2015 IL App (1st) 133356 No. 1-13-3356 Fifth Division January 23, 2015
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
) CATHLEEN SCHANDELMEIER-BARTELS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Cook County. Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ) No. 08 L 13703 v. ) ) The Honorable THE CHICAGO PARK DISTRICT, ) Patrick F. Lustig, ) Judge Presiding. Defendant-Appellee. ) ) ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices McBride and Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff Cathleen Schandelmeier-Bartels was terminated from her employment with the
defendant Chicago Park District (Park District) after reporting an allegation of abuse to the
Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS). Plaintiff, who is Caucasian, claimed
that her termination was racially motivated since she was terminated by her African-
American supervisor after reporting an incident that involved an African-American family.
Plaintiff filed a complaint in federal court for racial discrimination and retaliatory discharge.
The federal district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law No. 1-13-3356
retaliatory discharge claim but proceeded with the racial discrimination case, and plaintiff
refiled her retaliatory discharge claim in state court.
¶2 After a jury trial on her federal racial discrimination claim, plaintiff was awarded
$200,000 in compensatory damages. The federal district court granted the Park District’s
motion for judgment as a matter of law (judgment notwithstanding the verdict), and plaintiff
appealed to the Seventh Circuit. The Seventh Circuit reversed and reinstated the jury verdict,
but remitted the award to $30,000.
¶3 After the federal award, the Park District filed a motion in limine in the state-court case,
asking the circuit court to find that plaintiff could recover no damages for her retaliatory
discharge claim in light of the recovery for the federal racial discrimination claim. The circuit
court found that plaintiff was precluded from recovering any damages for her retaliatory
discharge claim on the basis of res judicata and granted the Park District’s motion in limine.
The circuit court then entered judgment in favor of the Park District. Plaintiff appeals, and
we affirm.
¶4 BACKGROUND
¶5 I. Plaintiff’s Discharge from the Park District
¶6 We take the facts leading to plaintiff’s discharge from the Seventh Circuit’s opinion in
Schandelmeier-Bartels v. Chicago Park District, 634 F.3d 372, 376-78 (7th Cir. 2011), as do
the parties in their briefs.
¶7 On April 23, 2006, plaintiff began working at the Park District as cultural coordinator for
the South Shore Cultural Center, which involved her being responsible for supervising the
cultural center’s after-school program and summer camp. Her duties included creating and
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adhering to a program schedule, following program rotations, documenting all incidents
involving children, and supervising children and staff.
¶8 On July 31, 2006, J.J., an African-American child, was suspended from summer camp for
misbehavior, and his aunt came to pick him up. While J.J. and his aunt were in another room,
plaintiff heard the sound of flesh being struck and a child screaming. Plaintiff followed the
sounds and observed J.J.’s aunt kneeling over him with her arm raised above her head and a
belt looped in her hand. J.J. had a welt on his arm and was crying. Plaintiff ordered J.J.’s aunt
to stop, and J.J. and his aunt left the cultural center.
¶9 Plaintiff, who is Caucasian, reported the incident to her immediate supervisor, Andrea
Adams, who is African-American. Adams explained that the J.J. incident was “ ‘a cultural
thing,’ ” because “ ‘this is the way we discipline children in our culture’ ”; plaintiff assumed
that Adams was referring to African-American culture. Plaintiff asked Adams what she
should do, and Adams informed plaintiff that under Illinois law, if plaintiff believed she had
observed child abuse, she was obligated to report it to DCFS. However, since Adams had not
witnessed the incident, she informed plaintiff that it would be plaintiff’s decision whether or
not to report the incident. That night, plaintiff reported the incident to DCFS and was
informed that she should call the police to perform a well-being check, which plaintiff did the
next morning.
¶ 10 During the morning of August 1, Adams called plaintiff into her office, where J.J.’s aunt
was present. Adams confronted plaintiff about sending the police to the aunt’s home, and
plaintiff explained her actions. When Adams learned that plaintiff had not actually observed
the aunt’s belt connect with J.J.’s flesh, Adams “ ‘went ballistic.’ ” Adams again told
plaintiff that it was a cultural difference that plaintiff did not understand, and when plaintiff
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told Adams that her black friends did not beat their children, Adams responded, “ ‘[Y]our
friends who are black tell you that they don’t beat their children and then they go home and
beat their children.’ ” Adams ordered plaintiff to leave her office, telling plaintiff that she
“ ‘[could not] stand the sight of’ ” her.
