SEYMOUR, Chief Judge.
Robert L. Gray and his wife Mary appeal the Tax Court’s decision upholding the Commissioner’s assertion of a deficiency of $65,-336 in federal income tax for the 1990 tax year. We affirm.
I.
On May 25, 1990, Mr. Gray and Phillips Petroleum Company settled his claim against the company under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634, for $221,000. Half of the settlement was characterized as representing lost pension and insurance benefits, and the other half as ADEA liquidated damages. Mr. Gray did not report the settlement amount on his 1990 tax return, apparently believing that the amount was excluded from gross income by Section 104(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides an exclusion for “any damages received ... on account of personal injuries or sickness.” 26 U.S.C. § 104(a)(2).
After asserting a tax deficiency against Mr. Gray, the IRS in 1991 “abated the tax
previously assessed on the age discrimination proceeds.” Aplt.’s Br. at 17. It thereafter informed Mr. Gray it was suspending administrative action on his case pending the Supreme Court’s disposition of
United States v. Burke,
504 U.S. 229, 112 S.Ct. 1867, 119 L.Ed.2d 34 (1992), in which the Court ultimately held that backpay received under the pre-1991 version of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-17, was not excludable from gross income. 504 U.S. at 242, 112 S.Ct. at 1874-75. On January 20, 1994, the Commissioner issued a notice of deficiency based on Mr. Gray’s improper exclusion of the settlement proceeds from gross income. Mr. Gray challenged the deficiency determination in the Tax Court. In the meantime, the Supreme Court decided
Commissioner v. Schleier,
— U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 2159, 132 L.Ed.2d 294 (1995), in which it held that awards under the ADEA are not damages received “on account of personal injuries,” and thus are not excludable.
Id.
at -, 115 S.Ct. at 2167. The Tax Court held Mr. Gray’s case governed by
Schleier.
II.
Mr. Gray appears to advance three principal arguments: (1)
Schleier
does not apply because his settlement was for “lost pension and insurance benefits” rather than back pay; (2) the settlement should not be taxable because such settlements were not taxable under the law at the time of settlement; and (3) the issuance of the 1991 abatement estops the Commissioner from asserting the deficiency against the Grays.
The Supreme Court’s holding in
Schleier
controls the outcome in this case. In
Schleier,
the Court set out
two independent requirements that a taxpayer must meet before a recovery may be excluded under § 104(a)(2). First, the taxpayer must demonstrate that the underlying cause of action giving rise to the recovery is ‘based upon tort or tort type rights’; and second, the taxpayer must show that the damages were received ‘on account of personal injuries or sickness.’
— U.S. at -, 115 S.Ct. at 2167. The Court held that an ADEA settlement for backpay and liquidated damages did not satisfy either requirement, and thus no part of the settlement was excludable under section 104(a)(2).
Id.
The analysis in
Schleier
did not depend upon the characterization of the damages received, but rather on the Court’s conclusion that the damages were not the result of a personal injuiy. This conclusion applies with as much force to “lost pension and insurance benefits” as it does to back wages. The settlement proceeds are not ex-cludable from gross income.
Mr. Gray contends that even if the settlement is taxable under current law, the settlement should be excludable because it was nontaxable at the time he entered into the settlement. In fact, he asserts that he would not have settled for that amount but for the legal advice he received that the settlement was nontaxable. Contrary to Mr. Gray’s suggestion, however, the law on this question was far from clear at the time he entered into his settlement agreement. The IRS has consistently maintained that Mr. Gray’s settlement is taxable. Although Mr. Gray is correct that at the time of his settlement agreement several circuits had held some elements of ADEA damage awards excluda-ble from gross income,
see, e.g., Redfield v. Insurance Co. of No. Am.,
940 F.2d 542 (9th Cir.1991);
Pistillo v. Commissioner,
912 F.2d 145 (6th Cir.1990);
Rickel v. Commissioner,
900 F.2d 655 (3d Cir.1990), the courts of appeals were in conflict on taxability of ADEA awards,
see Downey v. Commissioner,
33 F.3d 836, 839-40 (7th Cir.1994) (listing conflicting circuits on issue of whether ADEA liquidated damages are taxable). Neither this circuit
nor the Supreme Court had spoken on the question.
