UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) DAVID J. RUDOMETKIN et al., ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 21-cv-2220 (TSC) ) LLOYD J. AUSTIN, III, ) ) ) Defendant. ) ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Four prisoners at the U.S. Disciplinary Barracks (USBD) in Fort Leavenworth,
Kansas, sued the U.S. Secretary of Defense pro se for relief under the Administrative
Procedure Act (APA). Defendant has moved to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), ECF No. 25. For the reasons explained below,
Defendant’s motion will be GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
The USBD is the Department of Defense’s (DOD) only maximum-security
penitentiary for male service members serving a sentence exceeding ten years of
confinement. All “inmates regardless of their Service branch are subject to the Army’s
regulations for administering the facility.” Decl. of Anthony Mendez ¶ 2, ECF No. 25-
1.
Plaintiffs initially challenged DOD’s alleged waiver policy on COVID-19
vaccinations. See Order, ECF No. 5 (denying preliminary injunction). They later
1 notified the court that their original claim was moot and were twice granted leave to file
an amended complaint. See Order, ECF No. 13; Min. Order (July 7, 2022). In their
second amended complaint (Am. Compl.), Plaintiffs allege generally that “at various
times during their incarceration at USDB from 2018-2021,” they “were forced to accept
influenza and other vaccines under the threat of violence” and that they “had adverse
reactions to immunizations” and “various allergies.” Am. Compl., ECF No. 23 at 4.
Plaintiffs assert claims under the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment
(Count I); the APA (Count II); and the Declaratory Judgment Act, codified at 28 U.S.C.
§ 2201. 1 Am. Compl. at 5-6. Plaintiffs request a declaration that (1) “Defendant’s
regulatory policies authorizing the use [of] violence against inmates who elect not to
accept preventative medicine such as a vaccine violate” the Fifth Amendment, and (2)
“USBD inmates have the same rights as a ‘detainee’ as described in AR 40 562
paragraph 3-3(d) for purposes of ‘voluntarily’ receiving vaccines.” Id. at 6. In
addition, Plaintiffs request an order striking alleged regulatory language “authorizing
the use of force for inmates who elect not to accept immunizations” and the labeling of
such inmates as “Disobedience.” Id.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Defendant seeks dismissal first under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1),
for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. “Federal district courts are courts of limited
jurisdiction. They possess only that power authorized by Constitution and statute,
1 The Declaratory Judgment Act provides neither an independent basis for jurisdiction, Skelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 339 U.S. 667, 671-72 (1950), nor a private cause of action, Ali v. Rumsfeld, 649 F.3d 762, 778 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Rather, it creates a remedy wholly dependent on “the existence of a judicially remediable right” secured by federal law or the Constitution. Id.
2 which is not to be expanded by judicial decree.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of
Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994) (internal citations omitted). “Subject-matter jurisdiction
can never be waived or forfeited” because it “goes to the foundation of the court’s
power to resolve a case.” Gonzalez v. Thaler, 565 U.S. 134,141 (2012); Doe ex rel.
Fein v. District of Columbia, 93 F.3d 861, 871 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Before proceeding to
the merits of a claim, a court must satisfy itself that it has subject-matter jurisdiction to
consider the claim. In the absence of subject-matter jurisdiction, the court “has no
authority to address the dispute presented.” Lovitky v. Trump, 949 F.3d 753, 763 (D.C.
Cir. 2020) (citation omitted).
In evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction, the court must “assume the truth of all material factual allegations in the
complaint and ‘construe the complaint liberally, granting plaintiff the benefit of all
inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Am. Nat'l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642
F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Thomas v. Principi, 394 F.3d 970, 972 (D.C.
Cir. 2005)). Nevertheless, “‘the court need not accept factual inferences drawn by
plaintiffs if those inferences are not supported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor
must the Court accept plaintiff's legal conclusions.’” Disner v. United States, 888 F.
Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Speelman v. United States, 461 F. Supp. 2d 71,
73 (D.D.C. 2006)). And while courts construe pro se filings liberally, see Richardson
v. United States, 193 F.3d 545, 548 (D.C. Cir. 1999), the non-justiciability of a case and
the absence of jurisdiction cannot be overcome by liberal construction of the complaint.
3 III. ANALYSIS
Defendant argues that Plaintiffs lack constitutional standing. Mem., ECF No. 25
at 19. The court agrees.
Article III of the U.S. Constitution limits federal courts’ jurisdiction to particular
“cases” and “controversies.” U.S. Const. Art. 3, § 2, cl. 1. The Supreme Court has
consistently explained that “[n]o principle is more fundamental to the judiciary’s proper
role in our system of government than the constitutional limitation of federal court
jurisdiction to actual cases or controversies.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S.
398, 408 (2013) (quoting DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 341 (2006)).
