an element of the plaintiff’s antitrust 16 cause of action. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556–57, 564 & n.9. By contrast, allegations in 17 an antitrust case “identifying a written agreement or even a basis for inferring a tacit 18 agreement” qualify not as conclusory, but instead as valid “factual enhancement” that a 19 court must assume is true. See id. at 557 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting DM 20 Rsch., Inc. v. Coll. of Am. Pathologists, 170 F.3d 53, 56 (1st Cir. 1999)). 21 Because Plaintiff’s allegation regarding laboratory testing amounts to more than a 22 formulaic recitation of an element of his claim, the Court must accept it for its truth. 23 Plaintiff does not solely allege that the Product contains an artificial flavor. Instead, he 24 alleges that an independent, third-party laboratory tested Defendant’s Product and 25 confirmed that it contains a version of malic acid—DL malic acid—that is derived from 26 petrochemicals. Compl. ¶ 24. This allegation is more akin to an allegation providing 27 factual enhancement than it is to the examples of conclusory allegations offered in 28 Twombly and Iqbal. 1 Several courts have reached the same conclusion. See, e.g., Livwell Prods., 2023 2 WL 4414580, at *4 (assuming the truth of the plaintiff’s allegation that laboratory testing 3 confirmed the presence of malic acid in the defendant’s products); Scheibe v. Lifeaid 4 Beverage LLC, No. 23-CV-840-MMA-DEB, 2023 WL 6131082, at *4 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 19, 5 2023) (finding sufficient the allegation that testing by an independent third-party laboratory 6 confirmed the presence of DL malic acid); Augustine, 386 F. Supp. 3d at 1325–26 7 (crediting the plaintiff’s allegation that “testing has confirmed” the presence of DL malic 8 acid in the defendant’s products); Gouwens v. Target Corp., No. 3:22-CV-50016, 2022 WL 9 18027524, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 30, 2022) (rejecting the defendant’s argument that the 10 plaintiff must describe the testing methodology of her alleged laboratory analysis to 11 plausibly plead that the defendant’s product contains DL malic acid); McCall v. Publix 12 Super Markets, Inc., No. 8:22-CV-584-MSS-CPT, 2023 WL 2362542, at *4 (M.D. Fla. 13 Feb. 28, 2023) (same); Allred v. Kellogg Co., No. 17-CV-1354-AJB-BLM, 2018 WL 14 1158885, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 23, 2018) (determining that the plaintiff had plausibly 15 alleged the presence of artificial malic acid in the defendant’s products even when the 16 plaintiff had not alleged laboratory testing); Branca, 2019 WL 1082562, at *3 (same). 17 The cases cited by Defendant do not persuade the Court to alter its conclusion. 18 Defendant relies on a line of cases from the Southern District of New York in which district 19 courts refused to assume the truth of alleged laboratory analyses absent further detail about 20 “the testing methodology followed, the specific date, time, or place of the testing, who 21 conducted the testing, [or] the qualifications of the testers.” Myers v. Wakefern Food 22 Corp., No. 20 CIV. 8470 (NSR), 2022 WL 603000, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 1, 2022); see 23 also, e.g., Hoffman v. Kraft Heinz Foods Co., No. 22-CV-397 (KMK), 2023 WL 1824795, 24 at *7–8 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 2023). Defendant argues that it needs these additional details 25 about the alleged laboratory testing to contest Plaintiff’s allegation regarding the presence 26 of DL Malic Acid in its Product. Reply at 5. 