Rodriguez v. T-Mobile USA, Inc.

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: September 28, 2023
• Docket: 3:22-cv-00581
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MARCOS ANTONIO RODRIGUEZ, an Case No.: 22-cv-00581-AJB-DEB individual, JORGE LUIS RODRIGUEZ, 12 an individual ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT 13 T-MOBILE USA, INC.’S MOTION Plaintiffs, TO COMPEL ARBITRATION 14

15 vs. (Doc. No. 26)

16 T-MOBILE USA, INC. a Delaware 17 Corporation, COINBASE, INC., a Delaware Corporation, and DOES 1 18 through 20, 19 Defendants. 20 21 22 23 24 Before the Court is Defendant T-Mobile USA, Inc.’s (“T-Mobile”) motion to compel 25 arbitration. (Doc. No. 26.) Plaintiffs Marcos Antonio Rodriguez (“Marcos”) and Jorge Luis 26 Rodriguez (“Jorge”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed an opposition, to which T-Mobile 27 replied. (Doc. Nos. 38, 40.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS 28 T-Mobile’s motion. 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 Plaintiffs Jorge and Marcos (father and son, respectively) are customers of 3 T-Mobile, a wireless service provider. Jorge opened a T-Mobile account in May 2018 and 4 opened a line of service for Marcos in March 2019. Marcos and his father, Jorge, are also 5 investors who own multiple businesses. In April 2021, Marcos opened a cryptocurrency 6 account with Coinbase, Inc. (“Coinbase”), one of the largest online cryptocurrency 7 exchange platforms for buying, selling, transferring, and storing cryptocurrency. 8 On April 25, 2022, Plaintiffs filed a Complaint against T-Mobile and Coinbase, 9 stemming from an alleged “failure to provide the proper services advertised to, and to 10 protect the privacy and sensitive confidential data of, their customers, Plaintiffs.” (Doc. 11 No. 1, Compl. at ¶ 13.) As relevant, Plaintiffs allege that because of T-Mobile’s “false 12 and/or misleading sales and marketing materials and its failure to abide by its promises and 13 representations to safeguard its customers’ confidential personal and proprietary 14 information,” Plaintiffs’ personal information was compromised during T-Mobile’s data 15 breach in August 2021. (Id. at ¶ 14.) Plaintiffs also allege that because of T-Mobile’s 16 failures and misrepresentations about safeguarding their customers’ information, “an 17 unauthorized SIM swap was conducted on Marcos’ mobile device in November 2021,” 18 allowing hackers to access and obtain his cell phone number and accounts, his Coinbase 19 account. (Id.) 20 In response to the Complaint, T-Mobile filed the instant motion to compel 21 arbitration. (Doc. No. 26.) This Order follows. 22 II. LEGAL STANDARD 23 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) applies to contracts “evidencing a transaction 24 involving commerce.” 9 U.S.C. § 2; Brennan v. Opus Bank, 796 F.3d 1125, 1129 (9th Cir. 25 2015). Under the FAA, the court must, as a general matter, determine “two ‘gateway’ 26 issues: (1) whether there is an agreement to arbitrate between the parties; and (2) whether 27 the agreement covers the dispute.” Brennan, 796 F.3d at 1130. These gateway issues, 28 however, “can be expressly delegated to the arbitrator where ‘the parties clearly and 1 unmistakably provide otherwise.”’ Id. (quoting AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers 2 of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 649 (1986)). 3 The party seeking to compel arbitration “has the burden of proving the existence of 4 an agreement to arbitrate by a preponderance of the evidence. Knutson v. Sirius XM Radio 5 Inc., 771 F.3d 559, 565 (9th Cir. 2014). In determining whether a valid agreement exists, 6 district courts apply applicable state law principles of contract formation. See Arthur 7 Anderson LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 630–31 (2009). “Thus, generally applicable 8 contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability, may be applied to invalidate 9 arbitration agreements without contravening” federal law. Doctor’s Assocs., Inc. v. 10 Casarotto, 517 U.S. 681, 687 (1996). Under California law,1 “the party opposing 11 arbitration bears the burden of proving any defense, such as unconscionability.” Pinnacle 12 Museum Tower Assn. v. Pinnacle Mkt. Dev. (US), LLC, 55 Cal. 4th 223, 236 (2012). “Any 13 doubts about the scope of arbitrable issues, including applicable contract defenses, are to 14 be resolved in favor of arbitration.” Tompkins v. 23andMe, Inc., 840 F.3d 1016, 1022 (9th 15 Cir. 2016). 16 III. DISCUSSION 17 T-Mobile contends that on March 12, 2019, while signing a service agreement, 18 Plaintiffs agreed to T-Mobile’s Terms and Conditions, which contains an arbitration 19 provision. (Id. at 9–10.)2 Plaintiffs do not meaningfully dispute that they consented to the 20 arbitration agreement.3 Instead, Plaintiffs argue that the agreement does not cover their 21

22 1 There is no dispute that California contract law applies.