¶ 11 Adams then wrote a memo to the director of lakefront operations of the Park District and
copied her immediate supervisor, detailing plaintiff’s poor performance at her employment.
Adams then recounted the “ ‘J.J. incident,’ ” which she called “ ‘the last straw.’ ” Adams
concluded the memo by saying that “ ‘[s]omething has to give.’ ” The same day, the Park
District’s human resources director drafted a letter terminating plaintiff’s employment. At 6
p.m. on August 1, Adams and her supervisor delivered the termination letter to plaintiff,
terminating her employment immediately.
¶ 12 II. Federal-Court Action
¶ 13 Plaintiff filed a complaint in federal court, alleging, inter alia, “reverse race
discrimination” in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. § 2000e-
2(a) (2006)), and a state common-law claim for retaliatory discharge. 1 The district court
denied the Park District’s motion for summary judgment on plaintiff’s state-law retaliatory
discharge claim on November 7, 2008. However, on November 17, 2008, the district court
granted plaintiff’s motion to clarify the November 7 order and ordered it “modified to render
no decision as to Count X [the state-law claim] and to advise that the Court declines to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s tenth cause of action for the Illinois
common law tort of retaliatory discharge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1367(c)(1)-(2), because
1 The federal complaint is not included in the record on appeal. We draw the facts concerning the procedural posture of the federal case largely from the Seventh Circuit opinion, as well as rulings made by the federal district court in Schandelmeier-Bartels v. Chicago Park District, No. 07 CV 922, 2008 WL 4855649 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 7, 2008), and Schandelmeier-Bartels v. Chicago Park District, No. 07 CV 922, 2009 WL 2916858 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 2, 2009).
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the state law claim substantially predominates over the claims over which the Court has
original jurisdiction, because it raises a novel or complex issue of state law, and because it
would require the Court to address facts and issues irrelevant to the federal claims.”
¶ 14 Plaintiff’s racial discrimination claims proceeded to trial and, on March 5, 2009, the jury
returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff, finding that plaintiff “prove[d] by a preponderance of
the evidence that she was terminated by the Chicago Park District because of her race” and
awarding her compensatory damages in the amount of $200,000. 2 The jury instruction
concerning damages stated:
“You may award compensatory damages only for injuries that Ms.
Schandelmeier-Bartels has proved by a preponderance of the evidence were caused
by the Chicago Park District’s wrongful conduct.
Your award must be based on evidence and not speculation or guesswork. This
does not mean, however, that compensatory damages are restricted to the actual loss
of money; they include both the mental and physical aspects of the injury, even if
they are not easy to measure.
In calculating damages, you should not consider the issue of lost wages and
benefits. The court will calculate and determine any damages for past or future lost
wages and benefits. You should consider the following type of compensatory
damages, and no others:
The mental and/or emotional pain that Ms. Schandelmeier-Bartels has
experienced. No evidence of the dollar value of mental and/or emotional pain and
suffering has been or needs to be introduced. There is no exact standard for
2 Plaintiff was also awarded $51,702 in front and back pay, as well as costs and attorney fees. These awards are not at issue in the instant case, as plaintiff is not seeking them in her state-law case.
5 No. 1-13-3356
setting the damages to be awarded on account of pain and suffering. You are to
determine an amount that will fairly compensate Ms. Schandelmeier-Bartels for
the injury, if any, that she sustained.”
When arguing before the jury, plaintiff’s attorney did not include “loss of normal life” as an
element of plaintiff’s compensatory damages that should be awarded, nor does plaintiff claim
that she tendered a jury instruction that was rejected concerning loss of normal life. “Loss of
a normal life” is defined as “the temporary or permanent diminished ability to enjoy life. This
includes a person’s inability to pursue the pleasurable aspects of life.” Illinois Pattern Jury
Instructions, Civil, No. 30.04.02 (2008).
