MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Jun 22 2020, 10:45 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Tyler E. Burgauer Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Muncie, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Samuel J. Beasley Angela N. Sanchez Muncie, Indiana Assistant Section Chief Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Robert S. Flowers, Jr., June 22, 2020 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CR-2800 v. Appeal from the Delaware Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Thomas A. Appellee-Plaintiff, Cannon, Jr., Judge Trial Court Cause No. 18C05-1904-F6-351
Robb, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 1 of 15 Case Summary and Issue [1] Following a jury trial, Robert Flowers was found guilty of battery on a public
safety official, a Level 6 felony, and disorderly conduct, a Class B
misdemeanor. The trial court sentenced Flowers to a total of eighteen months
to be served in the Delaware County Jail. Flowers appeals his battery
conviction, raising one issue for our review: whether alleged prosecutorial
misconduct amounted to fundamental error denying him a fair trial on this
count. Concluding Flowers has failed to prove fundamental error, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [2] In the early morning hours of April 17, 2019, Muncie Police Department
officers were dispatched to a home on Streeter Avenue because a call had come
in from “a male . . . who wasn’t making a lot of sense [with] a female crying in
the background.” Transcript of Evidence, Volume 2 at 23. When officers
arrived, they found a male, later identified as Flowers, in the middle of the
street behaving very aggressively and yelling profanities. Despite efforts by the
officers to “get Flowers to settle down [and] understand what exactly his side of
the story was[,]” they “never figured out what the problem was.” Id. at 26.
They told Flowers to calm down and be quiet because he was being disorderly,
but Flowers never quieted down. He “made comments about being
handicapped and having one arm[,]” but then said he had “wooped [the] a**es”
of people inside the Streeter Avenue house and he would “woop [an officer’s]
mother f*ckin a**” as well. Id. at 27-28. Officers then placed Flowers in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 2 of 15 handcuffs “before it got out of hand.” Id. at 28. Once placed in a police vehicle
for transport to the jail, Flowers remained agitated, was uncooperative, and
continued to yell.
[3] Because of Flowers’ behavior, four correctional officers with the emergency
response team met the vehicle at the jail to take custody of Flowers. 1 Per
policy, everyone who comes into the jail is patted down and if the person has a
non-driving felony charge, strip searched. However, Flowers continued to be
combative with officers as they attempted to search him—tensing up, adopting
a fighting stance, pulling away, and screaming. Officers therefore began to
employ a series of progressive force efforts to restrain Flowers and obtain his
compliance, including verbal commands, use of a pressure point, peroneal knee
strikes to the side of the leg, and eventually, use of a taser.
[4] Officer Clayton Combs warned Flowers that he would be tased if he did not
comply with officer commands. Officer Combs’ taser was not outfitted for
projecting barbs from a distance so he moved toward Flowers to “drive stun”
him. Id. at 169.2 Before Officer Combs could make contact, Flowers punched
him in the right side of his jaw. Officer Combs then stunned Flowers twice,
once on the left side of his abdomen and once on his back side. A second
officer deployed his taser from a distance and the barbs made contact with
1 The emergency response team is trained to “take point on pretty much every situation” that is “not normal [or that] officers can’t control[.]” Id. at 44. 2 A “drive stun” is an electrical current discharged by direct contact between the taser and the person. Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 3 of 15 Flowers’ torso. Flowers fell to his knees. Officers ordered Flowers to lay on his
stomach, but Flowers instead attempted to stand up. A third officer then fired
two pepper ball warning shots3 at the wall near Flowers and ordered him to get
on the ground. Flowers initially refused, and the officer fired a third shot that
hit Flowers’ shoulder. Flowers then complied with commands to lie on his
stomach and put his hands behind his back.
[5] Following the strip search, officers escorted Flowers to a holding cell where he
again refused to comply with orders. Officers placed Flowers in a “figure four”
leg lock so they could safely remove his handcuffs and exit the cell. Id. at 99.4
Officers heard Flowers throughout the night yelling from the holding cell.
