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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 18-12261 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:17-cv-00063-WS-CAS
ROBERT JOSEPH WOOD,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
GILMAN BUILDING PRODUCTS INC,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida ________________________
(April 22, 2019)
Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 18-12261 Date Filed: 04/22/2019 Page: 2 of 15
Robert Wood appeals following the district court’s grant of summary
judgment to his former employer Gilman Building Products, Inc. Wood claims
that Gilman engaged in disability discrimination, interfered with his exercise of
rights under the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”), and retaliated against him
for exercising rights under the FMLA. After careful consideration, we affirm.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Gilman operates a sawmill in Perry, Florida. Wood worked at the mill until
he was terminated for purportedly violating the mill’s attendance policy.
Gilman required its employees to comply with a strict attendance policy.
The policy set forth a progressive discipline scheme for employees who
accumulated “occasions.” Doc. 13-1 at 88.1 An employee accrued an occasion
each time he had an unexcused absence, was tardy to work twice, or left work
during the first half of a shift. Gilman defined an unexcused absence as an
employee missing work for a personal illness without a satisfactory explanation;
missing work for personal business without prior approval; or any absence that was
not called in when it occurred, unless there was an extremely compelling reason
for the failure to report. Gilman further expected its employees to give as much
notice as possible of any unexpected absence and required, except in extreme
cases, that employees give notice at least two hours prior to the start of a shift.
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Under the attendance policy, occasions were measured over six-month
periods. Upon the happening of a first occasion, an employee received verbal
counseling, and a new six-month period began. If the employee accrued a second
occasion during these six months, he received a written reprimand and a new six-
month period began. If the employee received a third occasion during this six-
month period, he was suspended for one day. Upon receiving a third occasion, a
new six-month period began. If the employee accrued a fourth occasion during
this six-month period, he was terminated.
Pursuant to this attendance policy, Wood was subject to a series of
disciplinary actions. Wood accrued his first occasion in September 2013 because
he was late to work in June and September 2013. He was warned that the next
occasion would result in a written reprimand.
In February 2014 (less than six months after the first occasion), Wood was
absent from the mill without a proper excuse, which resulted in a second occasion.
As a result, Wood received a written reprimand and was warned that the next
occurrence would result in a one-day suspension.
Gilman then monitored Wood’s attendance for a six-month period to see if
he had a third occasion. About a month into this period, Wood twisted his ankle in
a non-work-related incident. Because Wood was required to use crutches, he was
unable to work at the mill and took a thirteen week leave of absence from work.
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When Wood’s doctor cleared him to return to the mill in June 2014, he came back
to the same position with Gilman.
In September 2014, a few months after Wood returned to the mill, he had an
unexcused absence. Gilman determined that this incident qualified as a third
occasion and imposed a one-day suspension. Although more than six months had
passed since Wood’s second occasion, Gilman found that the incident qualified as
a third occasion. The company told Wood that because he had been out of work
for thirteen weeks on a non-work-related injury, the six-month window had been
extended by thirteen weeks. Gillman warned Wood that if one more occasion
occurred in the next six months he would be terminated. Wood understood that if
he received another occasion in the next six months that he would be terminated.
One morning in January 2015, Wood slipped on stairs in his home and hurt
his knee. That day, Wood arrived at the mill about an hour late and left about an
hour later due to his injuries. Gilman marked Wood as late unexcused, which
counted as half an occasion. Later that day, Wood saw a doctor who
recommended that he stay home from work for two days. After taking off two or
three days, Wood returned to the mill.
When Wood returned to the mill, he tried to provide his supervisor with his
doctor’s note but was told that such notes would no longer be accepted from any
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employees to excuse absences. Wood was permitted to return to work, and there is
no evidence that Wood’s knee caused him any problems after he returned to work.
About a week later, Wood arrived late to the mill again. Because this was
his second tardy, Wood accrued another occasion, his fourth. Gilman terminated
Wood for failing to comply with the company’s attendance policy.
