Cite as 2025 Ark. 134 SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS No. CR-24-374
Opinion Delivered: September 25, 2025 SANTIAGO VASQUEZ, JR. APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE GREENE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO. V. 28CR-19-227] STATE OF ARKANSAS HONORABLE RANDY F. APPELLEE PHILHOURS, JUDGE
AFFIRMED; COURT OF APPEALS OPINION VACATED.
BARBARA W. WEBB, Justice
Santiago Vasquez, Jr., was convicted in a Greene County jury trial of five counts of
rape.1 He received an aggregate sentence of 960 months’ imprisonment in the Arkansas
Division of Correction. However, the Arkansas Court of Appeals reversed and remanded
Vasquez’s convictions. Vasquez v. State, 2025 Ark. App. 65, 704 S.W.3d 886. On April 24,
2025, we granted the State’s petition for review.
Upon the grant of a petition for review following a decision by the court of appeals,
we review the case as though the appeal was originally filed with this court. Armer v. State,
326 Ark. 7, 929 S.W.2d 705 (1996). On appeal, Vasquez argues that the circuit court erred
1 This was Vasquez’s third trial on these charges. He was convicted in his first trial, but the court of appeals reversed. Vasquez v. State, 2022 Ark. App. 328, 652 S.W.3d 586 (holding sexual-assault nurse examiner’s (SANE) testimony about frequency of normal findings on sexual-assault exams and children’s delay in disclosing sexual abuse exceeded permissible scope of lay testimony). However, that case was recently overruled by Romick v. State, 2025 Ark. 57, 709 S.W.3d 816. Vasquez’s second trial ended when the jury was unable to reach a unanimous decision. by denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained from his cell phone pursuant to a
search warrant that was so facially deficient as to preclude the “good-faith” exception; and
in permitting the State to question him regarding details from a prior order-of-protection
case in violation of Arkansas Rules of Evidence 404(a)(1), 608, and 613. We vacate the
court of appeals opinion and affirm the circuit court’s order.
I. Denial of the Motion to Suppress
We first consider Vasquez’s argument concerning the denial of his motion to
suppress the evidence seized from the search of his cellular phone. After Vasquez’s arrest, a
search warrant was executed, and an iPhone was discovered inside a black backpack that
was located in his residence. Paragould police submitted to Greene County District Court
Judge Dan Stidham an application for a warrant to search the contents of the phone.
Appended to the application for the warrant was an affidavit executed by
Lieutenant Rhonda Thomas. It stated:
FACT # 1: My name is Lieutenant Rhonda Thomas and I have been employed at the Paragould Police Department since December of 1994. I am currently assigned to the Criminal Division where I work felony cases and supervise the Criminal Division. I have extensive training and experience in working sexually oriented cases involving children.
FACT # 2: On 10/30/2018 a report was received by the Arkansas Department of Human Services in reference to 10-year-old [Minor Victim] who had disclosed sexual acts perpetrated on her by Santiago Vasquez.
FACT # 3: On 11/05/2018 [Minor Victim] was interviewed by a trained forensic interviewer. [Minor Victim] provided graphic details of at least [five] different acts of deviate sexual activity and identified Vasquez as the perpetrator.
FACT # 4: On 02/28/2019 Vasquez was arrested and at the time of his arrest had with him a black backpack. A warrant was obtained and the backpack
2 was searched on 03/01/2019. A cell phone belonging to Vasquez was recovered.
FACT # 5: It is believed that there could be digital evidence on the phone related to the crime of rape being investigated by the Paragould Police Department.
Vasquez filed a motion to suppress the pornographic images seized during the search
of his cell phone. He argued that the affidavit that Thomas executed in support of the
warrant “fail[ed] to set forth particularized facts and circumstances for sufficient probable
cause to search [Vasquez’s] cell phone.” Vasquez asserted that these facts established nothing
more than “the mere fact that he had been arrested for the offense of rape” and “did not
provide a sufficient nexus between the phone and the alleged rape.” Accordingly, Vasquez
urged the circuit court to suppress “any evidence derived from the search of his cell phone.”
Vasquez later filed an amended motion to suppress in which he additionally argued that “the
warrant issued by Judge Stidham is an overbroad, general warrant.” As such, the warrant
authorized police to seize “any digital evidence recovered or related to the offense of rape
being investigated by the Paragould Police Department,” which was “so generalized that
law enforcement searched and seized everything in the records.”
The State responded that probable cause supported the search of Vasquez’s cell
phone, or that, alternatively, the seized evidence should not be suppressed because the
executing officers acted in good faith. According to the State, it was reasonable for Judge
Stidham to infer, from the facts alleged in the affidavit, that there was a nexus between the
alleged rapes and Vasquez’s cell phone. Regarding the good-faith exception, the State
pointed out that “there has been no assertion” that Officer Robert Sexton, who executed
3 the warrant, “acted in bad faith,” or that “Thomas misled or knowingly provided Judge
Stidham with false information.”