23 2 The pinpoint page citations herein refer to the ECF-generated page numbers at the top of 24 each filing.

25 3 Plaintiffs merely argue that they “do not recall receiving or reviewing any arbitration 26 agreement.” (Doc. No. 38 at 11.) The argument is unavailing. “A party cannot avoid the terms of a contract on the ground that he or she failed to read it before signing.” Marin 27 Storage & Trucking, Inc. v. Benco Contracting & Eng’g, Inc., 89 Cal. App. 4th 1042, 1049 28 (2001). 1 dispute and contains an invalid and unconscionable delegation clause. (Doc. No. 38 at 9, 2 14.) Because the scope and validity of an arbitration agreement are gateway issues that can 3 be delegated to the arbitrator, the Court considers, as a threshold matter, whether there is 4 “clear and unmistakable” evidence that the parties intended to delegate the arbitrability 5 question to an arbitrator. 6 A. Clear and Unmistakable Delegation to the Arbitrator 7 Here, the parties’ arbitration agreement states: “The arbitration of all disputes will 8 be administered by the American Arbitration Association (‘AAA’) under its Consumer 9 Arbitration Rules”. (Doc. No. 26-1 at 28–29, 65, 89, 126.) One of the AAA rules provide: 10 “The arbitrator shall have the power to rule on his or her own jurisdiction, including any 11 objections with respect to the existence, scope, or validity of the arbitration agreement or 12 to the arbitrability of any claim or counterclaim.” (Doc. No. 26-2 at 21, 66.) 13 Notably, the Ninth Circuit held in Brennan that the “incorporation of the AAA rules 14 constitutes clear and unmistakable evidence that contracting parties agreed to arbitrate 15 arbitrability,” where one of the AAA rules provides that the “arbitrator shall have the power 16 to rule on his or her own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the . . . 17 validity of the arbitration agreement.” 796 F.3d at 1130. These very circumstances obtain 18 here—the parties’ arbitration agreement incorporates these same AAA rules. Brennan is 19 thus controlling. As such, the Court finds the incorporation of the AAA rules in the 20 arbitration agreement here constitutes “clear and unmistakable” evidence that the parties 21 agreed to arbitrate arbitrability. 22 In an attempt to distinguish Brennan, Plaintiffs argue they are not sophisticated 23 parties. The argument is unavailing. Plaintiffs “are investors who own multiple 24 businesses.” (Doc. No. 1 at ¶ 46.) The Court is thus unpersuaded that they lack 25 sophistication to understand contracts. 26 Even if the plaintiffs were unsophisticated, the Brennan court expressly stated that 27 that its holding “does not foreclose the possibility that this rule could also apply to 28 1 unsophisticated parties or to consumer contracts.” Brennan, 796 F.3d at 1130. Indeed, the 2 court went out of its way to explain: 3 Our holding today should not be interpreted to require that the contracting parties be sophisticated or that the contract be “commercial” before a court 4 may conclude that incorporation of the AAA rules constitutes “clear and 5 unmistakable” evidence of the parties’ intent.