¶ 15 After the verdict, the Park District filed a posttrial motion for judgment as a matter of law
(judgment notwithstanding the verdict) pursuant to Rule 50 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure (Fed. R. Civ. P. 50), which the district court granted on September 2, 2009,
finding for the Park District. Plaintiff appealed, and the Seventh Circuit reversed, reinstating
the jury verdict for plaintiff. However, the Seventh Circuit ordered a remittitur and reduced
the damages to $30,000, finding that “[i]n the absence of stronger evidence of long-lasting
emotional harm to plaintiff, and even giving due deference to the jury’s determination,” an
award higher than $30,000 “on this record would be unreasonable.” 3 Schandelmeier-Bartels,
634 F.3d at 391.
¶ 16 III. State-Court Action
¶ 17 Shortly after the federal district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over
her retaliatory discharge claim, plaintiff filed a complaint for retaliatory discharge against the
3 The court noted that, normally, the issue would be remanded to the district court. However, given the fact that the judge who presided over the trial had since retired, the court found that it was situated “at least as well as a newly-assigned district judge would be to make this decision.” Schandelmeier-Bartels, 634 F.3d at 391.
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Park District, alleging that she was terminated from her employment for reporting suspected
child abuse to the DCFS abuse and neglect hotline and to the Chicago police department;
plaintiff later filed a verified amended complaint.
¶ 18 The Park District’s answer to the verified amended complaint included, as an affirmative
defense, the argument that plaintiff’s claim was barred by collateral estoppel as she had
already “received all the damages in the federal case that she could possibly receive in her
common-law claim” for retaliatory discharge.
¶ 19 On May 24, 2011, the Park District filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that
summary judgment was appropriate because, based on collateral estoppel, “[s]he cannot state
a prima facie case [for common-law retaliatory discharge] because under the legal principle
of no double recovery for wrongs arising out of one indivisible set of facts, she now has no
further claim for damages, and without a claim for damages, she cannot establish a prima
facie case.”
¶ 20 On October 20, 2011, the circuit court entered an order denying the Park District’s
motion for summary judgment, finding that given the lack of finality of the federal case, 4 “it
would be inappropriate to interpret the federal litigation to preclude litigation in the state
court.” On April 6, 2012, the circuit court denied the Park District’s motion for
reconsideration in light of the conclusion of the federal case.
¶ 21 On July 31, 2013, the Park District filed “Defendant Chicago Park District’s Motion in
Limine No. 3 to Bar Plaintiff’s Recovery of Damages From Emotional Distress Because She
Received All These Damages in Her Federal Case.” In the motion, the Park District asked the
court to prevent plaintiff “from seeking two recoveries for emotional distress in her common-
4 The order referred to “certain yet unresolved elements of damage.”
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law retaliatory discharge case because she has already received all the emotional distress
damages to which she was entitled in her federal reverse-discrimination case.” The Park
District argued that by prevailing on her claim in federal court, collateral estoppel prevented
plaintiff from bringing a second claim for compensatory damages for emotional distress in
the state-court action.
¶ 22 On September 12, 2013, plaintiff filed a response to the Park District’s motion in limine,
arguing that “[n]o judge or jury has ever considered Plaintiff’s retaliatory discharge claim,
nor assessed the damages she sustained under the standards applicable to state law retaliatory
discharge claims.”
¶ 23 On October 9, 2013, the parties came before the circuit court on the Park District’s
motion in limine. After hearing argument from both sides, the court noted:
“I believe that the judgment that you got in federal court bars–I mean, it’s like res
judicata here. You got a final judgment on the merits in federal court. You had the
same cause of action. It’s all the same operative core set of facts. The parties are both
the same. You had different theories, but you don’t get damage for each theory when
they all arise out of the same core set of facts, at least that’s–you know, I may be
wrong. I don’t think I am, but I think to grant this motion at this point, and if I’m
right, then I have saved a lot of time and resources for both the Plaintiff, the Defense,
and the courts, and if I’m wrong, then this issue is taken care of, and then you are
back, and you can try the case, but I think to have everybody go through a trial in a
case like this where I think the damages are the same, would be an error on my part.”
The court then recited the elements of res judicata, noting that, as to the requirement of a
final judgment on the merits:
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“[T]he federal court entered a judgment for the Plaintiff on reverse race
discrimination and awarded damages for emotional distress and lost wages. *** The
jury awarded damages for the Plaintiff for emotional distress, and even though the
federal court reduced the amount of emotional distress damages, the final judgment
was entered for the Plaintiff versus the Defendant on that core set of facts.
The final judgment made on the merits is conclusive as to rights of the parties and
constitutes an absolute bar to subsequent action involving the same cause of action.
It’s the same cause of action. It’s just different theories, the way I look at it. One
theory is race discrimination. One is retaliatory discharge.
So the doctrine of res judicata applies not only to issues that were raised, but that
could have been raised as well in the federal court. The jury’s verdict in the federal
court was for Plaintiff’s emotional distress, which is the same damage that the
Plaintiff would seek recovery for in the state court action.