The circuit court heard oral argument on the motion to suppress on January 25,
2024. Detective Rhonda Thomas testified that she was a lieutenant over the Criminal
Division in the Paragould Police Department when she applied for the search warrant for
Vasquez’s cell phone. She asserted that she specializes in cases involving child sexual abuse,
and she has assisted several law-enforcement agencies, including the FBI, in their
investigations of those crimes. Regarding the search of Vasquez’s cell phone, Detective
Thomas testified that she “had talked to Judge Stidham at least two times” before preparing
the affidavit for the search warrant. Detective Thomas explained that it was “normal for
[her] to talk with him about cases and tell him, especially when [she] [got] an affidavit for
an arrest, [that] . . . if [Judge Stidham] need[s] more, [she] can give [him] more.”
Nonetheless, she did not specifically remember telling Judge Stidham about the
pornographic images on Vasquez’s cell phone, but she testified that she had “no doubt that
[she] had [that] conversation.” Detective Thomas also testified that she takes special care
when she prepares affidavits of probable cause in cases involving minor victims, and that
she is intentionally “pretty vague in [her] affidavits . . . because [she] know[s] the press is
going to get [them].” She “[tries] not to put a lot of grungy details” in the affidavit but
instead communicates with Judge Stidham about the information he requires for a warrant.
According to Detective Thomas, her work had never been the subject of a successful
suppression motion.
4 At the conclusion of that argument, the circuit court denied the motion to suppress.
Although the circuit court found that the affidavit was insufficient, it nonetheless denied
Vasquez’s motion on the basis of the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule.
Later, and without any objection from Vasquez, the circuit court allowed the State
to introduce additional evidence on the suppression issue. Judge Stidham testified that he
issued the warrant after receiving information directly from Detective Thomas, whom he
had known in a professional capacity for twenty-four years. During that time, she had
applied for search warrants from him “thousands of times.” According to Judge Stidham,
Detective Thomas “never” submitted misleading information. Regarding the search of
Vasquez’s cell phone, Judge Stidham testified that Detective Thomas called him before
submitting the affidavit for the search warrant. Among other things, Thomas told him that
Minor Victim (MV) stated that Vasquez had taken pictures of her on his cell phone and had
shown her pictures of “what was described to me as child pornographic images.” However,
despite Judge Stidham’s testimony, the circuit court once again denied the motion to
suppress. It ruled that Detective Thomas’s affidavit was deficient because it failed to provide
a nexus between the cell phone and the crime, observing that it was “missing the sentence”
explaining that Minor Victim (MV) had told investigators that Vasquez had shown her
pornographic images that were on his cell phone. The circuit court, however, reiterated its
ruling that the good-faith exception applied because “no one attempted to leave anything
out to deceive,” and the court had “absolutely no reason to doubt,” that Detective Thomas
told Judge Stidham about MV’s statement before she prepared the affidavit for the search
warrant.
5 On appeal, Vasquez argues that the circuit court’s reliance on the good-faith
exception was misplaced. He acknowledges that the Supreme Court of the United States
established the good faith exception in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984). He notes
however that the Leon Court held that there are four circumstances in which the good-faith
exception does not apply—namely (1) when the magistrate is misled by information the
affiant knew to be false; (2) when the magistrate wholly abandons his detached and neutral
judicial role; (3) when the affidavit is so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render
official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable; and (4) when a warrant is so facially
deficient that the executing officers cannot reasonably presume it to be valid.
Vasquez argues that the good-faith exception does not apply here because the
affidavit was so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence
entirely unreasonable and the warrant was so facially deficient that the executing officers
could not reasonably presume it to be valid. He asserts that the circuit court agreed the
affidavit was deficient, finding that the affidavit did not contain a nexus between the crime
and the phone. Furthermore, the officer who executed the warrant, Robert Sexton, agreed
he could search the entire contents of the phone, meaning he was granted full discretion by
the warrant to search and extract everything on the phone, thereby making the warrant
facially deficient. Accordingly, it was erroneous for the circuit court to rule that the good-
faith exception applied. We hold that the circuit court did not err in refusing to suppress
the images found on Vasquez’s cell phone.
We review de novo a circuit court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence based
on the totality of the circumstances. Sims v. State, 356 Ark. 507, 511–12, 157 S.W.3d 530,
6 533 (2004). We review findings of historical facts for clear error. Id. The duty of this court
is to simply ensure that the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding probable cause
existed. Wagner v. State, 2010 Ark. 389, 368 S.W.3d 914.
