Roy N. Stapp v. Avoyelles Parish School Board

545 F.2d 527, 1977 U.S. App. LEXIS 10501

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
• Decided: January 17, 1977
• Docket: 75-1741
• Status: Published

Opinions

JOHN R. BROWN, Chief Judge:

This case presents anew the frequently litigated question of a probationary employee’s right to due process protection prior to dismissal. In this instance, the District Court ruled that whether the hearing it had previously ordered was sufficient under the requirements of the Due Process Clause should be presented first in the Louisiana Court System.¹ We vacate and remand so that the District Court may evaluate the due process protections under the procedures announced in Ferguson v. Thomas, 5 Cir., 1970, 430 F.2d 852, and its progeny.

On June 14, 1974, Roy N. Stapp (Principal) was informed by the Avoyelles Parish School Board (School Board) that his contract as the probationary, non-tenured principal² of Bunkie High School in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana would not be renewed for a third year, the 1974 — 75 academic year. Earlier during his second year as principal of Bunkie High, Principal received a letter of intent from the Avoyelles Parish School Superintendent (Superintendent). This letter stated in part

“I am pleased to advise that your work as principal has been satisfactory and I shall recommend to the Avoyelles Parish School Board that you be re-employed for the 1974-75 school session.”

Also included in the March 18, 1974 letter was a specific indication that if Principal demonstrated his intention to work for the Avoyelles Parish School System for the 1974-75 term, the Parish would consider him under contract and would only release him from his obligation for “urgent and unforeseeable circumstances.” Principal appropriately conveyed his intention to continue as principal for the upcoming school year.³

After receipt of the letter of intent, a struggle over replacement of the Bunkie High School football coach (Coach) reached its critical phase. Coach was fired by School Board without Principal’s recommendation. When a local newspaper printed an article incorrectly listing Principal as one of those who had attended a meeting and supported dismissal of Coach, Principal contacted the paper, denied having attended such a meeting, and requested a retraction.

Approximately one month later on May 21,1974, Principal was called to School Board President’s office and asked to resign in the presence of Superintendent, a Supervisor of Curriculum and Instruction, and a School Board member. Because his requested retraction from the local newspaper was allegedly “. . . failure to keep his mouth shut and follow whatever direction he [the School Board President] choose”, Principal contends that he was asked to resign and was later notified that he was discharged. Consequently, one of the reasons given by Principal as the basis of his dismissal entails a fundamental right protected by the First Amendment, free speech.⁴ If this alleged reason should prove to be the basis of Principal’s dismissal, the outcome of this case is clear. Such basic Constitutional rights are not shed as a prerequisite to continuation of a school related career. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 1968, 393 U.S. 503, 506, 507-14, 89 S.Ct. 733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731; Pickering v. Board of Regents, 1968, 391 U.S. 563, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811.⁵

Undeterred by his March 18, 1974 letter of intent, Superintendent prepared a written recommendation to School Board setting forth reasons Principal’s contract should not be renewed⁶ and for Principal’s discharge as an employee of the School System. At a regularly scheduled School Board meeting on June 18, 1974, after only an assurance by Superintendent that the charges in his recommendation were or could be substantiated, the School Board adopted his recommendation and discharged Principal. It is important to note that although Principal was present at this meeting, he was never notified if, when, or where a hearing on his dismissal would occur.

On the same day Principal was discharged by School Board, he filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana seeking declaratory, injunctive and other “appropriate equitable relief” against School Board, each member of the school board individually in their private and public capacities, and Superintendent in both his official and individual capacities. The District Court held an evidentiary hearing on the preliminary injunction relief and issued an order and ruling on August 4,1974, which concluded that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the school board and its members in their official capacity under 28 U.S.C. § 1343 because they are not “persons” within the ambit of 42 U.S.C. § 1983.⁷ It did find jurisdiction under the federal question provision of 28 U.S.C. § 1331 because of the alleged violation of Fourteenth Amendment⁸ and the necessary jurisdictional amount.

The District Court then concluded that as a probationary employee Principal normally would not be entitled to a full due process hearing under L.S.A.-R.S. 17:442. According to the District Court in this instance, however, the March 18, 1974 letter of intent created more than a unilateral expectation of re-employment. It created a property interest in re-employment which entitled Principal to a hearing under the principles enunciated in Perry v. Sindermann, 1972, 408 U.S. 593, 92 S.Ct. 2694, 33 L.Ed.2d 570, and Board of Regents v. Roth, 1972, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548. Determining that the June 18 School Board meeting failed to meet the minimal due process requirements, the District Court directed School Board within a reasonable time to hold such a hearing under the standards enunciated in Ferguson v. Thomas, 5 Cir., 1970, 430 F.2d 852 and its progeny along with Principal’s reinstatement with back pay as principal of Bunkie High School in the interim.