It has long been recognized that the Commissioner has the power to reopen his deter
mination of taxes owing at any time within the statutory limitations period.
Burnet v. Porter,
283 U.S. 230, 231, 51 S.Ct. 416, 416, 75 L.Ed. 996 (1931) (Commissioner may reopen case and disallow a deduction after expressly deciding to allow it);
Commissioner v. Wilson,
60 F.2d 501, 503 (10th Cir.1932) (“[The Commissioner] has the power, within the period of limitations, to make such reexaminations, redeterminations, and reassessments as may be necessary to collect the entire deficiency.”);
Harriton v. Lucas,
41 F.2d 429, 430 (D.C.Cir.1930) (same);
McIlhenny v. Commissioner,
39 F.2d 356 (3rd Cir.1930) (same as
Porter); Austin Co. v. Commissioner,
35 F.2d 910, 912 (6th Cir.1929) (Commissioner is not estopped from redetermining taxes owed even when the pri- or determination was based on Commissioner’s legal error.).
Finally, Mr.
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SEYMOUR, Chief Judge.
Robert L. Gray and his wife Mary appeal the Tax Court’s decision upholding the Commissioner’s assertion of a deficiency of $65,-336 in federal income tax for the 1990 tax year. We affirm.
I.
On May 25, 1990, Mr. Gray and Phillips Petroleum Company settled his claim against the company under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621-634, for $221,000. Half of the settlement was characterized as representing lost pension and insurance benefits, and the other half as ADEA liquidated damages. Mr. Gray did not report the settlement amount on his 1990 tax return, apparently believing that the amount was excluded from gross income by Section 104(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides an exclusion for “any damages received ... on account of personal injuries or sickness.” 26 U.S.C. § 104(a)(2).
After asserting a tax deficiency against Mr. Gray, the IRS in 1991 “abated the tax
previously assessed on the age discrimination proceeds.” Aplt.’s Br. at 17. It thereafter informed Mr. Gray it was suspending administrative action on his case pending the Supreme Court’s disposition of
United States v. Burke,
504 U.S. 229, 112 S.Ct. 1867, 119 L.Ed.2d 34 (1992), in which the Court ultimately held that backpay received under the pre-1991 version of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-17, was not excludable from gross income. 504 U.S. at 242, 112 S.Ct. at 1874-75. On January 20, 1994, the Commissioner issued a notice of deficiency based on Mr. Gray’s improper exclusion of the settlement proceeds from gross income. Mr. Gray challenged the deficiency determination in the Tax Court. In the meantime, the Supreme Court decided
Commissioner v. Schleier,
— U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 2159, 132 L.Ed.2d 294 (1995), in which it held that awards under the ADEA are not damages received “on account of personal injuries,” and thus are not excludable.
Id.
at -, 115 S.Ct. at 2167. The Tax Court held Mr. Gray’s case governed by
Schleier.
II.
Mr. Gray appears to advance three principal arguments: (1)
Schleier
does not apply because his settlement was for “lost pension and insurance benefits” rather than back pay; (2) the settlement should not be taxable because such settlements were not taxable under the law at the time of settlement; and (3) the issuance of the 1991 abatement estops the Commissioner from asserting the deficiency against the Grays.
The Supreme Court’s holding in
Schleier
controls the outcome in this case. In
Schleier,
the Court set out
two independent requirements that a taxpayer must meet before a recovery may be excluded under § 104(a)(2). First, the taxpayer must demonstrate that the underlying cause of action giving rise to the recovery is ‘based upon tort or tort type rights’; and second, the taxpayer must show that the damages were received ‘on account of personal injuries or sickness.’
— U.S. at -, 115 S.Ct. at 2167. The Court held that an ADEA settlement for backpay and liquidated damages did not satisfy either requirement, and thus no part of the settlement was excludable under section 104(a)(2).
Id.