Rule 13.1 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure sets out the requirements for
the issuance of a search warrant:
The application for a search warrant shall describe with particularity the persons or places to be searched and the persons or things to be seized, and shall be supported by one (1) or more affidavits or recorded testimony under oath before a judicial officer particularly setting forth the facts and circumstances tending to show that such persons or things are in the places, or the things are in possession of the person, to be searched. If an affidavit or testimony is based in whole or in part on hearsay, the affiant or witness shall set forth particular facts bearing on the informant’s reliability and shall disclose, as far as practicable, the means by which the information was obtained. An affidavit or testimony is sufficient if it describes circumstances establishing reasonable cause to believe that things subject to seizure will be found in a particular place. Failure of the affidavit or testimony to establish the veracity and bases of knowledge of persons providing information to the affiant shall not require that the application be denied, if the affidavit or testimony viewed as a whole, provides a substantial basis for a finding of reasonable cause to believe that things subject to seizure will be found in a particular place.
Contrary to Vasquez’s assertions, Judge Stidham had not only the concededly
deficient affidavit before him but also the testimony of Detective Thomas. Detective
Thomas filled in via telephone any gaps in the evidence supporting the issuance of the
warrant. At the second suppression hearing, Judge Stidham confirmed that Detective
Thomas told him that MV claimed that Vasquez had used his phone to photograph her and
to show her pornographic images. These images were directly related to the rape charges
because the images were part of Vasquez’s efforts to “groom” his victim, it corroborated
MV’s accusations, and it showed Vasquez’s depraved instinct for pedophilia. While it would
7 have been a better practice to put this information in the affidavit, it nonetheless shows that
the Paragould Police had a good-faith belief that the warrant was valid. Under the totality
of the circumstances, we hold that it was objectively reasonable for the police to rely on
Judge Stidham’s probable cause determination.
Finally, we reject Vasquez’s argument that the search warrant issued by Judge
Stidham was an invalid, overbroad general warrant. The warrant directed a search of the
cell phone and the seizure of any digital evidence related to the rape being investigated by
the Paragould Police Department. And when the warrant was issued, both the applying
officer and the issuing judge had knowledge that the victim had seen child pornography on
Vasquez’s cell phone. In Osborne v. State, 495 U.S. 103 (1990), the Supreme Court stated
that evidence suggests that pedophiles use child pornography to seduce other children into
sexual activity, which, according to MV’s allegations, was precisely what Vasquez did in his
on-going sexual abuse of MV. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s denial of Vasquez’s
motion to suppress.
II. Erroneous Admission of Testimony Concerning Orders of Protection
We next consider Vasquez’s argument concerning the circuit court’s decision to
allow the State to cross-examine him about orders-of-protection cases involving his
girlfriend, Angel Spurlock, that occurred in August and September 2020, which was more
than a year after Vasquez had been charged with the rapes in the instant case. In both
instances, Angel filed for orders of protection against Vasquez, the first of which she later
withdrew, and the second of which was granted. Vasquez argued that this evidence should
be excluded because there was no testimony at trial that he is violent and that the
8 circumstances surrounding these orders of protection were not relevant to the allegation
that he raped MV. The State countered that the evidence went to Vasquez's character and
his credibility. In this line of questioning, the State asked Vasquez if he had followed his ex
to her car, refused to get off her car, grabbed her face, smacked her face, threatened to slice
her tires, and threw her phone and shoes. The circuit court overruled Vasquez’s objections
concerning this line of questioning on the basis of the State’s assertion that it was permitted
to attack his character and credibility. Once Vasquez’s testimony had concluded, the circuit
court invited the State to again make a record as to why the order-of-protection inquiry
was admissible. At this time, the State added the argument of inconsistent statements and
made a point to assure the circuit court that the standard on appeal was abuse of discretion.
In sum, the circuit court allowed the line of questioning pursuant to Arkansas Rules of
Evidence 401(a), 608, and 613. Nonetheless, the circuit court expressed skepticism about
the soundness of its ruling and predicted a fourth jury trial if the State was wrong about its
assertion on inconsistent statements.
We first note the standard of review. We review a circuit court’s decision regarding
the admission of evidence for an abuse of discretion. Beard v. State, 2020 Ark. 62, 594
S.W.3d 29. An abuse of discretion is a high threshold that does not simply require error in
the circuit court’s decision but requires that the court acted improvidently, thoughtlessly, or
without due consideration. Id. However, an abuse of discretion is established when the
circuit court erroneously interprets or incorrectly applies the law. Lowery v. State, 2019 Ark.
332, 586 S.W.3d 644; McClanahan v. State, 2010 Ark. 39, 358 S.W.3d 900; Reeves v. State,
374 Ark. 415, 288 S.W.3d 577 (2008); see also Brigance v. State, 2018 Ark. App. 213, 548
9 S.W.3d 147 (incorrect application of Arkansas Rule of Evidence 613 constituted an abuse
of discretion). Nonetheless, an appellate court will not reverse a circuit court’s evidentiary
ruling absent a showing of prejudice. Beard, supra.
On appeal, Vasquez challenges each of these rationales for allowing the questions
concerning the orders of protection.