[6] The State charged Flowers with battery against a public safety official, a Level 6
felony (for hitting Officer Combs); intimidation, a Level 6 felony (for
threatening an officer who responded to the original call); and disorderly
conduct, a Class B misdemeanor (for making unreasonable noise in the street).
At his jury trial, Flowers testified on his own behalf. He explained he has only
limited use of his right arm due to an injury from a motorcycle accident. He
claimed officers were “rough” and “very aggressive” with his damaged arm
when they handcuffed him at the scene even though he told them about his
injury. Id. at 199-200. He testified he was cooperative upon arriving at the jail
3 Despite being described as pepper balls, the projectiles were actually filled with baby powder. Id. at 58. 4 The “figure four leg lock” places a person’s legs “in a criss cross pattern behind him, pushing towards the butt” so the person cannot “harm, spit, or kick officers.” Id. at 96, 98.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 4 of 15 except for repeatedly telling the correctional officers that his arm hurt. When
told to put his hands on a counter for the pat down search, he was unable to
raise his right arm to do so and they “threw me on the counter, bam, I mean
[they] snapped my arm.” Id. at 203. Flowers testified that once he was taken
into the area where the strip search was to be conducted, “I was trying to
comply, [but] they weren’t giving me a chance to[.]” Id. at 205. He denied
punching Officer Combs. And he testified about being tased:
[Defense counsel]: So, when the barbs hit you, did that leave a mark? [Flowers]: Yes, it did, I remember them because . . . after it happened I still had [them] for a day [or] two, the nurse had to come pick them out of me. [Defense counsel]: Okay, and that, they were still there a couple days later? [Flowers]: A day later, yea. [Defense counsel]: Okay, and the nurse took care of that? [Flowers]: Yes.
Id. at 206. On cross-examination, the State came back to this claim:
[Flowers]: They pulled four barbs out of me. [State]: Okay, and who pulled four barbs out of you? [Flowers]: The first two, they came out, I don’t know how[.] Then they pulled two more out of me a couple days later. Or a day later, whenever it was. [State]: And who was that? [Flowers]: The nurse. [State]: Why didn’t you have the nurse down here to testify about that? [Flowers]: I don’t know –
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 5 of 15 [Defense counsel]: I object, Judge – [The Court]: – Sustained – [Defense counsel]:– and asked [sic] that they be stricken. [The Court]: That question will be stricken from the record and the jury is instructed to completely disregard it.
Id. at 224-25 (emphasis added). Flowers was taken to the hospital two days
after being booked because of pain in his arm. Flowers testified that an x-ray of
his arm revealed it was broken in eight places.
[7] During closing arguments, in discussing the progressive force officers used to
subdue Flowers, the prosecutor stated,
What does the evidence show? It shows that there was escalation of force used[.] First, it was voice commands[.] That didn’t work, the next level, physical restraint. . . . That didn’t work, pressure points[.] That didn’t work. Then you go to nerve strikes. Again, painful reactions didn’t work. Finally, tasers, two tasers didn’t work. The drive stuns didn’t work. Finally had to do a deployment of barbs, and that did work for a little bit. Took him down to the ground but didn’t keep him there. [What] finally got some compliance, was pepper balls. Was he shot immediately with pepper balls? No[,] warning shots were given and finally he gets popped and he starts to comply. . . . So, there is not excessive force that was used. An escalation of force, yes. But that escalation of force was caused by the defendant’s words and actions. . . . Now, he said they broke my arm. That this is proof that they used excessive force. Now, all the witnesses testified that they never heard, never received any complaints from him while they were dealing with him, that he was injured or in pain. . . . None of these claims is an actual defense to his crimes. There is not an instruction in there, the 23, 25 instructions that says if the defense proves that there’s excessive force, he’s not guilty. If the defense proves that the corrections officers over reacted, he’s not guilty.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 6 of 15 There is nothing like that. Even if they did, even if you believe they did use excessive force, even if you believe they did over react, that does not excuse his behavior. So, don’t think about it, don’t worry about it, it’s not an issue.
