OPINION OF THE COURT
ALDISERT, Chief Judge.
Although the contents of a document may not be privileged under the fifth amendment, the act of producing or authenticating the document may be privileged. This terse summary of the law originated with Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391, 410, 96 S.Ct. 1569, 1581, 48 L.Ed.2d 39 (1976), and was confirmed in United States v. Doe, 465 U.S. 605, 104 S.Ct. 1237, 79 L.Ed.2d 562 (1984). Application of this precept may produce profound consequences when an individual is the target of an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) investigation and the IRS directs a summons to a corporation solely owned by the individual. We have been asked to address such consequences in this case.
The district court has ordered Rogers Transportation, Inc., a corporation solely owned by Richard Rogers, to appoint someone to produce certain corporate records. The corporation has appealed, arguing that the fifth amendment’s stricture against self-incrimination will be violated by requiring Rogers, or any of the company’s employees, to produce the documents. For the reasons that follow, and especially in view of information presented to the court at oral argument, we will vacate the order of the district court and remand for reconsideration in light of the circumstances that have developed subsequent to the district court proceedings. In so doing we specifically do not reach the question of whether the teachings of United States v. Doe, pertaining to a sole proprietorship, may be extended to a corporation owned by a single shareholder.
I.
On January 29, 1984, the IRS issued a summons to appellant Rogers Transportation, Inc., as part of an investigation into the tax liabilities of Richard Rogers, the company’s president and sole shareholder. On June 11, the district court held a hearing on a show cause order issued as part of the summons enforcement proceedings. An attorney appeared to represent both Mr. Rogers and Rogers Transportation. The issue at this hearing was who would produce the requested documents. Everyone associated with the corporation, including Mr. Rogers, had claimed his fifth amendment privilege with respect to producing the documents.
The district court held a second hearing on June 25, at which the corporation was represented by its own attorney. On behalf of Rogers Transportation, counsel argued that the summons was overbroad and also attempted to raise an impossibility defense. As a result of this hearing, on June 25, the district court issued an order requir[167]*167ing the corporation’s attorney to produce the documents on behalf of the corporation.
Following certain legal skirmishing, not relevant to the issue before us,1 the district court issued a revised order, deleting reference to the attorney, and requiring the corporation to appoint someone to produce the documents. Appellant immediately filed an appeal, as well as a petition for a writ of mandamus, challenging the court’s action.2 The proceedings were consolidated for a hearing before a panel of this court. After argument, but before a decision by the panel, the matter was referred to the court in banc. For convenience, we will refer to Rogers Transportation, Inc., the petitioner at No. 84-3493 and appellant at No. 84-5556, as “appellant.”
II.
Appellant’s argument builds on a set of premises that begins with the assertion that it advised the district court that the only two individuals, other than Richard Rogers, who had any familiarity with the company’s books and records, also had asserted their fifth amendment privilege. From this, appellant’s next premise is that to comply with the order of the court, the corporation would be required to force these individuals to abandon their fifth amendment privilege. Brief for Appellant at 39. Finally, appellant argues that because the target of the underlying IRS investigation, Richard Rogers, is the sole stockholder, director and responsible officer of the corporation, the court’s order directing the company to designate a third party to produce the summoned records is, in reality, equivalent to compelling Richard Rogers to do the same. “It is clear that any appointed agent will have to make inquiries to apprise himself of facts in order to produce the summoned records. Consequently, since Richard Rogers is the only individual who can appoint and apprise any such agent of these matters, that agent’s production of documents would entail implicit testimony of Mr. Rogers about the exist[168]*168ence, location, possession and authenticity of the summoned records.” Id. at 40-41.
III.
The cornerstone of appellant’s argument is the precept that a government subpoena compels the holder of the document to perform an act “that may have testimonial aspects and an incriminating effect.” United States v. Doe, 465 U.S. at-, 104 S.Ct. at 1242. The Supreme Court has noted:
Compliance with the subpoena tacitly concedes the existence of the papers demanded and their possession or control by the taxpayer. It also would indicate the taxpayer’s belief that the papers are those described in the subpoena. Curcio v. United States, 354 U.S. 118, 125 [77 S.Ct. 1145, 1150, 1 L.Ed.2d 1225] (1957). The elements of compulsion are clearly present, but the more difficult issues are whether the tacit averments of the taxpayer are both “testimonial” and “incriminating” for purposes of applying the Fifth Amendment. These questions perhaps do not lend themselves to categorical answers; their resolution may instead depend on the facts and circumstances of particular cases or classes thereof.
Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. at 410, 96 S.Ct. at 1581. Thus, it is settled law that, in the context of a sole proprietorship, if the court determines that the act of production would involve testimonial self-incrimination, enforcement of the summons must be denied.
But the government counters this argument with the contention that, with respect to testimonial implications, there is a difference between a subpoena directed to a sole proprietorship and one directed to a corporation. The government argues that the “books and records of corporations cannot be insulated from reasonable demands of governmental authorities by a claim of personal privilege on the part of their custodian.” Curcio v. United States, 354 U.S. 118, 122, 77 S.Ct. 1145, 1148, 1 L.Ed.2d 1225 (1957). The government notes that in Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391, 96 S.Ct. 1569, 48 L.Ed.2d 39 (1976), the Court reaffirmed the rule “allow[ing] subpoenas against the custodian of corporate documents or those belonging to other collective entities ... over claims that the documents will incriminate the custodian despite the fact that producing the documents tacitly admits their existence and their location in the hands of the possessor.” Id. at 411-12, 96 S.Ct. at 1581. See also Bellis v. United States, 417 U.S. 85, 88, 94 S.Ct. 2179, 2183, 40 L.Ed.2d 678 (1974); United States v. White,
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OPINION OF THE COURT
ALDISERT, Chief Judge.
Although the contents of a document may not be privileged under the fifth amendment, the act of producing or authenticating the document may be privileged. This terse summary of the law originated with Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391, 410, 96 S.Ct. 1569, 1581, 48 L.Ed.2d 39 (1976), and was confirmed in United States v. Doe, 465 U.S. 605, 104 S.Ct. 1237, 79 L.Ed.2d 562 (1984). Application of this precept may produce profound consequences when an individual is the target of an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) investigation and the IRS directs a summons to a corporation solely owned by the individual. We have been asked to address such consequences in this case.
The district court has ordered Rogers Transportation, Inc., a corporation solely owned by Richard Rogers, to appoint someone to produce certain corporate records. The corporation has appealed, arguing that the fifth amendment’s stricture against self-incrimination will be violated by requiring Rogers, or any of the company’s employees, to produce the documents. For the reasons that follow, and especially in view of information presented to the court at oral argument, we will vacate the order of the district court and remand for reconsideration in light of the circumstances that have developed subsequent to the district court proceedings. In so doing we specifically do not reach the question of whether the teachings of United States v. Doe, pertaining to a sole proprietorship, may be extended to a corporation owned by a single shareholder.
I.
On January 29, 1984, the IRS issued a summons to appellant Rogers Transportation, Inc., as part of an investigation into the tax liabilities of Richard Rogers, the company’s president and sole shareholder. On June 11, the district court held a hearing on a show cause order issued as part of the summons enforcement proceedings. An attorney appeared to represent both Mr. Rogers and Rogers Transportation. The issue at this hearing was who would produce the requested documents. Everyone associated with the corporation, including Mr. Rogers, had claimed his fifth amendment privilege with respect to producing the documents.
The district court held a second hearing on June 25, at which the corporation was represented by its own attorney. On behalf of Rogers Transportation, counsel argued that the summons was overbroad and also attempted to raise an impossibility defense. As a result of this hearing, on June 25, the district court issued an order requir[167]*167ing the corporation’s attorney to produce the documents on behalf of the corporation.
Following certain legal skirmishing, not relevant to the issue before us,1 the district court issued a revised order, deleting reference to the attorney, and requiring the corporation to appoint someone to produce the documents. Appellant immediately filed an appeal, as well as a petition for a writ of mandamus, challenging the court’s action.2 The proceedings were consolidated for a hearing before a panel of this court. After argument, but before a decision by the panel, the matter was referred to the court in banc. For convenience, we will refer to Rogers Transportation, Inc., the petitioner at No. 84-3493 and appellant at No. 84-5556, as “appellant.”
II.
Appellant’s argument builds on a set of premises that begins with the assertion that it advised the district court that the only two individuals, other than Richard Rogers, who had any familiarity with the company’s books and records, also had asserted their fifth amendment privilege. From this, appellant’s next premise is that to comply with the order of the court, the corporation would be required to force these individuals to abandon their fifth amendment privilege. Brief for Appellant at 39. Finally, appellant argues that because the target of the underlying IRS investigation, Richard Rogers, is the sole stockholder, director and responsible officer of the corporation, the court’s order directing the company to designate a third party to produce the summoned records is, in reality, equivalent to compelling Richard Rogers to do the same. “It is clear that any appointed agent will have to make inquiries to apprise himself of facts in order to produce the summoned records. Consequently, since Richard Rogers is the only individual who can appoint and apprise any such agent of these matters, that agent’s production of documents would entail implicit testimony of Mr. Rogers about the exist[168]*168ence, location, possession and authenticity of the summoned records.” Id. at 40-41.
