Ryan Milliron v. Manos Antonakakis

• Court: Court of Appeals of Georgia
• Decided: August 4, 2023
• Docket: A23A1163
• Status: Published

Opinion

SECOND DIVISION MERCIER, C. J., MILLER, P. J., and HODGES, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

August 4, 2023

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A23A1163. MILLIRON v. ANTONAKAKIS.

MERCIER, Judge.

Following the dismissal of his action requesting injunctive relief against

Emmanouil Antonakakis, Ryan Milliron appeals, contending that the trial court erred

by determining that he had no right to force Antonakakis, a professor employed by

the Georgia Institute of Technology (“Georgia Tech”), to produce documents directly

to Milliron pursuant to Georgia’s Open Records Act, OCGA § 50-18-70 et seq.

Milliron also appeals the trial court’s award of attorney fees to Antonakakis. For the

reasons set forth below, we affirm the dismissal of Milliron’s action, but we vacate

the award of attorney fees and remand this case for a hearing on those fees.

1. We first consider Milliron’s contention that his action against Antonakakis

was improperly dismissed. On appeal, we review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss de novo, “accepting as true all well-pled material allegations in the complaint

and resolving any doubts in favor of the plaintiff.” Maynard v. Snapchat, Inc., 313

Ga. 533, 535 (2) (870 SE2d 739) (2022) (citation and punctuation omitted).

So viewed, the record shows that, on July 10, 2022, Milliron submitted an

Open Records Act request to Georgia Tech.1 On the same day, Milliron sent an Open

Records request for the same information to Antonakakis, individually, by emailing

Antonakakis’s personal counsel.2 In this separate request, Milliron demanded a search

of “any . . . privately held email account likely to have agency records[,]” but

nonetheless acknowledged that “the appropriate course of action would be to transfer

the [requested material] to Georgia Tech for processing through their Open Records

staff.”3 Antonakakis did not individually respond to Milliron’s request in his personal

1 Milliron had made more than 30 requests since December 2021, and Georgia Tech had previously produced over 3,000 pages to him. 2 Milliron requested “any materials collected or prepared in relation to any DARPA contract awarded to Georgia Tech,” and any “work done on the Alfa bank allegations, tasking to look at Guccifer 2.0 or the hack of the DNC, and other white papers provided to the DOJ.” Georgia Tech, through its Open Records officer, responded with 165 pages, and included information in the response that was collected from Antonakakis. . 3 Milliron contends both that Antonakakis is involved with separate businesses that have worked with Georgia Tech and that Antonakakis may have emails in private accounts that relate to this work for Georgia Tech.

2 capacity, but Georgia Tech did respond and produced documents. Unsatisfied with

the documents received from Georgia Tech, Milliron filed suit against Antonakakis

in his individual capacity, seeking to force him to personally respond to the Open

Records request and independently produce documents directly to Milliron.4

In response, Antonakakis filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim

under OCGA § 9-11-12 (b) (6) or, in the alternative, a motion for summary judgment.

He also requested “reasonable attorney[] fees and other litigation costs reasonably

incurred” pursuant to OCGA § 50-18-73 (b). After holding a hearing, the transcript

of which Milliron has omitted from the appellate record, the trial court granted the

motion to dismiss on November 4, 2022. In doing so, the trial court stated two bases

for its decision. First, it rejected any argument that all State employees like

Antonakakis are “directly and personally obligated to provide public records” under

the Open Records Act; instead, the trial court determined that the statute obligates

agencies to produce records, not individual employees of those agencies.5

Alternatively, the trial court found that Georgia Tech has a “a clerk specifically

4 Milliron also requested civil penalties under OCGA § 50-18-74 and an award of attorney fees. 5 It is undisputed that Georgia Tech is an agency and that Antonakakis is not.

3 designated by an agency as the custodian of agency records” upon whom Open

Records requests must be made, and, as such, Milliron’s request directly to

Antonakakis, rather than the proper designated officer, was improper and not viable.

The trial court further held that Antonakakis was entitled to attorney fees under

OCGA § 50-18-73 (b) because Milliron lacked substantial justification for his action,

but, rather than immediately quantifying the award at that time, the trial court

requested supporting documentation from Antonakakis’s counsel. . After

Antonakakis’s counsel subsequently submitted that supporting documentation,

Milliron then filed a “Response to Defendant’s Submission Regarding Attorneys’

Fees and Motion for Reconsideration” on January 10, 2023. In this filing, Milliron

challenged the sufficiency of the supporting documentation, requested a hearing on

attorney fees, and stated: “At the very least, [the] Court should reconsider the fee

award.” Milliron also raised alternative arguments that his case should not have been

dismissed, and, for the first time, he argued that he should be permitted to amend his

original complaint against Antonakakis to add Georgia Tech as a party. Milliron

emphasized, however: “Most immediately, Plaintiff urges the Court to revisit its

decision that Plaintiff must pay for Defendant’s reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs.”

4 On January 11, 2023, the trial court entered an order that awarded Antonakakis

$53,874.51 in attorney fees and costs. That order does not expressly address

Milliron’s “Response to Defendant’s Submission Regarding Attorneys’ Fees and

Motion for Reconsideration,” but it does state that the “entire record” was considered.