27 But trial or summary judgment, not a motion to dismiss, are the proper vehicles to 28 contest the veracity of Plaintiff’s factual allegations or criticize the quality of Plaintiff’s 1 evidence. See Koller v. Med Foods, Inc., No. 14-CV-02400-RS, 2015 WL 13653887, at 2 *3 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 6, 2015) (“[A]djudicating what [studies described in the complaint] do 3 or do not prove is beyond the appropriate scope of inquiry at the pleading stage.”); 4 Durnford v. MusclePharm Corp., 907 F.3d 595, 603 n.8 (9th Cir. 2018) (stating, in a case 5 involving Rule 9(b), that “plaintiffs are generally not expected to provide evidence in 6 support of their claims at the pleading stage”). For a court to credit his allegation for its 7 truth, it is enough that Plaintiff allege that laboratory testing occurred and describe the 8 results of that testing.9 9 Lastly, the Court notes that Defendant is not left without a remedy should discovery 10 reveal that no laboratory testing occurred. In that instance, Defendant’s “remedy would lie 11 in Rule 11.” Kellogg Co., 2018 WL 1158885, at *1; see also Koller, 2015 WL 13653887, 12 at *3 (“[T]he testing . . . referenced in the complaint[] may bear on the reasonableness of 13 counsel’s pre-suit investigation . . . .”). 14 The Court therefore assumes the truth of Plaintiff’s allegation regarding independent 15 laboratory testing for purposes of deciding Defendant’s Motion. 16 b. The Specific Unit Purchased by Plaintiff 17 Defendant correctly notes that Plaintiff must adequately plead that the specific unit 18 he purchased contains DL malic acid. See Davidson, 889 F.3d at 965. Plaintiff need not 19 plead, however, that he or his counsel—rather than a third party—conducted laboratory 20 testing; nor does Plaintiff need to plead that a laboratory tested the specific unit he 21 purchased. See Pels v. Keurig Dr. Pepper, Inc., No. 19-CV-03052-SI, 2019 WL 5813422, 22

23 9 Defendant’s argument (made without citation to precedent) that Rule 9(b) requires more detail about the 24 alleged laboratory testing fails for similar reasons. Defendant cannot reasonably contend that Plaintiff’s complaint fails to provide adequate notice of Defendant’s alleged misconduct absent more detail about 25 testing methodology. See United States v. United Healthcare Ins. Co., 848 F.3d 1161, 1180 (9th Cir. 2016) (describing the policy goals of Rule 9(b)). Further, though Rule 9(b) requires “some factual basis” 26 for a plaintiff’s claims to “protect[] against false or unsubstantiated charges,” it does not require Plaintiff to prove his case at the pleading stage. See id. Indeed, courts in the Ninth Circuit have—in cases where 27 Rule 9(b) applies—allowed malic-acid lawsuits to go forward without requiring plaintiffs to provide more 28 detail about laboratory testing. See, e.g., Lifeaid Beverage, 2023 WL 6131082, at *4; Livwell Prods., 1 at *4–5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 7, 2019) (rejecting the argument that a plaintiff must allege that 2 he himself tested the product he purchased and concluding that a plaintiff could, at least in 3 some cases, rely on testing by third parties of other samples of the same product). So long 4 as Plaintiff has adequately alleged that all units of the Product contain DL Malic acid, 5 Plaintiff need not demonstrate that he himself conducted laboratory testing or that a 6 laboratory tested the specific unit he allegedly purchased. 7 c. Plausibility of Plaintiff’s Artificial Malic Acid Allegations 8 The Court finally turns to whether Plaintiff has plausibly alleged that all flavors of 9 the Product contain artificial malic acid. Plaintiff alleges that all flavors of Defendant’s 10 Product state on the back label that they contain malic acid. Compl. ¶ 23. Plaintiff next 11 alleges that there are two forms of malic acid: one naturally occurring form and one 12 synthetic form—DL malic acid. Id. ¶ 24. Plaintiff clarifies that DL malic acid is synthetic 13 because it is “manufactured in petrochemical plants from benzene and butane.” Id. ¶ 25. 