A. Arkansas Rule of Evidence 404(a)(1)
Vasquez argues that relying on Arkansas Rule of Evidence 404(a)(1) was erroneous.
Rule 404(a)(1) does not allow the prosecution to question him about prior orders-of-
protection cases. Rule 404(a) provides that “evidence of a person’s character or a trait of his
character is not admissible for the purpose of proving that he acted in conformity therewith
on a particular occasion, except . . . evidence of a pertinent trait of his character offered by
an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same.” Furthermore, Rule 405 addresses
appropriate methods of proving character, stating:
(a) Reputation or Opinion. In all cases in which evidence of character or a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof may be made by testimony as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On cross-examination, inquiry is allowed into relevant specific instances of conduct.
(b) Specific Instances of Conduct. In cases in which character or a trait of character of a person is an essential element of a charge, claim, or defense, proof may also be made of specific instances of conduct.
Vasquez further asserts that in McClellan v. State, 264 Ark. 223, 570 S.W.2d 278
(1978), the Arkansas Supreme Court explained that Rule 405 was taken verbatim from Rule
405 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Citing with approval to the Advisory Committee’s
Notes to the federal rules, the McClellan court explained why direct evidence of specific
10 conduct is limited to instances in which the trait of conduct is squarely in issue:
Of the three methods of proving character provided by the rule, evidence of specific instances of conduct is the most convincing. At the same time it possesses the greatest capacity to arouse prejudice, to confuse, to surprise, and to consume time. Consequently, the rule confines the use of evidence of this kind to cases in which character is, in the strict sense, in issue and hence deserving of a searching inquiry. When character is used circumstantially and hence occupies a lesser status in the case, proof may be only by reputation and opinion.
Id. Thus, citing McMullin v. State, 2016 Ark. App. 181, 486 S.W.3d 818, he asserts that for
specific instances of conduct to be admissible, the trait of character must be an operative
fact, which, under substantive law, determines the parties’ rights and liabilities.
Vasquez argues further that there is no doubt that the State inquired about specific
instances during cross-examination in an attempt to show that Vasquez is violent and
therefore must have committed the alleged rapes. The Arkansas Rules of Evidence are
designed to protect against this, and the circuit court erred in admitting inquiry into these
specific instances of violent character on cross-examination. See Ark. R. Evid. 404, 608,
609. Neither Vasquez nor his sons gave opinion or reputation testimony that he was not a
violent person or that he was a peaceful person. Thus, the door was not open to rebut that
notion. In addition, his character as a violent person is not an essential element to proving
he committed rape or disproving his defense, which was simply that the rapes did not
occur.
B. Arkansas Rule of Evidence 608
Vasquez likewise argues that the circuit court erred in finding that Arkansas Rule of
Evidence 608 allowed the line of questions relating to the orders of protection. Rule 608
provides:
11 [s]pecific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting his credibility, other than conviction of crime as provided in Rule 609, may not be proved by extrinsic evidence. They may, however, in the discretion of the court, if probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be inquired into on cross-examination of the witness (1) concerning his character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, or (2) concerning the character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of another witness as to which character the witness being cross-examined has testified.
Ark. R. Evid. 608. Arguing further, Vasquez cites Gustafson v. State, 267 Ark. 278, 590
S.W.2d 853 (1979), arguing that the three-part test adopted by the Arkansas Supreme Court
to allow the admission of evidence under Rule 608(b) was not satisfied. The test requires
that (1) the questions must be asked in good faith, (2) the probative value of the questions
must outweigh its prejudicial effect, and (3) the prior conduct must relate to the defendant’s
truthfulness. Gustafson, 267 Ark. at 290, 590 S.W.2d at 860. Similarly, Vasquez relies on
Rhodes v. State, 276 Ark. 203, 634 S.W.2d 107 (1982), holding that inquiries on cross-
examination into specific instances of misconduct must be clearly probative of truthfulness
or untruthfulness as distinguished from conduct probative of dishonesty.
C. Arkansas Rule of Evidence 613
Finally, Vasquez argues that the circuit court erred by relying on Arkansas Rule of
Evidence 613 as a basis to admit evidence on the orders-of-protection cases. Rule 613
provides that
(a) [i]n examining a witness concerning a prior statement made by him, whether written or not, the statement need not be shown nor its contents disclosed to him at that time, but on request the same shall be shown or disclosed to opposing counsel.
(b) [e]xtrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to
12 explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate him thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require.