This appeal followed.

Milliron’s contention that the trial court improperly dismissed his action

against Antonakakis fails because his Open Records request was not properly

submitted. In matters involving an Open Records request, we must begin by

recognizing the legislative intent behind the Open Records Act:

The General Assembly finds and declares that the strong public policy of this state is in favor of open government; that open government is essential to a free, open, and democratic society; and that public access to public records should be encouraged to foster confidence in government and so that the public can evaluate the expenditure of public funds and the efficient and proper functioning of its institutions. The General Assembly further finds and declares that there is a strong presumption that public records should be made available for public inspection without delay.

OCGA § 50-18-70 (a). However, this legislative intent, even at its strongest, does not

place a burden of production on any and all State entities, only those entities

identified in the Open Records Act. In addition, the Act mandates that requests must

be submitted in specific ways to be properly made.

5 As previously recognized,

[a] statute draws its meaning . . . from its text. Under our well-established rules of statutory construction, we presume that the General Assembly meant what it said and said what it meant. To that end, we must afford the statutory text its plain and ordinary meaning, we must view the statutory text in the context in which it appears, and we must read the statutory text in its most natural and reasonable way, as an ordinary speaker of the English language would. Though we may review the text of the provision in question and its context within the larger legal framework to discern the intent of the legislature in enacting it, where the statutory text is clear and unambiguous, we attribute to the statute its plain meaning, and our search for statutory meaning ends.

Patton v. Vanterpool, 302 Ga. 253, 254 (806 SE2d 493) (2017) (citations and

punctuation omitted).

The pivotal section of the Open Records Act identifies to whom a proper

request for public documents must be made. OCGA § 50-18-71 (b) (1) (B) states:

A request made pursuant to this article may be made to the custodian of a public record orally or in writing. An agency may, but shall not be obligated to, require that all written requests be made upon the responder’s choice of one of the following: the agency’s director, chairperson, or chief executive officer, however denominated; the senior official at any satellite office of an agency; a clerk specifically designated by an agency as the custodian of agency records; or a duly designated open records officer of an agency; provided, however, that the absence or unavailability of the designated agency officer or employee shall not be permitted to delay the agency’s response. At the time of inspection, any person may make photographic copies or other electronic reproductions of the records using suitable portable devices brought to the place of inspection. Notwithstanding any other provision

6 of this chapter, an agency may, in its discretion, provide copies of a record in lieu of providing access to the record when portions of the record contain confidential information that must be redacted.

(Emphasis supplied.)

Here, the trial court expressly found that Georgia Tech has a designated Open

Records officer to whom requests must be sent,6 a fact which Milliron has

acknowledged, and Milliron does not dispute that neither Antonakakis nor his

personal attorney is that Open Records officer. As such, under the plain terms of

OCGA § 50-18-71 (b) (1) (B), Milliron’s request for documents sent directly to

Antonakakis was not properly submitted, and the trial court correctly determined that

the faulty request is not a viable means to support Milliron’s action for an injunction.

See generally, Vanterpool, 302 Ga. at 254. For this reason, Milliron’s attempt to

enforce an improper request fails as a matter of law, and the trial court properly

dismissed his case. See OCGA § 50-18-71 (b) (3) (“The enforcement provisions of

Code Sections 50-18-73 and 50-18-74 shall be available only to enforce compliance

and punish noncompliance when a written request is made consistent with this

6 Milliron did not challenge this finding in his motion for reconsideration.

7 subsection and shall not be available when such request is made orally.”) (emphasis

supplied).7

Milliron’s reliance on Cardinale v. Keane, 362 Ga. App. 644 (869 SE2d 613)

(2022), does not alter this result. In that case, the plaintiff filed an Open Records

action against a private attorney who had previously represented the City of Atlanta

and a City of Atlanta Councilman, claiming that these individuals had custody of

certain public City records. Id. We held that the plaintiff’s claims survived an OCGA

§ 9-11-12 (b) (6) motion to dismiss because: (1) the allegations of custodianship were

factual assertions that had to be accepted; (2) the pro se plaintiff’s pleadings had to

be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers; (3)

evidence could possibly be introduced to prove that the individuals had control over

the public records sought; and (4) the parties had extensively contested whether the

City had a designated public records officer to whom requests had to be made, and

the trial court had not yet ruled on that issue. Id. at 651-653 (3). In sharp contrast

here, the trial court expressly found (and there is no evidence of any dispute) in this

fully counseled case that Georgia Tech had a designated Open Records officer to

7 Because we affirm the trial court’s ruling on this basis, we need not consider and do not reach its alternative basis that only agencies have a duty to produce documents under the Open Records Act.

8 handle requests. In fact, Milliron acknowledged in his request to Antonakakis that

documents should be conveyed to Georgia Tech’s Open Records staff. There is also

no dispute that Antonakakis is not that designated officer. Cardinale, therefore, does

not control here, and Milliron’s reliance on that case to challenge the trial court’s

holding is misplaced.