After his termination, Wood sued Gilman alleging that he was the victim of
disability discrimination in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act
(“ADA”) and the Florida Civil Rights Act. Wood also alleged that Gilman
violated the FMLA by interfering with his attempts to take leave and retaliating
against him for taking leave. Gilman moved for summary judgment on all of
Wood’s claims. The district court granted summary judgment to Gilman. This is
Wood’s appeal.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment,
construing the facts and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the
nonmoving party.” Smelter v. S. Home Care Servs., Inc., 904 F.3d 1276, 1284
(11th Cir. 2018). Summary judgment is appropriate if the record gives rise to “no
genuine dispute as to any material fact,” such that “the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute of material
fact exists when “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict
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for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248
(1986). A movant may carry its burden of showing no genuine dispute of material
fact by showing “an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.”
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986).
III. DISCUSSION
Wood contends that Gilman (1) discriminated against him in violation of the
ADA, (2) interfered with his substantive rights in violation of the FMLA, and
(3) retaliated against him for engaging in statutorily protected activity in violation
of the FMLA. We consider in turn whether the district court erred in granting
summary judgment on each of these claims.
A. The District Did Not Err in Granting Summary Judgment to Gilman on Wood’s ADA Claim.
We first consider Wood’s claim that Gilman engaged in disability
discrimination in violation of the ADA. 2 The ADA prohibits employers from
discriminating against qualified individuals on the basis of disability in regard to
the discharge of employees or other terms, conditions, and privileges of
employment. 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). A “qualified individual” is “an individual
who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential
2 Disability discrimination claims brought under the Florida Civil Rights Act are analyzed using the same framework as for similar claims brought under the ADA. See Greenberg v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 498 F.3d 1258, 1263-64 (11th Cir. 2007). We thus need not address the FCRA claim separately.
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functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires.” Id.
§ 12111(8).
Wood sought to prove his disability discrimination claim using
circumstantial evidence and the McDonnell Douglas3 framework. Under this
framework, the plaintiff has the initial burden to establish a prima facie case of
disability discrimination. Cleveland v. Home Shopping Network, Inc., 369 F.3d
1189, 1193 (11th Cir. 2004). To establish a prima facie case of disability
discrimination, the plaintiff must show “(1) a disability, (2) that [he] was otherwise
qualified to perform the job, and (3) that [he] was discriminated against based upon
the disability.” Id. If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, there is a
presumption that discrimination occurred. Smelter, 904 F.3d at 1288. “The burden
then shifts to the employer to rebut the presumption by articulating a legitimate,
non-discriminatory reason for its action[].” Id. If the employer meets this burden
of production, the presumption raised by the prima facie case is rebutted and the
burden shifts back to the employee to show that the employer’s proffered reason
was actually a pretext for illegal discrimination. Id.
The ADA defines a “disability” as “(A) a physical or mental impairment that
substantially limits one or more major life activities . . . ; (B) a record of such
impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C.
3 McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973).
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§ 12102(1). Major life activities include: “caring for oneself, performing manual
tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending,
speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating,
and working.” Id. § 12102(2)(A). Although “[i]mpairments that last only for a
short period of time are typically not covered,” they may be covered “if
sufficiently severe.” 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630, app. An employee must establish that he
had a disability or was regarded as having a disability at the time of the adverse
employment action about which he is complaining. See Cash v. Smith, 231 F.3d
1301, 1306 n.5 (11th Cir. 2000).
Wood contends that he was disabled and that he suffered an adverse
employment action when Gilman (1) extended the period of monitoring his
attendance after Wood returned from the leave and (2) terminated him, both based
on his disability. But Wood failed to come forward with evidence showing that he
was actually disabled or perceived as disabled at either time.
First, we consider whether Wood was disabled or regarded as having a
disability when Gilman extended the period of monitoring Wood’s attendance
upon his return from leave for his ankle injury. We assume that during the period
when Wood was on crutches and unable to work at the mill, he was disabled. See
42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A) (defining as a disability a physical impairment limiting an
individual’s ability to walk). But Wood admits that by the time that he returned to
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work, his injuries had healed, and he could perform all major life activities.
