Hunt, C.
The advantage of an action in trover, rather than an action in assumpsit, in the collection of a debt, is apparent. It gives a right to hold to bail during the pendency of the action, and a right of imprisonment upon an execution, in addition to the usual resort to the property of the defendant. To procure this advantage the plaintiffs have passed by their plain and obvious remedy, of an action against the defendant for a breach of contract, and have brought an action of trover. The question is whether they can sustain it.
During the autumn of 1865, the defendant being indebted to the firm of Jayeox
&
Green in the sum of $1,012.18, that firm drew upon him for the amount in three several bills of exchange at one month each. These bills were discounted by the plaintiff at about the time of their several dates, and had all matured before the 30th day of December. On. that day one of them had been due two and a half months, the second nearly two months, the last a few days. These drafts were severally transmitted by the plaintiff to the defendant for acceptance and payment, he being engaged in the business of a banker also. Before the 30th of December the defendant failed and made an .assignment. On that day the plaintiff’s agent
demanded of him the drafts in question. He replied that he thought he had returned them to the plaintiff. Upon reflection and examination he stated that he could not find them, and that he might have burned them up in destroying other papers that he considered of no value. It was not pretended by any witness that the defendant asserted any title to the bills or claimed any right to hold or retain them. There was no reason to doubt the accuracy of the defendant’s statement. The judge finds that they were lost, mislaid or destroyed through the negligence of the defendant. He also finds that he “ converted the same.”
To authorize the action of trover, two things are necessary: 1. Property in the plaintiff with a right of possession; and 2. A conversion by the defendant of the thing to his own use. This conversion consists of - the appropriation of the thing to the party’s own use and beneficial enjoyment, or in its destruction, or in exercising dominion over it in defiance of the plaintiff’s right, or in withholding it under a claim of title. (1 Greenl. Ev., § 642, and cases cited.) The destruction referred to as constituting a conversion is an intentional destruction, not an accidental act. Thus, a misdelivery of goods by a bailee is a conversion. (Id., and
Deming
v.
Barclay,
2 B.
&
A., 702;
Seyd
v.
Hay,
4 T. R., 260.) But the accidental loss by the carrier is not.
(Ross
v. Johns 5 Burr, 2825;
Dwight
v.
Benton, 1
Pick., 50.) A
wrongful
sale is a’conversion, .but a purchase in good faith is not in the first instance a conversion. (Id., § 642.) The accidental loss or destruction of an article by j one lawfully in its possession has never been held to be a con-1 version,
(Bromley
v.
Coxwell,
2 B.
&
P.,
438; Cairns
v.
Bleecker,
12 J. R., 300;
Jervis
v.
Jolliffe,
6 id., 9.)
In
Laplace
v.
Aupox
(1 John. Cas., 407), cited to the contrary, it appeared that the goods had been placed in the defendant’s possession, and had been sold by him, contrary to the orders of the owner. Their subsequent loss on the voyage on which they were shipped was held to make no difference. The defendant was guilty, of a direct act of conversion and the action was well brought.
On the question whether trover will lie to recover bills of exchange situated like these, two cases have been cited, viz.:
Treuttel
v. Barandon, 8 Taunton (4 E. C. L R., 33), and
Evans v. Kymer
(1 Bar. & Ad., 528). Neither of these cases resembles the one before us in its essential elements. In
Treuttel
v. Baranden, the plaintiffs were the owners of the several bills of exchange, drawn respectively by Gorton and G. Cresswich upon Spears, indorsed: “ Pay to I. P. De Bouse, Esq., or order, for account of Messrs. Truttel & Wentz.” These bills were placed or left by the plaintiffs in the hands of De Bouse as their agent, to be used for the plaintiffs, and, as directed by them. De Bouse negotiated them as security for his private loan. The plaintiffs demanded the bills, and, upon refusal, brought trover for their recovery. The defendants claimed to have obtained the bills by purchase from De Bouse, and insisted upon the validity of their title. The court held that the form of the indorsement gave sufficient notice that the bills were the property of the plaintiffs, and gave judgment for their value. The case varies from the one-before us, in the important particulars that the bills were still in existence, and that the defendants obtained possession of them without just right, and insisted upon their ownership.