In accordance with this mandate, School Board conducted a hearing and again discharged Principal. Because of alleged procedural and due process shortcomings, Principal requested the District Court to “adjourn” the hearing held by School Board and appoint a special master to conduct a proper hearing. This request was denied by a ruling issued on September 23, 1974.⁹ Principal then moved for a permanent injunction and declaratory relief alleging that his. discharge violated his right to free speech and that he was not afforded adequate due process protection by the school board hearing. Without examination of any record of the hearing held by School Board and without conducting a hearing on Principal’s motion, the District Court denied Principal’s motion with a succinct and confusing “Plaintiff’s Motion for a permanent injunction and for declaratory relief is hereby denied for the reasons set forth in this Court’s ruling and order of August 1, 1974.”¹⁰ From this ruling Principal appeals.

Prior to any consideration of the sufficiency or necessity of procedural due process protections, Principal must demonstrate deprivation of an interest in “life, liberty, or property” within the protections of the Due Process Clause. Under the principles of the existing case law for a probationary, non-tenured employee with at most a unilateral expectation of continued employment, no question remains about the lack of any property interest in his or her continued employment which is shielded by procedural due process requirements. Bishop v. Wood, 1976, 426 U.S. 341, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 48 L.Ed.2d 684; Sampson v. Murray, 1974, 415 U.S. 61, 94 S.Ct. 937, 39 L.Ed.2d 166; Perry v. Sindermann, 1972, 408 U.S. 593, 92 S.Ct. 2694, 33 L.Ed.2d 570; Board of Regents v. Roth, 1972, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548; Burnley v. Thompson, 5 Cir., 1975, 524 F.2d 1233, 1240; Roane v. Callisburg Independent School District, 5 Cir., 1975, 511 F.2d 633, 637-39. On the basis of the March 18 letter of intent which specified that upon Principal’s communication of willingness to continue on as principal the School System would consider Principal under contract., and would release him only for “urgent and unforeseeable circumstances”, we agree with the District Court’s finding that Principal had a definable property interest in his re-employment.¹¹ The offer of continued employment in the letter coupled with the admitted reliance by School Board on Principal’s affirmative response ¹² and the expressed binding nature of such an acceptance falls into the class of property interests protected by the due process procedural requirements.¹³ See Roth, supra at 576-77, 92 S.Ct. at 2708-09, 33 L.Ed.2d at 560-61; Perry, supra at 601, 92 S.Ct. at 2699, 33 L.Ed.2d at 580; Zimmerer v. Spencer, 5 Cir., 1973, 485 F.2d 176, 177-78; Sims v. Fox, 5 Cir., 1975, 505 F.2d 857, 860-62.

Equally important in this case is recognition of the principle that except in singular instances a governmental agency may not discharge even a non-tenured employee because of his or her exercise of First Amendment rights. Perry, supra at 597, 92 S.Ct. at 2697, 33 L.Ed.2d at 577; Roane, supra at 640; Kaprelian v. Texas Woman’s University, 5 Cir., 1975, 509 F.2d 133, 139. Realizing that any time freedom of speech arises as a significant basis of a cause of action a Court must proceed cautiously, we tread gently past this issue because of the insufficient procedures followed by the District Court and the state of the record before us on appeal.¹⁴

We recognize the emphasis by the dissent on the pre-Roth and Sindermann Louisiana cases¹⁵ in which a teacher seeks through a direct suit on the alleged contract to be either reinstated or to receive a monetary award. This opinion does not deal with whether Principal is entitled to recovery or reinstatement on a contract claim. Rather, the issue is whether Principal had a non-subjective expectancy of continued employment. Once this threshold is created, both Roth and Sindermann instruct that minimal due process must be afforded Principal. This is the distinctive essence of our opinion. A non-subjective expectancy has been created.¹⁶ We do not intimate nor consider whether Principal is entitled to win on any contract claim. The letter of intent from Superintendent to Principal created more than a subjective expectancy. It definitively indicated that upon Principal’s conveyance of a formal acceptance in the proper manner, Principal would be considered under contract and released from his obligation only for “urgent and unforseeable circumstances.” ¹⁷

Two factors are certain. Principal possessed a property right necessitating a hearing and the District Court ordered School Board to afford Principal such a hearing. Coupled with this factor is this Circuit’s determination that a preferred review procedure of such school board hearings be followed by the District Court. See Robison, supra at 254-56; Thompson v. Madison County Board of Education, 5 Cir., 1973, 476 F.2d 676, 679-80 (Clark, J., concurring specially); Fluker v. Alabama State Board of Education, 5 Cir., 1971, 441 F.2d 201, 208 n. 15; Ferguson, supra at 857-59.