Together, the doctrines of standing, ripeness, and mootness serve a common purpose: to
ensure that federal courts resolve only “Cases” and “Controversies” within the meaning
of the Constitution. U.S. Const. art. III, § 2.
“The ‘irreducible constitutional minimum’ for standing is (i) the party must have
suffered a concrete and particularized injury in fact, (ii) that was caused by or is fairly
traceable to the actions of the defendant, and (iii) is capable of resolution and likely to
be redressed by judicial decision.” Sierra Club v. EPA, 755 F.3d 968, 973 (D.C. Cir.
2014) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992)). In other
words, to establish standing as a constitutional matter, a plaintiff must “demonstrate the
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) DAVID J. RUDOMETKIN et al., ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 21-cv-2220 (TSC) ) LLOYD J. AUSTIN, III, ) ) ) Defendant. ) ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Four prisoners at the U.S. Disciplinary Barracks (USBD) in Fort Leavenworth,
Kansas, sued the U.S. Secretary of Defense pro se for relief under the Administrative
Procedure Act (APA). Defendant has moved to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), ECF No. 25. For the reasons explained below,
Defendant’s motion will be GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
The USBD is the Department of Defense’s (DOD) only maximum-security
penitentiary for male service members serving a sentence exceeding ten years of
confinement. All “inmates regardless of their Service branch are subject to the Army’s
regulations for administering the facility.” Decl. of Anthony Mendez ¶ 2, ECF No. 25-
1.
Plaintiffs initially challenged DOD’s alleged waiver policy on COVID-19
vaccinations. See Order, ECF No. 5 (denying preliminary injunction). They later
1 notified the court that their original claim was moot and were twice granted leave to file
an amended complaint. See Order, ECF No. 13; Min. Order (July 7, 2022). In their
second amended complaint (Am. Compl.), Plaintiffs allege generally that “at various
times during their incarceration at USDB from 2018-2021,” they “were forced to accept
influenza and other vaccines under the threat of violence” and that they “had adverse
reactions to immunizations” and “various allergies.” Am. Compl., ECF No. 23 at 4.
Plaintiffs assert claims under the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment
(Count I); the APA (Count II); and the Declaratory Judgment Act, codified at 28 U.S.C.
§ 2201. 1 Am. Compl. at 5-6. Plaintiffs request a declaration that (1) “Defendant’s
regulatory policies authorizing the use [of] violence against inmates who elect not to
accept preventative medicine such as a vaccine violate” the Fifth Amendment, and (2)
“USBD inmates have the same rights as a ‘detainee’ as described in AR 40 562
paragraph 3-3(d) for purposes of ‘voluntarily’ receiving vaccines.” Id. at 6. In
addition, Plaintiffs request an order striking alleged regulatory language “authorizing
the use of force for inmates who elect not to accept immunizations” and the labeling of
such inmates as “Disobedience.” Id.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Defendant seeks dismissal first under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1),
for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. “Federal district courts are courts of limited
jurisdiction. They possess only that power authorized by Constitution and statute,
1 The Declaratory Judgment Act provides neither an independent basis for jurisdiction, Skelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 339 U.S. 667, 671-72 (1950), nor a private cause of action, Ali v. Rumsfeld, 649 F.3d 762, 778 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Rather, it creates a remedy wholly dependent on “the existence of a judicially remediable right” secured by federal law or the Constitution. Id.
2 which is not to be expanded by judicial decree.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of
Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994) (internal citations omitted). “Subject-matter jurisdiction
can never be waived or forfeited” because it “goes to the foundation of the court’s
power to resolve a case.” Gonzalez v. Thaler, 565 U.S. 134,141 (2012); Doe ex rel.
Fein v. District of Columbia, 93 F.3d 861, 871 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Before proceeding to
the merits of a claim, a court must satisfy itself that it has subject-matter jurisdiction to
consider the claim. In the absence of subject-matter jurisdiction, the court “has no
authority to address the dispute presented.” Lovitky v. Trump, 949 F.3d 753, 763 (D.C.
Cir. 2020) (citation omitted).
In evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction, the court must “assume the truth of all material factual allegations in the
complaint and ‘construe the complaint liberally, granting plaintiff the benefit of all
inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Am. Nat'l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642
F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Thomas v. Principi, 394 F.3d 970, 972 (D.C.
Cir. 2005)). Nevertheless, “‘the court need not accept factual inferences drawn by
plaintiffs if those inferences are not supported by facts alleged in the complaint, nor
must the Court accept plaintiff's legal conclusions.’” Disner v. United States, 888 F.
Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Speelman v. United States, 461 F. Supp. 2d 71,
73 (D.D.C. 2006)). And while courts construe pro se filings liberally, see Richardson
v. United States, 193 F.3d 545, 548 (D.C. Cir. 1999), the non-justiciability of a case and
the absence of jurisdiction cannot be overcome by liberal construction of the complaint.