The Plaintiff’s testimony regarding the emotional distress would be exactly the
same in the state court as it was in the federal court case. Even through the elements
of each of these theories may be different, the damages are the same.”
Regarding the requirement for identity of cause of action, the court stated:
“As to the second element for res judicata, identity of the causes of action, while
one group of facts may give rise to a number of different theories of recovery, there
remains only a single cause of action. ***
In this case it all boils down to the damages, and while I know your elements are
going to be different, the damages, you can’t separate what her damages are[,] I don’t
think[,] from the race discrimination from the retaliatory discharge.
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So no matter how many alternative theories you might have had out of this firing,
you would still remain–it’s still one cause of action and one award of damages for
emotional distress, and I do think if both these theories proceeded in the same court,
you wouldn’t get emotional distress damages for each one.”
Accordingly, the circuit court entered an order granting the Park District’s motion in limine
preventing the recovery of emotional damages. The order also stated that, “[b]ased on the
ruling on motion in limine No. 3, the plaintiff cannot obtain damages, which is a critical
element in the cause of action” and, accordingly, entered judgment in the Park District’s
favor. This appeal follows.
¶ 24 ANALYSIS
¶ 25 On appeal, plaintiff argues that the circuit court erred in finding that res judicata barred
plaintiff from recovering compensatory damages in her state-law case and further argues that
even under the narrower doctrine of collateral estoppel, she should be permitted to proceed
with her claim. “Generally, we review a trial court’s decision on a motion in limine for an
abuse of discretion; however, where, as in this case, the only issue before the court involves a
question of law, the standard of review is de novo.” People v. Armbrust, 2011 IL App (2d)
100955, ¶ 6 (citing People v. Larsen, 323 Ill. App. 3d 1022, 1026 (2001)); see also Forest
Preserve District of Du Page County v. First National Bank of Franklin Park, 401 Ill. App.
3d 966, 976 (2010) (“Because this is a purely legal issue centering on statutory interpretation,
we review de novo the trial court’s decision to grant motion in limine No. 1.”); People v.
Hanson, 238 Ill. 2d 74, 96 (2010) (noting that while a motion in limine is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion, the issues in the case were questions of law to be reviewed de novo).
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De novo consideration means we perform the same analysis that a trial judge would perform.
Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011).
¶ 26 I. Res Judicata
¶ 27 The first issue we consider is whether the trial court properly found that res judicata
barred plaintiff from recovering compensatory damages. “ ‘The doctrine of res judicata
provides that a final judgment on the merits rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction
bars any subsequent actions between the same parties or their privies on the same cause of
action.’ ” Hudson v. City of Chicago, 228 Ill. 2d 462, 467 (2008) (quoting Rein v. David A.
Noyes & Co., 172 Ill. 2d 325, 334 (1996)). Res judicata bars relitigation of matters that were
actually decided in the first lawsuit, as well as matters that could have been decided in that
suit. River Park, Inc. v. City of Highland Park, 184 Ill. 2d 290, 302 (1998). Three
requirements must be satisfied for res judicata to apply: (1) a final judgment on the merits
has been reached by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) an identity of cause of action
exists; and (3) the parties or their privies are identical in both actions. Hudson, 228 Ill. 2d at
467 (citing Downing v. Chicago Transit Authority, 162 Ill. 2d 70, 73-74 (1994)). In order to
determine whether there is an identity of cause of action, courts apply the “transactional test.”
River Park, 184 Ill. 2d at 311. “[P]ursuant to the transactional analysis, separate claims will
be considered the same cause of action for purposes of res judicata if they arise from a single
group of operative facts, regardless of whether they assert different theories of relief.” River
Park, 184 Ill. 2d at 311.
¶ 28 In the case at bar, we agree with plaintiff that res judicata does not apply to bar her state-
law claim for retaliatory discharge. Our supreme court has addressed the identical issue in
Nowak v. St. Rita High School, 197 Ill. 2d 381 (2001), and its decision controls here. In
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Nowak, the plaintiff filed a complaint in federal court over his termination from the
defendant high school, seeking recovery under the federal Americans with Disabilities Act of
1990 (the ADA) (42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1994)), as well as raising a state claim for
breach of his employment contract. Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at 385. The district court granted
summary judgment in favor of the defendant on the ADA claim, and declined to asset
jurisdiction over the state claim, dismissing it “ ‘for lack of jurisdiction.’ ” Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d
at 385. After the state claim was dismissed, the plaintiff refiled the claim in the circuit court
of Cook County. Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at 387. The circuit court dismissed two counts of the
complaint with prejudice and entered summary judgment in favor of the defendant on the
remaining two counts. Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at 387. The plaintiff appealed, and the appellate
court reversed the dismissal of one of the counts of the plaintiff’s complaint. Nowak, 197 Ill.