Vasquez notes that the State argued that the questions regarding the orders-of-
protection cases were admissible because they amounted to prior inconsistent statements,
but this argument was not raised until after the line of questioning had already occurred and
the circuit court had asked the State to make an additional record on the issue of
admissibility. The State’s initial argument as to admissibility was based solely on Rules
404(a)(1) and 608, character and credibility. As the record reflects, after about eleven detailed
questions about the orders of protection, Vasquez stated he remembered throwing a phone;
however, according to the State, at the previous trial, he said he didn’t remember throwing
a phone. Rule 613 specifies how to interrogate a witness who previously gave a statement
that is different from what he or she testified to at trial. This rule does not permit the State’s
limitless questioning on any subject, hoping that the witness will give a different answer
than what he or she previously testified to, which is what happened here. The State’s
questions were rapid and chaotic, and it appears as though the prosecutor was trying to elicit
as much information about the orders of Protection as it could. Even the circuit court was
confused: “I don’t think that the Court has to know” what the prior inconsistent statement
was. This is abuse of discretion because the circuit court cannot possibly make a Rule 613
ruling without knowing what, exactly, the prior inconsistent statement was.
In response, the State argues that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion because
it considered the arguments of counsel at the time of the objection, requested additional
argument from the State, and explained the bases of its decision to allow the testimony.
Thus the circuit court’s ruling is “hardly” the improvident or thoughtless action that meets
13 the high abuse-of-discretion threshold.
We are mindful that the abuse-of-discretion standard is very deferential to the circuit
court’s rulings on evidentiary issues. However, the State is wrong to assume that our
deference is tantamount to abdicating our role as a reviewing court. Judicial discretion means
sound discretion guided by law. Ex parte Batesville & Brinkley R.R., 39 Ark. 82 (1882). To
be sure, “[d]iscretion means that the rules are not inflexible [and] that there is some leeway
in the exercise of sound judgment.” Taylor v. State, 2024 Ark. 68, at 4, 687 S.W.3d 335,
337. However, judicial discretion is not arbitrary, nor is it governed by the court’s whim
or caprice; rather, it is dependent on the settled legal principles applicable to the case.
Overton v. Alston, 199 Ark. 96, 132 S.W.2d 834 (1939). We hold that the circuit court
abused its discretion in its manifestly wrong application of the Arkansas Rules of Evidence
in making its rulings regarding the orders-of-protection line of questioning. Vasquez’s
arguments are well supported by authority and compelling, and we adopt his reasoning.
However, we are mindful that the State alternatively argued that even if a circuit court
abuses its discretion, this court may affirm the appellant’s convictions and deem the error
harmless.
III. Harmless-Error Analysis
Harmless error exists when the evidence of guilt is overwhelming, and the error is
slight. Lawson v. State, 2024 Ark. 143, 697 S.W.3d 529; Johnston v. State, 2014 Ark.
110,431 S.W.3d 895. We are mindful that rape cases often turn on the relative credibility
of the alleged perpetrator and the alleged victim––colloquially referred to as “he said/she
said” cases. See, e.g., Watson v. State, 2015 Ark. App. 721, 478 S.W.3d 286. Indeed, it was
14 for this reason that the court of appeals declined to find that the evidentiary error it
reversed on in the appeal of Vasquez’s first trial was harmless. Vasquez v. State, 2022 Ark.
App. 328, 652 S.W.3d 58. The court of appeals relied on that same rationale in this case.
However, when the victim’s testimony is particularly graphic and there is evidence
that corroborates that testimony, the evidence may be deemed overwhelming. See, e.g.,
Buford v. State, 368 Ark. 87, 91, 243 S.W.3d 300, 303–04 (2006) (finding harmless error
when the court erroneously allowed a child-abuse expert to testify as to the victim’s
credibility in a rape trial, but where there were two corroborating eyewitnesses to the
rape). Such was the case here.
We are mindful that Vasquez unequivocally denied raping MV. He attributed MV’s
accusations to her wanting to deflect blame for accidentally burning a hole in a carpet with
a hot iron. However, the evidence presented by the State greatly exceeded the rationale for
fabrication espoused by Vasquez.
We note first that the admissible evidence adduced by the State in this trial was
significantly more comprehensive than a mere “he said/she said.” First, we note that there
were pornographic images extracted from Vasquez’s cell phone. Furthermore, in the case
before us, Nurse Smith testified as an expert. We are mindful that when we take a case on
review, we vacate the court of appeals decision and are not reviewing its opinion.
However, because the issue before us is whether the evidence of guilt is “overwhelming”
it is nonetheless worth noting that that the court of appeals determined that the evidentiary
errors were not harmless in large part because of the outcome of Vasquez’s previous two
jury trials, and that was error.
15 Regarding the sexual assaults, MV’s testimony was particularly graphic, describing in
detail the reaction of all five of her senses to Vasquez’s sexual activities. MV stated that when
she was eight years old, while sleeping on the sofa with Vasquez, he would put his fingers
down her pants and touch her clitoris. She described another incident in which Vasquez
put his finger “in her rear.” On another occasion, MV recalled that Vasquez performed
cunnilingus on her, and she also recalled waking in great pain to find Vasquez penetrating
her vagina with his penis. MV also described how Vasquez repeatedly used a purple vibrator
and a pink sex toy on her, which caused her vagina to “always be irritated.” MV stated that
Vasquez coated the sex toys with a lubricant from a blue bottle and that the lubricant irritated
her vagina.