The analysis in
Schleier
did not depend upon the characterization of the damages received, but rather on the Court’s conclusion that the damages were not the result of a personal injuiy. This conclusion applies with as much force to “lost pension and insurance benefits” as it does to back wages. The settlement proceeds are not ex-cludable from gross income.
Mr. Gray contends that even if the settlement is taxable under current law, the settlement should be excludable because it was nontaxable at the time he entered into the settlement. In fact, he asserts that he would not have settled for that amount but for the legal advice he received that the settlement was nontaxable. Contrary to Mr. Gray’s suggestion, however, the law on this question was far from clear at the time he entered into his settlement agreement. The IRS has consistently maintained that Mr. Gray’s settlement is taxable. Although Mr. Gray is correct that at the time of his settlement agreement several circuits had held some elements of ADEA damage awards excluda-ble from gross income,
see, e.g., Redfield v. Insurance Co. of No. Am.,
940 F.2d 542 (9th Cir.1991);
Pistillo v. Commissioner,
912 F.2d 145 (6th Cir.1990);
Rickel v. Commissioner,
900 F.2d 655 (3d Cir.1990), the courts of appeals were in conflict on taxability of ADEA awards,
see Downey v. Commissioner,
33 F.3d 836, 839-40 (7th Cir.1994) (listing conflicting circuits on issue of whether ADEA liquidated damages are taxable). Neither this circuit
nor the Supreme Court had spoken on the question.
It has long been recognized that the Commissioner has the power to reopen his deter
mination of taxes owing at any time within the statutory limitations period.
Burnet v. Porter,
283 U.S. 230, 231, 51 S.Ct. 416, 416, 75 L.Ed. 996 (1931) (Commissioner may reopen case and disallow a deduction after expressly deciding to allow it);
Commissioner v. Wilson,
60 F.2d 501, 503 (10th Cir.1932) (“[The Commissioner] has the power, within the period of limitations, to make such reexaminations, redeterminations, and reassessments as may be necessary to collect the entire deficiency.”);
Harriton v. Lucas,
41 F.2d 429, 430 (D.C.Cir.1930) (same);
McIlhenny v. Commissioner,
39 F.2d 356 (3rd Cir.1930) (same as
Porter); Austin Co. v. Commissioner,
35 F.2d 910, 912 (6th Cir.1929) (Commissioner is not estopped from redetermining taxes owed even when the pri- or determination was based on Commissioner’s legal error.).
Finally, Mr. Gray apparently suggests that regardless of the applicable law, the IRS’ 1991 abatement of taxes owed on the settlement estops the Commissioner from now asserting a deficiency. On the contrary, it is' settled law that the issuance of an abatement does not prevent the Commissioner from redetermining or reassessing a tax deficiency, so long as the Commissioner acts before the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations.
Service Bolt & Nut Co. v. Commissioner,
724 F.2d 519, 524 (6th Cir.1983) (“[T]he abatement of an assessment is not a binding action that can estop the Commissioner from reassessing a deficiency.”);
Baumgartner v. Commissioner,
21 B.T.A. 623, 625 (1930) (same);
Zeile v. Commissioner,
20 B.T.A. 1039, 1040 (1930) (“That the Commissioner is not estopped from reasserting a deficiency, theretofore abated by him, is now so well established by the decisions of this Board, as well as by appellate courts, that we deem it unnecessary to cite authorities.”). In essence, an abatement is a unilateral statement by the Commissioner that his collectors will not currently seek payment. Generally speaking, therefore, an abatement does not create a right in the taxpayer absent an explicit agreement between the taxpayer and the Commissioner.
See, e.g., McIlhenny,
39 F.2d at 358;
L. Loewy & Son, Inc. v. Commissioner,
31 F.2d 652, 654 (2d Cir.1929);
Baumgartner,
21 B.T.A. at 625. Mr. Gray filed his 1990 return on April 11, 1991. The Commissioner issued the notice of deficiency January 20, 1994, within the three year limit.
We AFFIRM the Tax Court’s ruling in favor of the Commissioner.