In the case of
Evans
v. Kymer, the bill was drawn by Nevett upon the plaintiff, accepted by him, and retained by Nevett in his possession for the convenience of the plaintiff, and to be used as by him directed. Nevett negotiated the bill to the defendant for value, but with knowledge of all the facts. The defendant claimed the right to hold the bill. Trover was brought for the bill, and the chief defense was that the plaintiff himself never had sufficient property in the bill to maintain trover. The action was maintained; Lord Tentebden closing his opinion with this remark: “ The jury here were directed to find the value of the bill, in case they found their verdict for the plaintiff. If the defendant deliver up the bill, nominal damages may be entered on the record.’’'' This case is authority that the plaintiff here had sufficient property in the bills to sustain the action, which, indeed,
upon the facts as found, is too clear to need any authority. It establishes nothing else pertinent to the case before ns. Demand and refusal do not establish a conversion to the defendant’s own use, where, as in this case, it appears that at the time of the demand, the bills were not in existence. They had been previously and accidentally destroyed. The failure to deliver that which is not in being and cannot be delivered, furnishes no evidence of an appropriation by the defendant.
Murray
v.
Burling
(10 John. R., 172), and
Decker
v.
Mathews
(12 N. Y., 313), are cases where the party sued had wrongfully transferred the bill, and received and applied the proceeds to his own use. They furnish no authority upon the case before us, which is one of an accidental loss or destruction of the bill, no money being received upon it. Upon all of the authorities I have been able to consult, my judgment is that there was no evidence of any conversion of these bills. There was never any denial of the plaintiff’s property ; there was no claim of property in the defendant; there is no evidence of a voluntary or intentional, destruction of them.
I see no reason why the plaintiff should not be left to the remedies upon contract that are open to it. By the statute of this State (1R. S.
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Hunt, C.
The advantage of an action in trover, rather than an action in assumpsit, in the collection of a debt, is apparent. It gives a right to hold to bail during the pendency of the action, and a right of imprisonment upon an execution, in addition to the usual resort to the property of the defendant. To procure this advantage the plaintiffs have passed by their plain and obvious remedy, of an action against the defendant for a breach of contract, and have brought an action of trover. The question is whether they can sustain it.
During the autumn of 1865, the defendant being indebted to the firm of Jayeox
&
Green in the sum of $1,012.18, that firm drew upon him for the amount in three several bills of exchange at one month each. These bills were discounted by the plaintiff at about the time of their several dates, and had all matured before the 30th day of December. On. that day one of them had been due two and a half months, the second nearly two months, the last a few days. These drafts were severally transmitted by the plaintiff to the defendant for acceptance and payment, he being engaged in the business of a banker also. Before the 30th of December the defendant failed and made an .assignment. On that day the plaintiff’s agent
demanded of him the drafts in question. He replied that he thought he had returned them to the plaintiff. Upon reflection and examination he stated that he could not find them, and that he might have burned them up in destroying other papers that he considered of no value. It was not pretended by any witness that the defendant asserted any title to the bills or claimed any right to hold or retain them. There was no reason to doubt the accuracy of the defendant’s statement. The judge finds that they were lost, mislaid or destroyed through the negligence of the defendant. He also finds that he “ converted the same.”
To authorize the action of trover, two things are necessary: 1. Property in the plaintiff with a right of possession; and 2. A conversion by the defendant of the thing to his own use. This conversion consists of - the appropriation of the thing to the party’s own use and beneficial enjoyment, or in its destruction, or in exercising dominion over it in defiance of the plaintiff’s right, or in withholding it under a claim of title. (1 Greenl. Ev., § 642, and cases cited.) The destruction referred to as constituting a conversion is an intentional destruction, not an accidental act. Thus, a misdelivery of goods by a bailee is a conversion. (Id., and
Deming
v.
Barclay,
2 B.
&
A., 702;
Seyd
v.
Hay,
4 T. R., 260.) But the accidental loss by the carrier is not.
(Ross
v. Johns 5 Burr, 2825;
Dwight
v.
Benton, 1
Pick., 50.) A
wrongful
sale is a’conversion, .but a purchase in good faith is not in the first instance a conversion. (Id., § 642.) The accidental loss or destruction of an article by j one lawfully in its possession has never been held to be a con-1 version,
(Bromley
v.
Coxwell,
2 B.
&
P.,
438; Cairns
v.
Bleecker,
12 J. R., 300;
Jervis
v.
Jolliffe,
6 id., 9.)
In
Laplace
v.