2d at 387.
¶ 29 Before the supreme court, one of the defendant’s arguments was that the doctrine of res
judicata barred the plaintiff’s claim. Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at 389. The supreme court disagreed,
noting that “[u]nder Illinois law, the dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim is an
adjudication on the merits, while the dismissal of a complaint for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction is not considered a decision on the merits of the complaint.” Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at
390 (citing River Park, 184 Ill. 2d at 303). The supreme court explained the difference
between the case before it and River Park, relied upon by the defendant, a case in which the
court had dismissed a case on res judicata grounds because the plaintiff had not first raised
its state claims in its federal-court action:
“In this case, plaintiff asserted his [state-law] contract tenure claim in the federal
action, as required by the transactional test, only to have his claim dismissed by the
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district court ‘for lack of jurisdiction’ after an adverse decision on his ADA claim.
Whether that dismissal was discretionary or otherwise is beside the point; it was a
dismissal for lack of jurisdiction. There was no adjudication of the merits on that
claim despite plaintiff’s proper and timely assertion of the claim. With respect to that
timely asserted claim, plaintiff did not get his day in court and, therefore, res judicata
does not apply.” (Emphases in original.) Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at 392.
¶ 30 The supreme court also rejected the defendant’s arguments that the plaintiff’s claims
arose from a single transaction and, therefore, the adjudication on the ADA claim constituted
an adjudication of the state-law claim as well:
“Although the claims in question may be initially regarded as a single cause of
action for application of res judicata, subsequent events may alter their status. For
example, res judicata does not apply to bar an independent claim of part of the same
cause of action if the court in the first action expressly reserves the plaintiff’s right to
maintain the second action or the plaintiff is unable to obtain relief on his claim
because of a restriction of the subject-matter jurisdiction of the court in the first
action.” Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at 392-93 (citing Airtite v. DPR Ltd. Partnership, 265 Ill.
App. 3d 214, 219 (1994), and Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 26(1) (1982)).
The court noted that “[t]he facts of the instant case place it squarely within the exceptions to
the application of res judicata as set forth in the Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 26(1)
(1982), and in Airtite, both of which were cited by this court in River Park,” and found:
“By declining jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s pendent state claim, dismissing it for
lack of jurisdiction, the district court in effect reserved plaintiff’s right to pursue the
matter in state court. The doctrine of res judicata need not be applied in a manner
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inconsistent with fundamental fairness. [Citations.] The doctrine does not apply in
this case.” Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at 393-94.
¶ 31 In the case at bar, we are presented with the same factual scenario as was present in
Nowak: plaintiff initially filed her state-law claim together with her federal claim in federal
court, but the district court declined jurisdiction over the state-law claim. Following our
supreme court’s instruction in Nowak, we cannot find that res judicata applies in this case.
¶ 32 The Park District attempts to distinguish Nowak by arguing that it does not address a
situation in which the plaintiff succeeds in the federal case, as in the instant case, because the
plaintiff in Nowak lost in his federal case. We do not find this argument persuasive. Our
supreme court’s analysis in Nowak did not depend in any way on whether the plaintiff’s
federal case was successful or unsuccessful. Instead, our supreme court focused on the fact
that “[t]here was no adjudication of the merits on [the state-law] claim despite plaintiff’s
proper and timely assertion of the claim. With respect to that timely asserted claim, plaintiff
did not get his day in court and, therefore, res judicata does not apply.” Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at
392. Despite the Park District’s claims otherwise, res judicata was simply not a proper
vehicle to dispose of plaintiff’s retaliatory discharge claim and the circuit court erred in
relying on it to grant the Park District’s motion in limine.
¶ 33 II. Collateral Estoppel
¶ 34 Despite the fact that the circuit court’s decision was based on res judicata, we must
nevertheless consider whether collateral estoppel applies to bar plaintiff from seeking
compensatory damages in her state-law case, since we may affirm the circuit court on any
basis apparent from the record on appeal. Alpha School Bus Co. v. Wagner, 391 Ill. App. 3d
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722, 734 (2009); Rodriguez v. Sheriff’s Merit Comm’n of Kane County, 218 Ill. 2d 342, 357
(2006).