Id., Vol. 3 at 19-21 (emphasis added). Flowers did not object during the State’s
closing argument.
[8] The jury found Flowers guilty of battery and disorderly conduct but not guilty
of intimidation. The trial court sentenced Flowers to concurrent terms of
eighteen months for battery and 180 days for disorderly conduct. 5 Flowers now
appeals his battery conviction.
Discussion and Decision I. Standard of Review [9] Flowers argues the State committed prosecutorial misconduct on two occasions
during his trial that made a fair trial on the battery charge impossible.
[10] As our supreme court has explained,
[i]n reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct properly raised in the trial court, we determine (1) whether misconduct occurred, and if so, (2) whether the misconduct, under all of the circumstances, placed the defendant in a position of grave peril to
5 At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court acknowledged the possibility of alternative misdemeanor sentencing on the battery conviction, see Ind. Code § 35-50-2-7(c), but after reading the pre-sentence investigation report and hearing evidence and argument presented at the sentencing hearing, entered judgment of conviction as a Level 6 felony as charged.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 7 of 15 which he or she would not have been subjected otherwise. A prosecutor has the duty to present a persuasive final argument and thus placing a defendant in grave peril, by itself, is not misconduct. Whether a prosecutor’s argument constitutes misconduct is measured by reference to case law and the Rules of Professional Conduct. The gravity of peril is measured by the probable persuasive effect of the misconduct on the jury’s decision rather than the degree of impropriety of the conduct.
Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 667 (Ind. 2014) (quotations and citations omitted).
[11] To preserve a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, the defendant must—at the
time the alleged misconduct occurs—request an admonishment to the jury, and
if further relief is desired, move for a mistrial. Sciaraffa v. State, 28 N.E.3d 351,
358 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. Failure to comply with these
requirements forfeits a prosecutorial misconduct claim. Delarosa v. State, 938
N.E.2d 690, 696 (Ind. 2010). Flowers concedes he did not properly preserve his
claims of prosecutorial misconduct for appeal. See Brief of
Appellant/Defendant at 19. Thus, to prevail on appeal, Flowers must establish
not only the grounds for prosecutorial misconduct but must also establish that
the prosecutorial misconduct constituted fundamental error. Booher v. State, 773
N.E.2d 814, 818 (Ind. 2002).
[12] Fundamental error is an extremely narrow exception to waiver, and a
defendant faces the heavy burden of demonstrating that the alleged error was so
prejudicial to his rights that it rendered a fair trial impossible. Jerden v. State, 37
N.E.3d 494, 498 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 8 of 15 In other words, to establish fundamental error, the defendant must show that, under the circumstances, the trial judge erred in not sua sponte raising the issue because alleged errors (a) “constitute clearly blatant violations of basic and elementary principles of due process” and (b) “present an undeniable and substantial potential for harm.” The element of such harm is not established by the fact of ultimate conviction but rather “depends upon whether [the defendant’s] right to a fair trial was detrimentally affected by the denial of procedural opportunities for the ascertainment of truth to which he otherwise would have been entitled.”
Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 668 (citations omitted). To determine whether the
misconduct had such an undeniable and substantial effect on the jury’s decision
that a fair trial was impossible, we look at the alleged misconduct in the context
of all that happened and all relevant information given to the jury—including
evidence admitted at trial, closing argument, and jury instructions. Jerden, 37
N.E.3d at 498. Review for fundamental error is not intended to grant the
defendant a second bite at the apple; it is meant to permit appellate courts “to
correct the most egregious and blatant trial errors that otherwise would have
been procedurally barred[.]” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 668.