14 Lastly, Plaintiff offers two allegations supporting the inference that all flavors of the 15 Product contain DL malic acid. First, Plaintiff alleges that because naturally occurring 16 malic acid is extremely expensive to formulate in large quantities, companies almost never 17 use naturally occurring malic acid in mass-produced food products. Id. ¶ 24. Second, 18 Plaintiff alleges that laboratory testing “has confirmed that the malic acid Defendant uses 19 in [the Product] is DL malic acid.” Id. 20 Read together, and taken as true, these factual allegations give rise to the reasonable 21 inference that all flavors of Defendant’s Product—including the flavor purchased by 22 Plaintiff—contain artificial DL malic acid. Though Defendant reads Paragraph 24 as 23 ambiguous as to what products the alleged laboratory tested, see Mem. at 18, the Court 24 does not see how a laboratory could confirm the presence of DL malic acid in Defendant’s 25 Product without testing Defendant’s Product. And even if the Court were to read Plaintiff’s 26 allegation skeptically and assume that only some flavors of the Product were tested, the 27 Court does not find it plausible that a company would use DL malic acid in some 28 flavors/units of a product but use naturally occurring malic acid in other flavors/units of 1 that same product. The Court is satisfied, therefore that Plaintiff has adequately pleaded 2 that Defendant’s Product contains DL malic acid. 3 The cases Defendant cites—Pels and Vavak v. Abbott Lab’ys, Inc., No. 4 SACV101995JVSRZX, 2011 WL 13130493 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 7, 2011)—are 5 distinguishable. In both cases, the district courts dismissed the plaintiffs’ complaints for 6 failure to allege that the product the plaintiffs purchased contained an alleged defect. See 7 Pels, 2019 WL 5813422, at *4–5 (dismissing the plaintiff’s claim for failure to plead that 8 the water he purchased was defective (i.e., contained an illegal level of arsenic)); Vavak, 9 2011 WL 13130493, at *2 (dismissing the plaintiff’s claim for failure to plead that the baby 10 formula she purchased was defective (i.e., contained beetles or beetle larvae)). These cases 11 stand for the uncontroversial proposition that it is not reasonable to infer that because 12 certain shipments of a product contained an unintended defect, all units of that product 13 contained said defect. They say nothing, however, about whether it is reasonable to infer 14 that where the labels of all flavors of a product state that the product contains an 15 ingredient—and where laboratory testing reveals that some units of the product contain an 16 artificial version of that ingredient—a company used the same version of the ingredient 17 across all flavors of the product. 18 The Court therefore declines to dismiss any of Plaintiff’s claims on the grounds that 19 Plaintiff inadequately pleaded that DL malic acid is present in Defendant’s Product. 20 CONCLUSION 21 In light of the foregoing, the Court GRANTS IN PART AND DENIES IN PART 22 Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Complaint (ECF No. 4). The Court DISMISSES all claims 23 to the extent they are premised on the ingredient list theory. The Court further 24 DISMISSES all claims for injunctive relief for lack of standing and all claims for equitable 25 monetary relief for failure to plead the inadequacy of legal remedies. As a result, the Court 26 DISMISSES Plaintiff’s UCL, FAL, and unjust enrichment claims in their entirety. The 27 Court DENIES the remainder of Defendant’s Motion. 28 / / / 1 The Court GRANTS Plaintiff LEAVE TO AMEND with respect to all claims to 2 extent that Plaintiff can cure the above-noted deficiencies. To that end, Plaintiff MAY 3 || FILE an amended complaint within twenty-one (21) days of the electronic filing date of 4 ||this Order. If Plaintiff files an amended complaint, Defendant must respond within the 5 || time prescribed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15. If Plaintiff does not file an amended 6 ||complaint within the time prescribed herein, the case will proceed on Plaintiffs surviving 7 |{claims, and Defendant’s answer will be due fourteen (14) days after the expiration of 8 || Plaintiff's deadline to file an amended complaint. 9 IT IS SO ORDERED. 10 |}Dated: November 8, 2023 , tt 1 ja Janis L. Sammartino United States District Judge 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28