3 III. ANALYSIS
Defendant argues that Plaintiffs lack constitutional standing. Mem., ECF No. 25
at 19. The court agrees.
Article III of the U.S. Constitution limits federal courts’ jurisdiction to particular
“cases” and “controversies.” U.S. Const. Art. 3, § 2, cl. 1. The Supreme Court has
consistently explained that “[n]o principle is more fundamental to the judiciary’s proper
role in our system of government than the constitutional limitation of federal court
jurisdiction to actual cases or controversies.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S.
398, 408 (2013) (quoting DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 341 (2006)).
Together, the doctrines of standing, ripeness, and mootness serve a common purpose: to
ensure that federal courts resolve only “Cases” and “Controversies” within the meaning
of the Constitution. U.S. Const. art. III, § 2.
“The ‘irreducible constitutional minimum’ for standing is (i) the party must have
suffered a concrete and particularized injury in fact, (ii) that was caused by or is fairly
traceable to the actions of the defendant, and (iii) is capable of resolution and likely to
be redressed by judicial decision.” Sierra Club v. EPA, 755 F.3d 968, 973 (D.C. Cir.
2014) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992)). In other
words, to establish standing as a constitutional matter, a plaintiff must “demonstrate the
existence of a ‘personal injury fairly traceable to the opposing party’s allegedly
unlawful conduct and likely to be redressed by the requested relief.’” Delta Air Lines,
Inc. v. Export–Import Bank of U.S., 85 F. Supp. 3d 250, 260 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting
Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751 (1984)). To show an injury in fact, a plaintiff must
have suffered “an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and
4 particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Lujan, 504
U.S. at 560 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see 5 U.S.C. § 702
(restricting APA review to “[a] person suffering legal wrong because of agency action,
or adversely affected or aggrieved by agency action within the meaning of a relevant
statute”). 2
When, as here, a plaintiff seeks injunctive relief, “[t]he standing requirement . . .
cannot be met absent a showing of a real or immediate threat that the plaintiff will be
wronged again.” Jefferson v. Stinson Morrison Heckler LLP, 249 F. Supp. 3d 76, 81
(D.D.C. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). Past harm “is not enough to
establish a present controversy, or in terms of standing, an injury in fact.” Am. Soc'y
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals v. Ringling Bros. & Barnum & Bailey Circus,
317 F.3d 334, 336 (D.C. Cir. 2003). “Because injunctions regulate future conduct, a
party has standing to seek injunctive relief only if the party alleges, and ultimately
proves, a real and immediate—as opposed to merely conjectural or hypothetical—threat
of future injury.” Nat. Res. Def. Council v. Pena, 147 F.3d 1012, 1022 (D.C. Cir. 1998).
A court may not issue “what would amount to an advisory opinion without the
possibility of any judicial relief.” Illinois v. Ferriero, 60 F.4th 704, 714 (D.C. Cir.
2023) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
2 Section 706(1) of the APA authorizes claims for injunctive relief “where a plaintiff asserts that an agency failed to take a discrete agency action that it is required to take.” Norton v. S. Utah Wilderness All., 542 U.S. 55, 64 (2004) (emphases in original). This “limitation precludes the kind of broad programmatic” changes Plaintiffs appear to seek. Id. 5 Plaintiffs do not dispute that pursuant to Army regulations (1) their respective
request for a religious exemption from one or more vaccinations is pending, 3 (2) they
are not required to be vaccinated until the request is decided, and (3) they have the right
to appeal the denial of such request to the Assistant Secretary of the Army for
Manpower and Reserve Affairs. Mendez Decl. ¶¶ 3-5. Therefore, Plaintiffs have not
satisfied the redressable injury requirements of standing. And as pro se litigants,
Plaintiffs can neither prosecute the claims of other military prisoners nor serve as a
class representative. See 28 U.S.C. § 1654 (“In all courts of the United States the
parties may plead and conduct their own cases personally or by counsel[.]”); DeBrew v.
Atwood, 792 F.3d 118, 132 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (A “pro se litigant who is not trained as a
lawyer is simply not an adequate class representative.”); cf. Pl.’s Surreply, ECF No. 34
at 2, 7 (pleading on behalf of “all persons in custody of the U.S. Army”).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion to dismiss will be GRANTED. A
corresponding order will issue separately.
Date: August 17, 2023
Tanya S. Chutkan TANYA S. CHUTKAN United States District Judge
3 Plaintiff Alexander Driskill requested an exemption from the COVID-19 vaccine only. See Ex. D to Mendez Decl., ECF No. 25-1. Any claim arising from that vaccination, however, is moot. See supra at 1-2. 6