II. Prosecutorial Misconduct A. Cross Examination [13] Flowers argues the State’s question about why he did not call the jail nurse to
corroborate his version of events surrounding the deployment of the taser
during his intake constituted prosecutorial misconduct in that it suggested to the
jury that Flowers had the burden of proof. Flowers did immediately object to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 9 of 15 the question and the trial court sustained the objection, struck the question from
the record, and admonished the jury to “completely disregard it.” Tr., Vol. 2 at
225. The fact that Flowers now raises this as an issue implies that he does not
believe the admonishment cured the error; yet, Flowers did not move for a
mistrial at the time. This is not a case where such a request would necessarily
have been futile; the trial court agreed with Flowers that the State’s question
was objectionable. If Flowers believed the admonishment was insufficient, it
was incumbent upon him to request a mistrial at that time. Having failed to do
so, he failed to preserve the issue for appeal and, as stated above, can only
succeed if he proves both that the prosecutor committed misconduct and that
the misconduct constituted fundamental error. Booher, 773 N.E.2d at 818.
[14] “It is improper for a prosecutor to suggest that a defendant shoulders the burden
of proof in a criminal case.” Stephenson v. State, 742 N.E.2d 463, 483 (Ind.
2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1105 (2002). Flowers asserts that the prosecutor
“utilized impermissible impeachment to raise in the minds of jurors a forbidden
conclusion: that Flowers should have called a specific witness if he wanted to
establish sufficient credibility to be believed by the jury” and thereby
“subverted” the fact that “the burden of proof is always upon the State[.]” Br.
of Appellant at 17.
[15] We consider alleged misconduct in the context of all the relevant information
given to the jury to determine whether the misconduct made a fair trial
impossible. See Jerden, 37 N.E.3d at 498. The State asked only this one
question suggesting Flowers could have called a witness to corroborate his
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 10 of 15 version of events, and the event Flowers was relating at the time was not
directly relevant to any of the charges – he had already hit Officer Combs by the
time he was tased. Statements shifting the burden to the defendant “may be
cured by the trial court advising the jury that the defendant was not required to
prove his innocence or to present any evidence.” Stephenson, 742 N.E.2d at
483. The record here indicates that in both its preliminary and final
instructions, the trial court advised the jury:
Under the law of this State, a person charged with a crime is presumed to be innocent. . . . To overcome the presumption of innocence, the State must prove Mr. Flowers guilty of each element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt.
Mr. Flowers is not required to present any evidence to prove his innocence or to prove or explain anything.
Defendant-Appellant’s Appendix, Volume II at 110 and 129; see also Tr., Vol. 2
at 12; Vol. 3 at 9. We presume the jury follows the instructions it is given.
Thrash v. State, 88 N.E.3d 198, 205 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). Therefore, even
assuming the State’s question improperly suggested Flowers had the burden of
proving anything, such instructions are sufficient to cure any harm that might
have been caused. See Bryant v. State, 41 N.E.3d 1031, 1036 (Ind. Ct. App.
2015) (holding, where trial court denied defendant’s motion for mistrial alleging
State’s question on cross-examination of a defense witness improperly shifted
the burden of proof, that “to the extent the prosecutor’s comments were
arguably improper, any small potential of harm caused thereby was cured”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 11 of 15 when prosecutor mentioned the State’s burden in closing argument and trial
court properly instructed the jury on the burden of proof).
[16] Flowers concedes caselaw says proper jury instructions about the burden of
proof can cure any misconduct and further concedes that the trial court gave
such instructions here. See Br. of Appellant at 18. But he argues there is a
“crucial difference” between those cases and his: prior cases holding jury
instructions cure the error were decided in the context of the burden-shifting
statement being made during closing argument whereas here, the “illicit
inference was conjured up during cross-examination of the defendant” and
therefore the error is “much more egregious” because it occurred during the
presentation of evidence. Id. If this is in fact a difference at all, the trial court
promptly addressed the issue during the cross-examination by sustaining
Flowers’ objection to the question, striking the question from the record, and
admonishing the jury to disregard it. A proper admonishment is presumed to
cure any error. Emerson v. State, 952 N.E.2d 832, 840 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011),
trans. denied.
[17] The trial court correctly instructed the jury twice about the burden of proof and
further instructed the jury before the presentation of evidence that the court
“[o]ccasionally . . . may strike evidence from the record after you have already
seen or heard it. You must not consider such evidence in making your
decision.” Defendant-Appellant’s App., Vol. II at 113; Tr., Vol. 2 at 13.