2. Milliron next argues that the trial court erred by denying his request to add

Georgia Tech as a party to his action against Antonakakis. As previously set forth,

Milliron made this request for the first time in his “Response to Defendant’s

Submission Regarding Attorneys’ Fees and Motion for Reconsideration” filed two

months after the trial court’s initial decision. In a nutshell, Milliron argues that, even

if the trial court had correctly decided in its dismissal order that only agencies, not

employees of agencies like Antonakakis, had a duty to produce records, Milliron

should be allowed to join Georgia Tech as the appropriate agency. Assuming without

deciding that Milliron has preserved this contention, it relates directly to the trial

court’s ground for dismissal that we need not and do not address. And, it has no

bearing on the ground that we affirm – Milliron’s action against Antonakakis was

properly dismissed because his Open Records request was not directed to Georgia

Tech’s designated Open Records Officer. In any event, “[w]hether to permit a party

9 to raise a new argument on motion for reconsideration filed after judgment is entered

lies within the discretion of the trial court.” Neely v. City of Riverdale, 298 Ga. App.

884, 888 (3) (681 SE2d 677) (2009). Milliron has proven no abuse of that discretion.8

For all of these reasons, Milliron’s enumeration in this regard fails to prove any

reversible error by the trial court.9

3. Milliron argues that the trial court erred by awarding attorney fees to

Antonakakis, contending that his action was based on substantial justification, that

the evidence provided in support of Antonakakis’s fees was insufficient, and that the

trial court failed to hold an evidentiary hearing prior to imposing fees. For the reasons

set forth below, we agree that the trial court erred by failing to hold a hearing on

attorney fees prior to entry of the award.

8 An abuse of discretion would be extremely difficult for Milliron to prove, as he vehemently and repeatedly argued that he had the right to sue Antonakakis in his individual capacity without including Georgia Tech until the trial court ruled against him on that argument. 9 We also note that, as Milliron recognizes, he never obtained a direct ruling on this issue prior to filing his notice of appeal. In any event, his “Response to Defendant’s Submission Regarding Attorneys’ Fees and Motion for Reconsideration” made clear that Milliron’s “most immediate[]” issue was the award of attorney fees, not the alternative arguments. That attorney fee issue is addressed in Division 3 of this opinion.

10 OCGA § 50-18-73 (b) authorizes a trial court to award reasonable fees and

costs upon a finding that a plaintiff acted without substantial justification when

bringing an action under the Open Records Act. Specifically, this statute provides:

In any action brought to enforce the provisions of this chapter in which the court determines that either party acted without substantial justification either in not complying with this chapter or in instituting the litigation, the court shall, unless it finds that special circumstances exist, assess in favor of the complaining party reasonable attorney[] fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred. Whether the position of the complaining party was substantially justified shall be determined on the basis of the record as a whole which is made in the proceeding for which fees and other expenses are sought.

Id. “The award of attorney[] fees is discretionary under this statute[,] and the decision

of the superior court will be interfered with only where this discretion has been

abused.” Richmond County Hosp. Auth. v. Southeastern Newspapers Corp., 252 Ga.

19, 21 (311 SE2d 806) (1984). Because an award of OCGA § 50-18-73 (b) attorney

fees is premised on a finding that a party acted without substantial justification, the

fees award is “not much different from the fees authorized under the law generally

applicable in civil actions. See OCGA § 9-15-14 (a)-(b).” Deal v. Coleman, 294 Ga.

170, 182 (2) (b) n. 20 (751 SE2d 337) (2013). “As used in [OCGA § 9-15-14 (b)],

‘lacked substantial justification’ means substantially frivolous, substantially

11 groundless, or substantially vexatious.” Sprenkle v. Sprenkle, 363 Ga. App. 703, 706

(2) (872 SE2d 472) (2022) (punctuation omitted).

Under OCGA § 9-15-14 (b), “it is ‘black letter law’ that a hearing is required

to enter an award of attorney fees.” Moore v. Moore, 307 Ga. App. 889, 899 (1) (706

SE2d 465) (2011). “[T]he trial court must conduct an evidentiary hearing to

determine the amount of reasonable and necessary attorney fees, and the failure to do

so is reversible error.” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted). The requirement for a

hearing, however, may be waived expressly or by conduct. See Williams v. Becker,

294 Ga. 411, 413 (2) (a) (754 SE2d 11) (2014).

Here, the record shows that, prior to the time that the trial court made a

determination as to the amount and reasonableness of the attorney fees, Milliron

requested a hearing. And, given the noted similarity between the findings required by

both OCGA § 50-18-73 (b) and OCGA § 9-15-14, Coleman, 294 Ga. at 182 (2) (b)

n. 20, it stands to reason that OCGA § 9-15-14’s requirement for a hearing on the

reasonableness of attorney fees also applies to OCGA § 50-18-73 (b). For this reason,

the trial court erred by failing to hold an evidentiary hearing, as requested by

Milliron. Accordingly, we vacate the award of attorney fees and remand this case in

12 order for the trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing on Antonakakis’s fees request.

Moore, 307 Ga. App. at 899 (1).

Judgment affirmed in part, vacated in part, and case remanded with direction. Miller, P.J., and Hodges, J., concur.