MV stated that the purple vibrator was kept in a toolbox in the kitchen and that
Vasquez told her it was only for her and that she had to keep it hidden. While denying ever
using the purple sex toy on MV, Vasquez nonetheless confirmed that he kept it in his
toolbox. When MV disclosed to her mother that Vasquez had been sexually abusing her, to
prove it, MV immediately brought Abigail the purple vibrator. Subsequent DNA testing
detected a contribution of three persons’ DNA from a swab taken from the device. Vasquez
was conclusively found to be the major male contributor to the sample, but the complexity
of the mixture precluded the crime lab from determining who the other two contributors
were. On the pink device, which was retrieved from the bedroom that Vasquez shared
with Abigail, Abigail was determined to be the major female contributor, but DNA
analysis was inconclusive as to the other contributor. It is noteworthy that MV was able to
retrieve the purple vibrator from the toolbox because Vasquez told police that the toolbox
16 was “off limits” to the children in the household. It is noteworthy that in Vasquez’s case,
his sons disputed that the toolbox was off-limits to the children in the household, which,
if anything, undercut Vasquez’s credibility.
MV also testified that Vasquez showed her images of child pornography on his
phone, which included a young girl masturbating, a father and daughter engaging in sexual
contact, and a man raping a young girl. A search of Vasquez’s phone revealed images of
the genitalia and the buttocks of a prepubescent female. These images corroborated MV’s
testimony.
Vasquez, and MV’s mother, Abigail, confirmed MV’s testimony that she routinely
slept with Vasquez on a sectional sofa. Likewise, Vasquez, Abigail, and MV all testified that
Abigail was addicted to prescription pain killers, and worked long hours, so she was not
aware of what was happening on the sofa. Accordingly, the opportunity to sexually abuse
MV existed several nights a week, for more than a year. MV testified that she was drawn to
sleeping on the couch with Vasquez because he gave her food treats, and she stated that she
“liked food.” MV also testified that she was drawn to Vasquez because he paid attention to
her while her mother was physically and emotionally unavailable.
Regarding MV’s testimony that the lubricant in the blue bottle irritated her vagina,
Abigail confirmed that on one occasion, she noticed that MV’s genitals appeared to be red
and irritated and that she treated it with a topical ointment. Abigail recorded “vaginitis” on
MV’s medical history when she brought MV to the forensic examination. Vasquez and
Abigail confirmed the existence of the lubricant in a blue bottle.
Regarding the MV’s testimony that Vasquez showed her images of child
17 pornography on his phone, it was independently relevant to show Vasquez’s depraved
instinct to engage in sex with underage girls. This proclivity was corroborated by testimony
from Carlee Edwards, who knew Vasquez when he worked at an inpatient psychiatric
facility. Edwards stated that while a documentary about a man caught with child
pornography on his phone played on TV, Vasquez asserted that he knew methods for
concealing such images.
Finally, MV explained why she delayed in disclosing Vasquez’s repeated sexual abuse.
MV testified that Vasquez told her that she would “go to jail” and that everyone would hate
her if she revealed what was happening.
Sexual Abuse Nurse Examiner Tracy Smith, testifying as an expert witness, put much
of MV’s testimony in perspective for the jury. Nurse Smith testified that she conducted a
forensic interview and medical examination of MV. Regarding the forensic interview,
Nurse Smith opined that MV’s description of what had occurred was consistent with sexual
assault. Although she noted that MV’s physical exam of her genitalia was “normal,” she
stated that 90 percent of the exams were “normal” in child sexual-abuse cases and that it
was a misconception that the hymen would be destroyed in every instance of penetration.
Nurse Smith further testified that vaginitis was consistent with something penetrating the
vagina, although she conceded that bubble baths or laundry detergent “could” also cause
vaginitis. She also opined that MV’s delayed reporting of the abuse is consistent with patterns
common in child sexual-abuse cases, as was Vasquez’s efforts to entice MV to submit to his
sexual advances––she called it “grooming”––by giving her rewards, showing her attention,
and later sharing with her images of child pornography.
18 For the second part of the harmless-error formulation, we consider the evidentiary
errors by the circuit court. While egregious from a technical perspective, it is obvious that
they were only mildly prejudicial to Vasquez. Prior to the State’s resort to the orders-of-
protection line of questioning, Abigail testified without objection that Vasquez reacted
physically when he was angry with a female partner. She stated that in one such situation,
he punched and broke the windshield of her car. While, strictly speaking, not cumulative
evidence, it put Vasquez in a similar bad light. Moreover, the acts complained of were
relatively minor, particularly in light of the reprehensible crimes he was charged with.
We hold that the evidentiary errors by the circuit court were harmless and therefore
affirm Vasquez’s convictions.