Ordinarily the District Court is not expected to conduct a de novo hearing. Rather, the first inquiry is to examine the record of a school board’s hearing to ascertain whether the procedures followed violated federal rights. In other words, did School Board conduct a hearing for Principal adequate by the procedural due process requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment? If so, then the record should be viewed to determine whether substantial evidence before the agency supports its action. Robison, supra; Madison County Board of Education, supra; Ferguson, supra.

Because a First Amendment claim is involved, the substantiality of evidence supporting School Board’s discharge should be further classified to determine whether the District Court must decide the First Amendment claim and hold an evidentiary hearing on whether Principal’s exercise of his speech rights was a significant basis for his discharge. In reviewing School Board’s record, the reasons given for Principal’s discharge may prove to be clearly insubstantial, substantial and sufficient, or substantial but insufficient. If the reasons are substantial and sufficient, the District Court need not consider or receive evidence on the First Amendment claim.¹⁸ If clearly insubstantial, the District Court must consider and receive evidence on the First Amendment claim. Likewise, the Court must hear evidence on the First Amendment allegation for substantial but insufficient reasons.¹⁹ Robison, supra at 255; Ferguson, supra at 858-59; see Kaprelian, supra at 139; Madison County Board of Education, supra at 679-80.

From the foregoing it is apparent that the District Court’s initial duty is to examine the record of School Board’s hearing held pursuant to its August 4, 1974 ruling. The record shows that the District Court issued its September 23, 1974 and its last ruling denying a permanent injunction request without ever examining the record of School Board’s hearing for Principal. For this reason, this record is absent any facts regarding what transpired during that hearing. The District Court’s ruling is vacated and this case is remanded for reconsideration in light of the principles discussed in this opinion.

VACATED AND REMANDED.

1 . See note 9, infra.

2 . L.S.A.-R.S. 17:442 (1963) sets forth the manner by which a non-tenured teacher may be dismissed and how one attains permanent teacher or tenured status.

§ 442. Probation and tenure of parish or city school teachers

Each teacher shall serve a probationary term of three years to be reckoned from the date of his first appointment in the parish or city in which the teacher is serving his probation. During the probationary term the parish or city school board, as the case may be, may dismiss or discharge any probationary teacher upon the written recommendation of the parish or city superintendent of schools, as the case may be, accompanied by valid reasons therefor.

Any teacher found unsatisfactory by the parish or city school board, as the case may be, at the expiration of the said probationary term, shall be notified in writing by the board that he has been discharged or dismissed; in the absence of such notification, such probationary teacher shall automatically become a regular and permanent teacher in the employ of the school board of the parish or city, as the case may be, in which he has successfully served his three year probationary term; all teachers in the employ of any parish or city school board as of July 31, 1946 who hold proper certificates and who have served satisfactorily as teachers in that parish or city for more than three consecutive years, are declared to be regular and permanent teachers in the employ of the school board of that parish or city.

3 . The brief submitted by counsel for School Board specifies School Board’s action as failure to renew Principal’s contract. Superintendent’s letter of June 14, 1974, recommends that Principal be relieved of his duties as principal and dismissed as an employee of the school system. Because we remand this case, we only note certain distinctions created by the Louisiana statute regarding the ability of a teacher (or Principal) to be both tenured and non-tenured simultaneously. L.S.A.-R.S. 17 — 441 (1963) defines a teacher as

“Any employee of any parish or city school board who holds a teacher’s certificate and whose legal employment requires such teacher’s certificate”.

As indicated in 2 above, one generally acquires tenured status after serving a three year probationary period. L.S.A.-R.S. 17:442 (1963). If a teacher achieves permanent or tenured status under § 442, he or she is then accorded the procedural protections under L.S.A.-R.S. 17-443 (Supp.1976).