¶ 35 “The doctrine of collateral estoppel applies when a party, or someone in privity with a
party, participates in two separate and consecutive cases arising on different causes of action
and some controlling fact or question material to the determination of both causes has been
adjudicated against that party in the former suit by a court of competent jurisdiction.” Nowak,
197 Ill. 2d at 389-90. “The adjudication of the fact or question in the first cause will, if
properly presented, be conclusive of the same question in the later suit, but the judgment in
the first suit operates as an estoppel only as to the point or question actually litigated and
determined and not as to other matters which might have been litigated and determined.”
(Emphasis in original.) Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at 390. “[R]es judicata, while similar to collateral
estoppel, deals with the same claim or cause of action, while collateral estoppel deals with
identical issues.” (Emphases in original.) Illinois Health Maintenance Organization
Guaranty Ass’n v. Department of Insurance, 372 Ill. App. 3d 24, 41 (2007).
¶ 36 “[T]he minimum threshold requirements for the application of collateral estoppel are: (1)
the issue decided in the prior adjudication is identical with the one presented in the suit in
question, (2) there was a final judgment on the merits in the prior adjudication, and (3) the
party against whom estoppel is asserted was a party or in privity with a party to the prior
adjudication.” Gumma v. White, 216 Ill. 2d 23, 38 (2005); Hurlbert v. Charles, 238 Ill. 2d
248, 255 (2010); State Building Venture v. O’Donnell, 239 Ill. 2d 151, 158 (2010).
“Application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel must be narrowly tailored to fit the precise
facts and issues that were clearly determined in the prior judgment.” Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at
390-91. Additionally, “[e]ven where the threshold elements of the doctrine are satisfied and
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an identical common issue is found to exist between a former and current lawsuit, collateral
estoppel must not be applied to preclude parties from presenting their claims or defenses
unless it is clear that no unfairness results to the party being estopped.” Talarico v. Dunlap,
177 Ill. 2d 185, 191-92 (1997).
¶ 37 In the case at bar, our focus is on the first requirement, that of identity of issues. The
“issue” at the heart of the parties’ arguments is the issue of compensatory damages. The Park
District argues, and the circuit court agreed, that the compensatory damages recovered in the
federal case are identical to those plaintiff seeks in the state-law case. Plaintiff, however,
argues that the issues are not identical because “(1) Plaintiff’s intentional race discrimination
claim and her retaliatory discharge claim are wholly separate claims, independent of one
another, and with different proof required to prove the elements of the respective causes of
action; and (2) the Seventh Circuit uses a standard for reviewing a jury’s damage award that
is significantly less deferential to the jury than the standard used by federal courts, further
demonstrating that an identity of issues is not present.” We do not find plaintiff’s arguments
persuasive.
¶ 38 While we agree with plaintiff that there are different requirements to prove race
discrimination and retaliatory discharge, those differences have no bearing on the question of
whether the damages recovered are identical in both cases, especially here, where both were
based on the facts surrounding plaintiff’s discharge. For that answer, we must consider what
the federal jury was asked to decide and what plaintiff would be seeking in her state-law
case.
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¶ 39 The jury in the federal case was asked to determine whether plaintiff “prove[d] by a
preponderance of the evidence that she was terminated by the Chicago Park District because
of her race.” The jury instruction concerning damages stated:
“You may award compensatory damages only for injuries that Ms.
Schandelmeier-Bartels has proved by a preponderance of the evidence were caused
Your award must be based on evidence and not speculation or guesswork. This
does not mean, however, that compensatory damages are restricted to the actual loss
of money; they include both the mental and physical aspects of the injury, even if
In calculating damages, you should not consider the issue of lost wages and
benefits. The court will calculate and determine any damages for past or future lost
wages and benefits. You should consider the following type of compensatory
The mental and/or emotional pain that Ms. Schandelmeier-Bartels has
experienced. No evidence of the dollar value of mental and/or emotional pain and
suffering has been or needs to be introduced. There is no exact standard for
setting the damages to be awarded on account of pain and suffering. You are to
determine an amount that will fairly compensate Ms. Schandelmeier-Bartels for
¶ 40 This language tracks the language of the Seventh Circuit pattern jury instruction for
compensatory damages in Title VII cases in all but one respect. The pattern instruction
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provides that the jury “should consider the following types of compensatory damages, and no
others”:
“[1. The physical [and mental/emotional] pain and suffering [and disability/loss of
a normal life] that Plaintiff has experienced [and is reasonably certain to experience
in the future]. No evidence of the dollar value of physical [or mental/emotional] pain
and suffering [or disability/loss of a normal life] has been or needs to be introduced.