III.
The cornerstone of appellant’s argument is the precept that a government subpoena compels the holder of the document to perform an act “that may have testimonial aspects and an incriminating effect.” United States v. Doe, 465 U.S. at-, 104 S.Ct. at 1242. The Supreme Court has noted:
Compliance with the subpoena tacitly concedes the existence of the papers demanded and their possession or control by the taxpayer. It also would indicate the taxpayer’s belief that the papers are those described in the subpoena. Curcio v. United States, 354 U.S. 118, 125 [77 S.Ct. 1145, 1150, 1 L.Ed.2d 1225] (1957). The elements of compulsion are clearly present, but the more difficult issues are whether the tacit averments of the taxpayer are both “testimonial” and “incriminating” for purposes of applying the Fifth Amendment. These questions perhaps do not lend themselves to categorical answers; their resolution may instead depend on the facts and circumstances of particular cases or classes thereof.
Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. at 410, 96 S.Ct. at 1581. Thus, it is settled law that, in the context of a sole proprietorship, if the court determines that the act of production would involve testimonial self-incrimination, enforcement of the summons must be denied.
But the government counters this argument with the contention that, with respect to testimonial implications, there is a difference between a subpoena directed to a sole proprietorship and one directed to a corporation. The government argues that the “books and records of corporations cannot be insulated from reasonable demands of governmental authorities by a claim of personal privilege on the part of their custodian.” Curcio v. United States, 354 U.S. 118, 122, 77 S.Ct. 1145, 1148, 1 L.Ed.2d 1225 (1957). The government notes that in Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391, 96 S.Ct. 1569, 48 L.Ed.2d 39 (1976), the Court reaffirmed the rule “allow[ing] subpoenas against the custodian of corporate documents or those belonging to other collective entities ... over claims that the documents will incriminate the custodian despite the fact that producing the documents tacitly admits their existence and their location in the hands of the possessor.” Id. at 411-12, 96 S.Ct. at 1581. See also Bellis v. United States, 417 U.S. 85, 88, 94 S.Ct. 2179, 2183, 40 L.Ed.2d 678 (1974); United States v. White, 322 U.S. 694, 64 S.Ct. 1248, 88 L.Ed. 1542 (1944); Grant v. United States, 227 U.S. 74, 33 S.Ct. 190, 57 L.Ed. 423 (1913); Wilson v. United States, 221 U.S. 361, 31 S.Ct. 538, 55 L.Ed. 771 (1911); and Hale v. Henkel, 201 U.S. 43, 74, 26 S.Ct. 370, 379, 50 L.Ed. 652 (1906).
Were we to reach the merits of the contentions raised by appellant and the government, we probably would be required to resolve this very difficult question. But new developments in this case, brought to light at oral argument before the court in banc, have persuaded us to remand this case for further consideration in view of these new circumstances.
We now have been advised that two employees, other than Richard Rogers (ostensibly those discussed in appellant’s brief at p. 39), were granted use immunity subsequent to the district court’s order that is the subject of our inquiry. Sections 6002 and 6003 of Title 18 provide for the granting of use immunity with respect to potentially incriminating evidence.3 In view of [169]*169this development, it is entirely possible for the documents to be produced by employees of Rogers Transportation, by virtue of their immunized status, without running the potential risk of testimonial self-incrimination inherent in the act of production.4 Thus, the district court may well be in a position to decide this case without reaching the question of whether United States v. Doe made inroads in a precept long articulated by the Supreme Court from the 1906 Hale case to Fisher in 1976. For purposes of its decision, the district court may be able to assume that the rule of Doe applies, and nevertheless adjudicate the matter. We emphasize, however, that we do not suggest in this case what the resolution should be, because we do not reach the critical issues raised in this appeal.
IV.
Accordingly, we believe that the best course of action is to refer these proceedings back to the district court for further consideration in light of the immunity grant. We will deny the petition for mandamus, vacate the order of the district court, and remand these proceedings for reconsideration in light of the grant of use immunity to the two employees of Rogers Transportation, Inc.
Each party to pay its own costs.