§ 443. Removal of teachers; procedure; right to appeal

A. A permanent teacher shall not be removed from office except upon written and signed charges of wilful neglect of duty, or incompetency or dishonesty, or of being a member of or of contributing to any group, organization, movement or corporation that is by law or injunction prohibited from operating in the State of Louisiana, and then only if found guilty after a hearing by the school board of the parish or city, as the case may be, which hearing may be private or public, at the option of the teacher. At least fifteen days in advance of the date of the hearing, the school board shall furnish the teacher with a copy of the written charges. The teacher shall have the right to appear before the board with witnesses in his behalf and with counsel of his selection, all of whom shall be heard by the board at the said hearing. Nothing herein contained shall impair the right of appeal to a court of competent jurisdiction.

B. If a permanent teacher is found guilty by a school board, after due and legal hearing as provided herein, or charges of wilful neglect of duty, or of incompetency, or dishonesty, or of being a member of or of contributing to any group, organization, movement or corporation that is by law or injunction prohibited from operating in the State of Louisiana, and ordered removed from office, or disciplined by the board, the teacher may, not more than one year from the date of the said finding, petition a court of competent jurisdiction for a full hearing to review the action of the school board, and the court shall have jurisdiction to affirm or reverse the action of the school board in the matter. If the finding of the school board is reversed by the court and the teacher is ordered reinstated and restored to duty, the teacher shall be entitled to full pay for any loss of time or salary he or she may have sustained by reason of the action of the said school board.

If a teacher is not tenured, he or she may be dismissed under the Louisiana Teacher Tenure Act framework by a written recommendation from a superintendent to the school board with valid reasons. However no provision for a hearing is made. L.S.A.-R.S. 17-442 (1963).

As a further complication to the distinctions required by these sections, L.S.A.-R.S. 17:444 (Supp.1976) indicates that one promoted to a higher position is untenured in that job until a similar three year probationary period is served. Section 444 clearly indicates that one who had tenure in the lower position does not lose tenure in that lower bracket because of a promotion.

§ 444. Promotions; probationary periods and tenure

Whenever a teacher who has acquired permanent status, as set forth in R.S. 17:442 and 17:443, in a parish or city school system is promoted by the employing school board by moving such teacher from a position of lower salary to one of higher salary, such teacher shall serve a probationary period of three years in the higher position before acquiring permanent status therein, but shall retain the permanent status acquired in the lower position from which he or she was promoted.

During the probationary period in the position to which promoted a teacher shall not be disciplined, removed or demoted to the lower position from which he or she was promoted except in compliance with the provisions of R.S. 17:442. At the expiration of the probationary period in the higher position, a teacher, unless removed or demoted in accordance with R.S. 17:442, shall automatically acquire permanent status in the higher position and thereafter may not be disciplined, removed or demoted from such higher position except in compliance with the provisions of R.S. 17:443.

Where a teacher has not completed the probationary period for teachers as required by R.S. 17:442, or for a particular promotional position as established herein, and is promoted to a higher position, the probationary period, either as a teacher or in the previous promotional position, shall continue to run and at the end of such three year probationary period the teacher shall automatically acquire permanent status in the previously held position until permanent status in the new position is acquired by compliance with the provisions of this Section.

From the perspective of this statutory scheme and the absence of any dispute over Principal’s non-tenured status, no consideration is given to whether Principal may have had tenured status in a lower job category in the Avoyelles School System for purposes of outright dismissal from any and all positions within the school system. Also, the record before this Court is not sufficient to make such a determination.

As a result of the insufficient record and the absence of any dispute over whether Principal may have had tenure in one teacher classification and no tenure as a principal, we do not consider School Board’s argument that Principal failed to exhaust his state remedies under L.S.A.-R.S. 17-443 (Supp.1976) for permanent teachers. Nor do we intimate any predisposition for or against the ability of such state created statutory appeal routes to preclude direct suit in a federal forum when a cause of action otherwise arises under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.

We need only emphasize that School Board complied with 17:442 and that the subsequent hearing by School Board was pursuant to the order of the District Court to protect a property interest within the purview of the Fourteenth Amendment’s procedural due process requirements yet outside any required hearing provisions of the Louisiana statute. Consequently, if the District Court determination that Principal is non-tenured is correct, Principal does not have to exhaust state review procedures when none were granted to him by L.S.A.-R.S. 17:442 (1963) as a probationary employee.

4 . Principal alleges and argues a free speech violation of his First Amendment rights. On appeal no argument in his brief or before this Court was presented regarding any potential violation of his freedom of association right.

5 . For an excellent, yet concise, presentation of school related but out-of-class teacher activities, see F. Schauer, School Books, Lesson Plans, and The Constitution, 78 W.Va.L.Rev. 287, 289-96 (1976).