There is no exact standard for setting the damages to be awarded on account of pain
and suffering. You are to determine an amount that will fairly compensate Plaintiff
for the injury he has sustained.]” Federal Civil Jury Instructions of the Seventh
Circuit, No. 3.10 (2005 rev.).
¶ 41 In her state-law retaliatory discharge case, the applicable pattern jury instructions for
damages provide:
“If you decide for the plaintiff on the question of liability, you must then fix the
amount of money which will reasonably and fairly compensate him for any of the
following elements of damages proved by the evidence to have resulted from the
[negligence] [wrongful conduct] [of the defendant], [taking into consideration (the
nature, extent and duration of the injury) (and) (the aggravation of any pre-existing
ailment or condition)].
[Here insert the elements of damages which have a basis in the evidence]
Whether any of these elements of damages has been proved by the evidence is for
you to determine.” Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 30.01 (2008).
One of the elements of damages that may be inserted into the damages instruction is:
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“[Loss of a normal life experienced (and reasonably certain to be experienced in
the future).]” Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 30.04.01 (2008).
“Loss of a normal life” is further defined:
“When I use the expression ‘loss of a normal life’, I mean the temporary or
permanent diminished ability to enjoy life. This includes a person’s inability to
pursue the pleasurable aspects of life.” Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No.
30.04.02 (2008).
Additionally, another element of damages that may be inserted into the damages instruction
is:
“The emotional distress experienced [and reasonably certain to be experienced in
the future].” Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 30.05.01 (2008). 5
¶ 42 Plaintiff argues that the federal jury did not decide the issue of damages for a retaliatory
discharge because “the instructions in the federal case make it abundantly clear that [the] jury
was instructed to award damages for the emotional and mental pain plaintiff experienced as a
result of being subjected to intentional race discrimination, and not for any retaliatory acts, or
harm resulting from retaliatory acts.” Plaintiff’s argument might have some merit, if not for
one fact: both the intentional racial discrimination and the retaliatory discharge arise from a
single incident. Both of plaintiff’s claims are centered on plaintiff’s reporting of the alleged
abuse to DCFS and her subsequent termination. As the circuit court noted, this is not a
situation in which plaintiff alleged a long history of racial discrimination culminating in her
discharge. In that kind of case, it is entirely possible that the damages for the plaintiff’s
5 There are other elements of damages that may be inserted into the damages instruction as applicable. See Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, Nos. 30.04-30.20 (2008). However, the ones quoted above are the only ones the parties have cited as relevant to the instant case.
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emotional and mental pain could be different in each case. Here, however, we see no way
that “emotional and mental pain from discharge due to racial discrimination” is different than
“emotional and mental pain from discharge due to reporting an abuse allegation to DCFS,”
and it is telling that plaintiff makes the statement that the damages are different, but can
provide no examples of how they differ.
¶ 43 Moreover, plaintiff’s claim that she is also seeking loss-of-normal-life damages in the
state-law case does not change this result. Loss of a normal life usually depicts a physical or
mental injury that causes a person the inability to pursue the pleasurable aspects of life. See
Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 30.04.02 (2008). If the injury is a loss of a limb
or an organ of the body, the result of that loss is the loss of a normal life. If the loss is a result
of a mental injury or condition, that would have been covered by the instruction that was
given in the federal case, and if it was not covered, the plaintiff could have requested that it
be included in the damage instructions and failed to do so. See Hendricks v. Riverway
Harbor Service St. Louis, Inc., 314 Ill. App. 3d 800, 810 (2000) (finding that, under federal
law, “ ‘disability/loss of enjoyment of life’ is an item which may be considered as part of the
element of pain and suffering, but it is not a separate and independent element of damages”).
¶ 44 As quoted above, the Seventh Circuit pattern instructions show that plaintiff could also
have asked for loss-of-normal-life damages to be specifically included in the federal case, but
chose not to do so. The failure to request loss-of-normal-life damages does not render the
damages nonidentical. The jury was asked to award plaintiff damages for the emotional and
mental pain resulting from plaintiff’s discharge, and those damages are identical to the
damages plaintiff seeks in her state-law retaliatory discharge case. Accordingly, collateral
estoppel prevents plaintiff from litigating the issue of damages in the state-law case.