Aupox
(1 John. Cas., 407), cited to the contrary, it appeared that the goods had been placed in the defendant’s possession, and had been sold by him, contrary to the orders of the owner. Their subsequent loss on the voyage on which they were shipped was held to make no difference. The defendant was guilty, of a direct act of conversion and the action was well brought.
On the question whether trover will lie to recover bills of exchange situated like these, two cases have been cited, viz.:
Treuttel
v. Barandon, 8 Taunton (4 E. C. L R., 33), and
Evans v. Kymer
(1 Bar. & Ad., 528). Neither of these cases resembles the one before us in its essential elements. In
Treuttel
v. Baranden, the plaintiffs were the owners of the several bills of exchange, drawn respectively by Gorton and G. Cresswich upon Spears, indorsed: “ Pay to I. P. De Bouse, Esq., or order, for account of Messrs. Truttel & Wentz.” These bills were placed or left by the plaintiffs in the hands of De Bouse as their agent, to be used for the plaintiffs, and, as directed by them. De Bouse negotiated them as security for his private loan. The plaintiffs demanded the bills, and, upon refusal, brought trover for their recovery. The defendants claimed to have obtained the bills by purchase from De Bouse, and insisted upon the validity of their title. The court held that the form of the indorsement gave sufficient notice that the bills were the property of the plaintiffs, and gave judgment for their value. The case varies from the one-before us, in the important particulars that the bills were still in existence, and that the defendants obtained possession of them without just right, and insisted upon their ownership.
In the case of
Evans
v. Kymer, the bill was drawn by Nevett upon the plaintiff, accepted by him, and retained by Nevett in his possession for the convenience of the plaintiff, and to be used as by him directed. Nevett negotiated the bill to the defendant for value, but with knowledge of all the facts. The defendant claimed the right to hold the bill. Trover was brought for the bill, and the chief defense was that the plaintiff himself never had sufficient property in the bill to maintain trover. The action was maintained; Lord Tentebden closing his opinion with this remark: “ The jury here were directed to find the value of the bill, in case they found their verdict for the plaintiff. If the defendant deliver up the bill, nominal damages may be entered on the record.’’'' This case is authority that the plaintiff here had sufficient property in the bills to sustain the action, which, indeed,
upon the facts as found, is too clear to need any authority. It establishes nothing else pertinent to the case before ns. Demand and refusal do not establish a conversion to the defendant’s own use, where, as in this case, it appears that at the time of the demand, the bills were not in existence. They had been previously and accidentally destroyed. The failure to deliver that which is not in being and cannot be delivered, furnishes no evidence of an appropriation by the defendant.
Murray
v.
Burling
(10 John. R., 172), and
Decker
v.
Mathews
(12 N. Y., 313), are cases where the party sued had wrongfully transferred the bill, and received and applied the proceeds to his own use. They furnish no authority upon the case before us, which is one of an accidental loss or destruction of the bill, no money being received upon it. Upon all of the authorities I have been able to consult, my judgment is that there was no evidence of any conversion of these bills. There was never any denial of the plaintiff’s property ; there was no claim of property in the defendant; there is no evidence of a voluntary or intentional, destruction of them.
I see no reason why the plaintiff should not be left to the remedies upon contract that are open to it. By the statute of this State (1R. S. 769, § 11), “ Every person, upon whom a bill of exchange is drawn, and to whom the same is delivered for acceptance, who shall destroy such bill, or refuse within twenty-four hours after such delivery, or within such other period as the holder may allow, to return the bill accepted or non-accepted to the holder, shall be deemed to have accepted the same.” This statutory provision is in affirmance of the common law, which holds that when a bill is left with a drawee for acceptance and retained by him beyond a reasonable time, the bill is to be deemed accepted. So if the bill be destroyed by the drawee while in his hands.
(Harvey
v.
Martin,
1 Camp. R., 425;
Jeune
v.
Ward,
1 Bar. & Ald., 657, 662; Edwards on Bills, 396; Bayley on Bills, ch. 6, § 1, p. 100.)
I see no reason again why the defendant is not liable, upon
his implied promise to present the bills for acceptance, to receive and transmit the money if paid, and in case of refusal to accept or of non-payment, to notify the plaintiff. The transmission to him and the receipt for this purpose render him liable for the breach of this duty.
I am of the opinion that the judgments should be reversed and new trial ordered, costs to abide the event.
All concur.
Judgment reversed.