6 . A copy of the June 14, 1974, letter of recommendation to the School Board along with a cover letter was hand delivered by Superintendent to Principal. The letter to the School Board lists for general categories of reasons for Principal’s dismissal with sixteen specific examples. The four categories are (1) lack of academic and administrative leadership, (2) lack of organized classroom teacher supervision as it relates to the instructional program, (3) failure to cooperate with the central office staff, school board members, or both, in the solution of problems and the placement of personnel, (4) failure to cooperate and foster good community-school relations with certain parents, business leaders and officers of service clubs.

7 . Because we vacate and remand this case to the District Court on other grounds discussed in the text infra, we pretermit discussion of certain issues which were presented to this Court by supplemental briefs and on oral argument. One already indicated in note 3, supra is whether school board remedies must be exhausted in a cause of action based on alleged violations of freedom of speech or press asserted directly under the Fourteenth Amendment. Others unnecessary in light of our holding in this case are (1) whether individual school board members may be named as defendants under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 if a school board is not a “person” under that section, and (2) whether federal jurisdiction and the relief available under the Fourteenth Amendment, enforced through 28 U.S.C. § 1331, is co-extensive with that of 42 U.S.C. § 1983, enforced through 28 U.S.C. § 1343. The present status of this Circuit regarding some of these problems including available remedies is indicated by our en banc opinion in Muzquiz v. City of San Antonio et al., 5 Cir., 1976, 528 F.2d 499.

It suffices for jurisdictional purposes necessary before passing on the issues decided in this opinion that Principal has alleged a cause of action arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States and the requisite amount in controversy. Although this Court’s ruling in Muzquiz, supra, reinforced by Bishop v. Wood, 1976, 426 U.S. 341, 96 S.Ct. 2074, 48 L.Ed.2d 684, 689, n.1, precludes use of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and its jurisdictional counterpart, 28 U.S.C. § 1343, for a suit against a school board such as Avoyelles Parish, jurisdiction exists under the federal question provision, 28 U.S.C. § 1331. In analogous cases, this Circuit has found sufficient basis for exercise of our jurisdiction over school districts and state colleges under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Hander v. San Jacinto College, 5 Cir., 1975, 522 F.2d 204, 205; Roane v. Callisburg Independent School District, 5 Cir., 1975, 511 F.2d 633, 635, n.1. Consequently, we find the principle of these cases applicable to Principal’s. Cf. Aldinger v. Howard, 1976, 427 U.S. 1, 96 S.Ct. 2413, 49 L.Ed.2d 276, 280, n.3; see also City of Kenosha v. Bruno, 1973, 412 U.S. 507, 514, 516, 93 S.Ct. 2222, 37 L.Ed.2d 109.

8 . The District Court’s ruling of August 4, 1974 does not clearly indicate whether the Court based its ruling on only a property right due process basis independent of the First Amendment claim or on both.

9 . The September 23 memorandum ruling made the following findings;

(1) There is no basis in due process for this Court to usurp or supervise the hearing conducted by the Avoyelles Parish School Board;

(2) That the Louisiana Legislature, in its wisdom, foresaw that a hearing conducted by the accusing body (the School Board), a nonjudicial board, might not in practice satisfy the full requirements of due process and provided for an appeal to the State District Court at which a full hearing or trial de novo would be conducted at which all the requirements of due process would be satisfied;

(3) The decision of the State District Court is appealable to the Louisiana Courts of Appeal;

(4) Plaintiff’s remedies under State law have not been exhausted.

10 . Although the District Court refers to its August 4, 1974 ruling, the context of this case indicates it was actually referring to its September 23, 1974 ruling and order. See note 9, supra.

11 . Superintendent testified that School Board relied on teachers’ and principals’ responses to letters of intent in order to prepare student and teacher assignment ratios.

12 . These factors indicate more than an abstract need or desire existed. More than a unilateral expectation was created. In fact, a mutual expectation was produced by actions initiated by School Board and Superintendent.

13 . This property interest is for the then upcoming school year, 1974 — 75. Whether Principal may have a property interest for employment in another capacity under the existing Louisiana statutory framework is not now before this Court. See note 3, supra.

14 . Of additional importance is the potential that the First Amendment claim may prove to be indecisive on remand once the District Court examines the record developed during the hearing held by School Board. This may occur if a valid, non-discriminatory ground is shown to have been the basis of discharge. Ferguson, supra at 858-59; see Robison v. Wichita Falls & North Texas Community Action Corporation, 5 Cir., 507 F.2d 245, 255; see text infra.