BAKER, C.J., dissents.
KAREN R. BAKER, Chief Justice, dissenting. I agree with the majority that the
circuit court abused its discretion when it permitted the State to question Vasquez
regarding details from prior unrelated order-of-protection cases. However, because this
error was not harmless, I must dissent.
As an initial matter, it is important to note that we have not been tasked with
assessing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting Vasquez’s convictions. Instead, the
relevant inquiry is whether the circuit court’s error was harmless. We have held that even
when a circuit court errs in admitting evidence, we may declare the error harmless and
affirm if the evidence of guilt is overwhelming and the error is slight. Johnston v. State, 2014
Ark. 110, at 7, 431 S.W.3d 895, 899. This inquiry requires us to consider the evidence as a
19 whole. By comparison, when an appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his or her conviction, we assesses the evidence in the light most favorable to the
State and consider only the evidence that supports the verdict. Sylvester v. State, 2016 Ark.
136, at 4–5, 489 S.W.3d 146, 149. For a sufficiency challenge, we will affirm a judgment of
conviction if substantial evidence exists to support it. Id. Our case law makes clear that a
review of the evidence in the context of a harmless-error analysis is not to be confused
with a determination regarding the sufficiency of the evidence in a given case. See, e.g.,
Beard v. State, 2020 Ark. 62, at 10, 594 S.W.3d 29, 34. In other words, whether an appellant’s
conviction is supported by substantial evidence is a question that is both logically and
legally distinct from the question of whether error on the part of the circuit court is
deemed harmless in light of overwhelming evidence of an appellant’s guilt.
When considering the evidence in this case as a whole, our case law does not
support the conclusion that there is overwhelming evidence of Vasquez’s guilt. Relying on
Buford v. State, 368 Ark. 87, 243 S.W.3d 300 (2006), the majority states that “when the
victim’s testimony is particularly graphic and there is evidence that corroborates that
testimony, the evidence may be deemed overwhelming.” Consequently, the majority
concludes that the evidence of Vasquez’s guilt is overwhelming because MV’s testimony
was “particularly graphic” and the State presented evidence that corroborated her
testimony. However, that is too broad a reading of Buford. In Buford, we affirmed Buford’s
rape conviction, holding that the circuit court’s error in permitting the State to elicit
opinion testimony regarding the victim’s credibility was harmless. Id. at 91, 243 S.W.3d at
303–04. At trial, the victim testified about the rape in graphic detail, and two eyewitnesses
20 also testified that they had observed the rape through a window and were able to
corroborate the victim’s account of the incident. Id. at 88, 243 S.W.3d at 301. Contrary to
the majority’s reading of the case, Buford does not stand for the general proposition that a
victim’s “particularly graphic” testimony of an alleged rape constitutes overwhelming
evidence of an appellant’s guilt as long as there is some evidence to corroborate it. Rather,
we concluded that the evidence of Buford’s guilt was overwhelming and the circuit court’s
error was slight because the eyewitnesses were able to directly corroborate the victim’s
testimony that Buford had raped him. Id. at 91, 243 S.W.3d at 303. This conclusion stands
to reason, as the two witnesses testified before the jury that they had both witnessed
firsthand the rape perpetrated by Buford. The present case is distinguishable from Buford
because here, there were no eyewitnesses to these incidents who could corroborate MV’s
testimony that a rape had occurred.
Similarly, in Johnston v. State, we affirmed Johnston’s rape convictions, holding that
the circuit court’s decision to allow the introduction of pornographic images found on
Johnston’s computer would be a harmless error in light of the overwhelming evidence of
his guilt. 2014 Ark. 110, at 8, 431 S.W.3d 895, 899. Specifically, we noted that the victim’s
detailed testimony recounting the rapes was corroborated by medical and forensic
testimony. Id. at 7, 431 S.W.3d at 899. The victim had disclosed the rapes to her
grandmother after a weekend visit with Johnston, and Johnston’s semen was found on the
“crotch area” of the underwear the victim had worn home that very weekend. Id. at 3, 431
S.W.3d at 897. In fact, Johnston’s semen was found on several pairs of the victim’s
underwear that were eventually collected from Johnston’s home. Id. Additionally, a vaginal
21 swab from the victim’s sexual-assault examination tested positive for sperm cells, and it was
discovered during another examination that she had a major tear in her hymen. Id.
Conversely, in Beard, supra, the issue before the court was whether testimony
bolstering the victims’ credibility was harmless error. 2020 Ark. 62, at 7, 594 S.W.3d at 33.