6 Id. 7 For the foregoing reasons, the Court rejects Plaintiffs’ lack of sophistication 8 argument. Accordingly, applying Brennan, the Court finds that the parties’ arbitration 9 agreement delegates issues of arbitrability to the arbitrator. 10 B. Unconscionability of the Delegation Provision 11 Having found that the parties’ agreement, clearly and unmistakably delegates 12 arbitrability questions to the arbitrator, the Court considers Plaintiffs’ challenge to the 13 delegation clause as unconscionable. To successfully challenge a delegation clause, a party 14 must challenge the specific language delegating the arbitrability question to an arbitrator, 15 rather than the entire arbitration agreement. See Rent-A-Ctr., W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 16 63, 72 (2010). “When considering an unconscionability challenge to a delegation 17 provision, the court must consider only arguments ‘specific to the delegation provision.’” 18 Mohamed v. Uber Techs., Inc., 848 F.3d 1201, 1210 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Rent–A– 19 Center, 561 U.S. at 73 (2010)). To establish unconscionability, the party opposing 20 enforcement of the contract must demonstrate procedural and substantive 21 unconscionability, although both need not be present in the same degree. Lim v. TForce 22 Logistics, LLC, 8 F.4th 992, 1000 (9th Cir. 2021). Rather, “the more substantively 23 oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required 24 to come to the conclusion that the term is unenforceable, and vice versa.” Id. 25 1. Procedural Unconscionability 26 The procedural unconscionability prong focuses on “oppression or surprise due to 27 unequal bargaining power,” which often results in “no real negotiation and an absence of 28 1 meaningful choice.” Id. Plaintiffs have not established that the delegation clause involved 2 undue oppression or surprise. There is no oppression present here because although the 3 contact is one of adhesion, the arbitration agreement clearly provided Plaintiffs with an 4 option to opt-out of arbitration, and there is no indication that Plaintiffs lacked reasonable 5 market alternatives such that there was an absence of meaning choice. See Morris v. 6 Redwood Empire Bancorp, 128 Cal. App. 4th 1305, 1320 (2005) (“[T]he ‘oppression’ 7 factor . . . may be defeated, if the complaining party has a meaningful choice of reasonably 8 available alternative sources of supply from which to obtain the desired goods and services 9 free of the terms claimed to be unconscionable.”). 10 The Court also does not find surprise present here. The service agreements signed 11 by Plaintiffs clearly disclosed that T-Mobile requires arbitration of disputes and notified 12 them of the opportunity to opt-out. The service agreements also referred Plaintiffs to the 13 Terms and Conditions, which features the arbitration agreement in a section titled “Dispute 14 Resolution.” The title is bolded and larger than the rest of the text, readily distinguishing it 15 from the rest of the document. The section details the arbitration agreement and explains 16 that arbitrations of all disputes will be governed by the AAA rules and includes a link to 17 the AAA rules. Moreover, Plaintiffs’ argument that the delegation provision is buried 18 within the AAA rules is unconvincing. The AAA rules are available on the website 19 provided in the arbitration agreement and is presented with table of contents, topically 20 organized with easy-to-read headings and subheadings about the AAA’s rules and 21 processes. The Court notes Plaintiffs are investors and businessowners—not 22 unsophisticated individuals who would be surprised by standard business documents and 23 practices. 24 Accordingly, there being no oppression or surprise, the Court finds the degree of 25 procedural conscionability based on the adhesive nature of the contract is negligible. See 26 Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., LLC, 61 Cal. 4th 899, 915 (2015) (“[T]he adhesive nature 27 of” an arbitration agreement “is sufficient to establish some degree of procedural 28 unconscionability.”). 1 2. Substantive Unconscionability 2 Because the Court found a low degree of procedural unconscionability, Plaintiffs 3 must demonstrate the delegation clause is overwhelmingly substantively unconscionable. 4 See Armendariz v. Found. Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 114 (2000) (“The 5 more substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of procedural 6 unconscionability is required to come to the conclusion that the term is unenforceable, and 7 vice versa.”). They have not done so. 8 Plaintiffs’ substantive unconscionability challenge is based on the “arbitration 9 provision containing a one-sided lengthy informal resolution process, whereby the 10 customer is required to contact T-Mobile and to allow it to have 60 days from the receipt 11 of the complaint to resolve the issue.” (Doc. No. 38 at 25.) This challenge, however, is not 12 specific to the delegation provision—it applies to the arbitration agreement as a whole. 13 Accordingly, the Court need not and will not consider this argument. See Mohamed v. Uber 14 Techs., Inc., 848 F.3d 1201, 1210 (9th Cir. 2016) (“When considering an unconscionability 15 challenge to a delegation provision, the court must consider only arguments ‘specific to the 16 delegation provision.’”); accord Rent–A–Center, 561 U.S. at 73 (“[W]e need not consider 17 that claim because none of [the plaintiff’s] substantive unconscionability challenges was 18 specific to the delegation provision.”). 19 Consequently, Plaintiffs have failed to establish substantive unconscionability, and 20 in turn, failed to demonstrate that the delegation clause is unconscionable. See Lim, 8 F.4th 21 at 1000; Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 114. 22 // 23 // 24 // 25 // 26 // 27 // 28 // 1 |}IV. CONCLUSION 2 Accordingly, for the reasons stated herein, T-Mobile’s motion to compel arbitration 3 |}is GRANTED. (Doc. No. 26.) Pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 3, the action between Plaintiff and 4 || T-Mobile is STAYED pending arbitration. No later than October 31, 2023, the parties 5 || must file a Joint Status Report as to the anticipated schedule for the arbitration. Every 60 6 || days thereafter, the parties must file an updated Joint Report on the status of the arbitration. 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. 8 Dated: September 28, 2023

10 United States District Judge 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 D9) a7 NN<81_ATR □□□