Furthermore, we are mindful of the Supreme Court’s recent indication in Wood v. Bishop, supra at 350, 96 S.Ct. at 2080, 48 L.Ed.2d at 691, that

[i]n the absence of any claim that the public employer was motivated by a desire to curtail or to penalize the exercise of an employee’s constitutionally protected rights, we must presume that official action was regular and, if erroneous, can best be corrected in other ways. Accord, Megill v. Board of Regents of State of Florida, 5 Cir., 1976, 541 F.2d 1073.

15 . State v. Winn Parish School Board, La.App., 2 Cir., 1942, 9 So.2d 342; Ritchie v. Ascension Parish School Board, La.App., 1 Cir., 1941, 200 So. 681; Bankston v. Tangipahoa Parish School Board, La.App., 1 Cir., 1939, 190 So. 177; Lanier v. Catahoula Parish School Board, La.App., 2 Cir., 1934, 154 So. 469; Brown v. St. Bernard Parish School Board, Orleans, 1930, 14 La.App. 460, 131 So. 760.

We prefer to deal with these Louisiana cases on the substantive basis mentioned in the text. However, other distinctions exist. As mentioned, all of these cases are attempts to recover a monetary award or for reinstatement under an alleged contract. The limited viability of these cases is revealed by a factual dissimilarity. With the exception of Brown and Lanier, the school employee involved in the remaining cases could not have had probationary tenure status under the Louisiana statutory scheme. In this respect, these cases rely on the idea that the teacher had never been hired by the school board. In contrast, Principal has been a principal for at least the two immediately preceding years. Additionally, Bankston, Richie, and Winn rely on the Lanier case. In Kennington v. Red River Parish School Board, La.App., 2 Cir., 1940, 200 So. 514, the Court of Appeals of Louisiana recognized that a different issue arises in the context of a discharged or not rehired probationary employee versus an alleged teacher never validly hired by a school board. Kennington at 516-17. Also, Lanier and Brown, along with Bankston and Richie which rely on the Lanier-Brown rationale, arose before the Louisiana legislature implemented its recognition via the Teachers’ Tenure Act, LSA-R.S. 17:441, et seq., that because one may be discharged or not given another contract is not synonymous to having no due process protections. In fact while interpreting Louisiana’s Teachers’ Tenure Act, the Louisiana Supreme Court rejected the notion that the due process protections accorded probationary teachers under the Act require the existence of a contract for the succeeding year. See State v. Bienville Parish School Board, 1941, 198 La. 688, 4 So.2d 649, 651. Thus, even in Louisiana for probationary and permanent teachers, the existence of a contract with a school board for the future term is not a pre-requisite to the due process protections of the Teachers’ Tenure Act. Although Winn, Richie, Bankston, Lanier, and Brown may be viable in the context of one never validly employed by a school board, they are not for one already employed as Principal.

Similarly, Roth and Sindermann require a reasonable, non-subjective expectation of reemployment — not an iron clad contract capable of enforcement. As the Supreme Court stated in Sindermann . . ‘property’ interests subject to procedural due process protection are not limited by a few rigid, technical forms. Rather, ‘property’ denotes a broad range of interests that are secured by ‘existing rules or understandings.’ ” Sindermann, supra, 408 U.S. at 602, 92 S.Ct. at 2699. Such an interest may arise in the form of a contract, implied contract, statute, or otherwise. However, we do not read Roth, Sindermann and their progeny to require that interest to be created exclusively by contract or statute. This is the assumption of the dissent: that a valid, enforceable contract for the next school year must exist before Principal is entitled to Constitutional due process protections. We do not construe Roth, Sindermann, and the later cases so narrowly.

16 . Our most recent opinion in Megill v. Board of Regents of State of Florida, supra, indicates an untenured teacher may acquire a reasonable expectation of continued employment.

17 . Two added factors reinforce this view. At no time has School Board contended that Superintendent was acting without authority to make the representations made in Superintendent’s letter — including the binding nature of Principal’s acceptance. Also, after making the appropriate formal acceptance to School Board, Principal relied on this representation and made a down payment as earnest money for the purchase of a new home in Avoyelles Parish.

18 . This assumes no allegation of unequal treatment or selective enforcement and the reason alone is sufficient to justify the dismissal or non-renewal. Robison, supra at 255; cf. Madison County Board of Education, supra at 679-80.

19 . This does not necessitate the District Court’s rehearing evidence presented at School Board’s hearing on the First Amendment claim. The District Court may utilize such material along with other evidence presented during its hearing.