We ultimately reversed Beard’s convictions for rape and second-degree sexual assault,
reasoning that the circuit court’s error was not harmless because the graphic testimony of
the three victims was the only evidence supporting his convictions. Id. at 10, 594 S.W.3d at
34. That is, the evidence of Beard’s guilt was not overwhelming. We noted that there were
no independent eyewitnesses that could corroborate the victims’ testimony as in Buford, nor
was there any corroborating physical evidence. Id. We explained that “[s]uch evidence is
not required for conviction, as the uncorroborated testimony of a rape victim is sufficient
to support a conviction of rape. We recognize that the victims provided graphic testimony
at trial and that they each described similar conduct on the part of Beard. But the issue
here is not sufficiency of the evidence; it is whether the erroneous admission of testimony
commenting on the victims’ truthfulness is prejudicial.” Id. Because the only evidence of
Beard’s guilt was the victims’ testimony, their credibility was the foundation of the State’s
case and the circuit court’s error in admitting testimony that directly bolstered their
testimony was not slight. Id.
We have long held that a rape victim’s testimony may constitute substantial
evidence to sustain a conviction of rape. See, e.g., Brown v. State, 374 Ark. 341, 343, 288
S.W.3d 226, 228–29 (2008). However, a review of the aforementioned cases supports the
conclusion that a victim’s testimony alone, while it may be substantial evidence to sustain a
22 conviction, it does not constitute overwhelming evidence to render a circuit court’s
evidentiary error harmless. Instead, for purposes of a harmless-error analysis, in certain
cases where the victim testifies regarding the graphic details of an alleged rape, evidence of
the appellant’s guilt may be deemed overwhelming if there is either eyewitness testimony
corroborating the victim’s account of the rape or physical evidence to corroborate the
occurrence of a rape. Of course, if the victim’s testimony were deemed to be
overwhelming without this corroborating evidence, there would be little substantive
difference between our review of the sufficiency of the evidence and our review within
the context of a harmless-error analysis, and very few errors would be reversible on appeal.
The present case is comparable to Beard in that the crux of the case is MV’s
credibility versus Vasquez’s credibility. Unlike in Buford, there were no eyewitnesses to the
alleged rapes that could corroborate MV’s account of the incidents. Unlike in Johnston, the
State presented no physical evidence that a rape had occurred. Therefore, as was the case in
Beard, the jury was required to make a decision based largely on MV’s credibility and
Vasquez’s credibility by weighing conflicting testimony. At trial, MV testified in detail about
the alleged rapes, and Vasquez testified in his own defense to assert his innocence. The
majority’s conclusion that there is overwhelming evidence of Vasquez’s guilt is primarily
based on MV’s testimony recounting the alleged rapes when weighed against Vasquez’s
testimony to the contrary. However, as discussed above, MV’s testimony alone does not
constitute overwhelming evidence. By way of illustration, the majority places great weight on
MV’s knowledge of the purple vibrator that was kept in a toolbox in Vasquez’s home and
the fact that she brought it to her mother as proof of the alleged rapes. The majority
23 explains that “[i]t is noteworthy that MV was able to retrieve the purple vibrator from the
toolbox because Vasquez told police that the toolbox was ‘off limits’ to the children in the
household.” However, Vasquez’s two sons testified at trial that they had both accessed the
toolbox from a young age, and that they, too, had seen the purple vibrator in the toolbox.
One of Vasquez’s sons claimed that he had even picked up the device on one occasion.
Thus, when the evidence is considered as a whole, testimony concerning MV’s knowledge
of the purple vibrator does not tip the scales toward a finding of overwhelming evidence.
In addition to testimony elicited at trial, the majority bases its finding of
overwhelming evidence on two additional pieces of evidence—Vasquez’s DNA that was
found on the purple vibrator and images depicting child pornography that were discovered
on Vasquez’s phone. However, neither piece of evidence amounts to the kind of physical
evidence that would corroborate MV’s testimony that a rape had occurred. See, e.g.,
Johnston, supra. Vasquez admitted having purchased the purple vibrator and removing it
from its packaging, so the presence of his DNA alone does not corroborate MV’s
testimony that a rape occurred. Similarly, while unquestionably abhorrent and indicative of
other criminal behavior, the presence of images depicting child pornography on Vasquez’s
phone alone does not corroborate MV’s testimony that a rape occurred. Therefore, I cannot
say that the evidence of his guilt is so overwhelming as to render the circuit court’s error
Even if the evidence of Vasquez’s guilt was considered overwhelming, I cannot say
that the circuit court’s error was slight. The circuit court erroneously permitted the State to
question Vasquez regarding details from prior unrelated order-of-protection cases, thereby
24 allowing for the introduction of improper character evidence that Vasquez had been violent
toward an ex-girlfriend more than a year after he was charged with raping MV. Because
this case turns on MV’s credibility versus Vasquez’s credibility, and the improper evidence
directly undermined Vasquez’s credibility, this error cannot be considered slight.
For these reasons, I dissent from the majority opinion and would reverse and
remand for a new trial.
Erin W. Lewis, for appellant.
Tim Griffin, Att’y Gen., by: Walker K. Hawkins, Ass’t Att’y Gen., for appellee.