Nonetheless, Flowers argues the trial court sua sponte should have also
reminded the jury of which party has the burden of proof in that moment. See
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 12 of 15 Br. of Appellant at 20. However, the trial court “is not required to take an
active part in the trial of the cause to assist or to override counsel[.]” Henderson
v. State, 271 Ind. 633, 636, 395 N.E.2d 224, 227 (1979). “It is the duty of a trial
judge to preside in a strictly impartial manner and to refrain from undue
interference and participation in the proceedings.” Id. The trial court struck the
question and admonished the jury; it was not required to do more in the
absence of a request from Flowers to do so.
[18] Although the State’s question was pointed, in the context of all the testimony,
the issues before the jury, and the admonishment and instructions the jury was
given, we cannot agree with Flowers that the State’s one question had “such an
undeniable and substantial effect on the jury’s decision that a fair trial was
impossible.” Ryan, 9 N.E.3d at 668.
B. Closing Argument [19] Flowers also argues the prosecutor committed misconduct by misstating the law
of self-defense in his closing argument by “essentially convey[ing] to the jury
that Flowers did not have a right of self-defense . . . even if the officers used
excessive force.” Br. of Appellant at 13. Again, conceding no objection was
made during the State’s closing argument, Flowers argues that the misconduct
constituted fundamental error requiring the trial court to step in.
[20] Whether or not the prosecutor correctly stated the law of self-defense in
response to excessive force by law enforcement, the comment was not
fundamental error for the basic reason that self-defense was not at issue in this
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 13 of 15 case. Flowers was charged with battery on a public safety official. He did not
contend that he hit Officer Combs in self-defense; in fact, he claimed the opposite
of self-defense, that is, that he did not hit Officer Combs at all. See Br. of
Appellant at 15 (acknowledging that the defense chose not to assert a theory of
self-defense because Flowers denied any alleged battery). In commenting on
the factual circumstances of the case, the prosecutor correctly pointed out that
the jury had not been instructed on self-defense because Flowers did not claim
self-defense. “Hoosier citizens [may] enjoy a vibrant right of self-defense” as
Flowers claims, id. at 13, and may have the right to defend themselves from the
unlawful actions of a public servant, see id. at 14 (citing Ind. Code § 35-41-3-
2(i)(l)), but they must assert that right.
[21] Flowers cites Castillo v. State, 974 N.E.2d 458 (Ind. 2012), for the blanket
proposition that “a prosecutor’s erroneous misstatement of the law rises to the
level of misconduct.” Id. at 13. In Castillo, the prosecutor told the jury that in
considering a sentence of life without parole, it should not compare the
mitigating and aggravating factors when Indiana law expressly requires the jury
to make that comparison. 974 N.E.2d at 468 (citing Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(l)).
Therefore, the prosecutor’s statement constituted misconduct because it urged
the jury to act contrary to law. Id. at 469. Moreover, the misconduct was
fundamental error because it placed the defendant in a position of grave peril to
which she should not have been subjected and presented an “undeniable and
substantial potential for an erroneous jury sentencing recommendation.” Id. at
470. Here, the prosecutor’s statement could be viewed as urging the jury not to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 14 of 15 act contrary to law, given that it had not been instructed on self-defense. The
prosecutor’s statement did not place Flowers in a position of grave peril; rather,
it placed him in exactly the position he chose, that is, allowing the jury to
determine whether to believe the officers’ version of events or his.
[22] Therefore, we hold the State’s comments during closing argument did not
constitute misconduct, let alone fundamental error. See Ramsey v. State, 853
N.E.2d 491, 501 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (holding comment made during closing
argument was permissible comment on the evidence and not prosecutorial
misconduct), trans. denied.
Conclusion [23] Flowers has failed to prove that the prosecutor committed misconduct or, if he
did, that any such misconduct constituted fundamental error. Accordingly, his
conviction for battery on a public safety official is affirmed.
[24] Affirmed.
May, J., and Vaidik, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2800 | June 22, 2020 Page 15 of 15