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Furthermore, since plaintiff has already recovered in the federal case, she has already
received all that she is entitled to receive for the mental and emotional pain resulting from
her discharge. “Having once been awarded damages for the injuries by the court, she cannot
seek compensation for those injuries again. That is so ‘regardless of whether or not the
plaintiff has recovered all that he or she might have recovered’ in the initial proceeding.”
Saichek v. Lupa, 204 Ill. 2d 127, 140 (2003) (quoting Dillon v. Evanston Hospital, 199 Ill. 2d
483, 502 (2002)). Consequently, plaintiff has no damages to recover and, as the circuit court
concluded, without damages, plaintiff can state no cause of action. Therefore, the circuit
court properly entered judgment in the Park District’s favor.
¶ 45 We are not persuaded by plaintiff’s attempt to render the damages issues distinct by
arguing that Illinois uses a more deferential standard of review in reviewing compensatory
damages awards than does the federal court. In the federal case, the Seventh Circuit reduced
plaintiff’s compensatory damages award from $200,000 to $30,000. Plaintiff argues that such
a result would be unlikely under Illinois law. However, plaintiff has cited no authority
showing that a reviewing court’s standard of review has any bearing on determining whether
issues are identical for purposes of collateral estoppel. Indeed, we can see no relevance to
such a consideration. It is the issue before the trier of fact that is the relevant consideration in
determining whether collateral estoppel applies, and here, as noted, the issue before the trier
of fact as to compensatory damages is identical.
¶ 46 As a final matter, we address plaintiff’s argument that application of collateral estoppel in
the instant case would be inconsistent with the right granted by section 13-217 of the Code of
Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/13-217 (West 2008)) to refile an action that has been dismissed
by a federal court for lack of jurisdiction, as well as the supreme court cases interpreting
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section 13-217. None of the three cases plaintiff cites supports her contention. It is true that
our supreme court has said that a plaintiff does not engage in claim-splitting when she refiles
a case in state court that has been dismissed by the federal court for lack of jurisdiction. See
Rein, 172 Ill. 2d at 341 (listing a restriction on the subject-matter jurisdiction of the court as a
situation in which it would be inequitable to apply the rule against claim-splitting). Plaintiff
was plainly not engaged in claim-splitting here–she attempted to file both claims in federal
court, but was prevented from doing so by the district court declining jurisdiction.
¶ 47 Nevertheless, the right to refile her claim in state court does not immunize her from the
application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel. Our supreme court, in the cases plaintiff
cites in support of her argument, has made that clear. For instance, in both Rein and Hudson,
our supreme court has stated that despite the fact that section 13-217 provided the plaintiffs
in those cases the right to refile causes of action that they had voluntarily dismissed, the
statute “should [not] be read to automatically immunize a plaintiff against the bar of res
judicata or other legitimate defenses a defendant may assert in response to the refiling of
voluntarily dismissed counts.” Rein, 172 Ill. 2d at 342-43; see also Hudson, 228 Ill. 2d at 483
(noting that section 13-217’s right to refile “refer[s] only to a plaintiff’s rights vis-à-vis the
limitations period, which is the only subject addressed by section 13-217”).
¶ 48 Furthermore, in Nowak, a case, as noted, that deals with an identical factual scenario as in
the case at bar, our supreme court engaged in a collateral estoppel analysis. The supreme
court did not hold that a collateral estoppel analysis was not applicable because it would be
inconsistent with the right granted by section 13-217, as plaintiff wishes us to do in the
instant case. Instead, the Nowak court expressly determined that the defendant’s collateral
estoppel claim failed because the issues were not identical. Nowak, 197 Ill. 2d at 394.
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¶ 49 In the instant case, plaintiff is prevented from pursuing her state-law claim because the
issue of damages has already been decided by the federal jury. We are sympathetic to
plaintiff’s plight, and emphasize that she did nothing wrong by refiling her case in state
court, but this does not permit us to allow plaintiff to seek damages that she has already
recovered. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment in favor of the Park District.
¶ 50 CONCLUSION
¶ 51 The circuit court erred in finding plaintiff’s state-law claim barred by res judicata.
However, collateral estoppel prevents plaintiff from seeking compensatory damages in her
state-law case where the identical damages have already been recovered in her federal case.
¶ 52 Affirmed.