Indeed, Wood advances no argument that upon returning to work he experienced
any physical or mental impairment that substantially limited one or more life
activities. Wood also failed to come forward with evidence that would support an
inference that anyone at Gilman thought or perceived that he was disabled after he
returned from leave. Wood thus failed to show that he was either actually disabled
or perceived as disabled when Gilman took the allegedly discriminatory action.
Second, we consider whether Wood was disabled or regarded as having a
disability when he was terminated. To support his claim of disability, Wood points
to the fact that shortly before his termination he missed two or three days of work
due to a knee injury. True, Wood missed two or three days of work due to his knee
injury. But no reasonable jury could find that Wood was disabled when he
returned to work because there is no indication that upon returning to work Wood
experienced any impairment that substantially limited his major life activities.
We also cannot say that Gilman perceived Wood as disabled when he
returned to work after injuring his knee. Wood offers no evidence that would
support an inference that, after Wood missed two or three days to his knee injury,
anyone at Gilman regarded him as having a physical or mental impairment that
substantially limited one or more major life activities. Because Wood failed to
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come forward with evidence that he was disabled or perceived as disabled, the
district court properly granted summary judgment to Gilman on the ADA claim.
B. The District Court Did Not Err in Granting Summary Judgment to Gilman on Wood’s FMLA Claims.
Under the FMLA, an eligible employee is entitled to twelve weeks of unpaid
leave during any twelve-month period for “a serious health condition that makes
the employee unable to perform the functions of the position of such employee.”
29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(D). The Act further guarantees an employee the right to be
restored to the position he held when his leave commenced, or an equivalent
position. Id. § 2614(a)(1)(A)-(B); Martin v. Brevard Cty. Pub. Sch., 543 F.3d
1261, 1267 (11th Cir. 2008). In addition, the FMLA protects the substantive rights
it creates by prohibiting an employer from retaliating against its employee for
engaging in activities protected under the FMLA. 29 U.S.C. § 2615(a)(1)-(2).
Wood alleges that Gilman violated the FMLA by (1) interfering with his
FMLA rights and (2) retaliating against him after he engaged in protected activity.
We conclude that the district court properly rejected each FMLA claim.
1. The Interference Claim
We begin by considering Gilman’s interference claim. To state an
interference claim, an employee must show that (1) he “was entitled to a benefit
under the FMLA” and (2) his employer “denied [him] that benefit.” White v.
Beltram Edge Tool Supply, Inc., 789 F.3d 1188, 1191 (11th Cir. 2015). To be 10 Case: 18-12261 Date Filed: 04/22/2019 Page: 11 of 15
entitled to benefits under the FMLA, an employee must have a “serious health
condition.” 29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(D). A serious health condition includes “an
illness, injury, impairment, or physical or mental condition that involves . . .
continuing treatment by a health care provider.” Id. § 2611(11). This type of
serious health condition includes a condition resulting in “[a] period of incapacity
of more than three consecutive, full calendar days, and any subsequent treatment or
period of incapacity relating to the same condition.” 29 C.F.R. § 825.115(a).
If an employee can demonstrate that he was entitled to a benefit, he
generally “need only demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that []he was
entitled to an FMLA benefit that was denied.” Batson v. Salvation Army, 897 F.3d
1320, 1331 (11th Cir. 2018). “In general, the employer’s motives are irrelevant to
an interference claim.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). But “[w]here the
claim is based on an employee’s termination . . . as [Wood’s] claim is here, an
employer may affirmatively defend against the claim by establishing that it would
have terminated the employee regardless of [his] request for or use of FMLA
leave.” Id.
Wood argues that Gilman interfered with his FMLA rights by failing to
restore him to the same position that he previously held when he returned to work
after taking leave for his ankle injury. But we decline to consider this argument
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that Wood raises for the first time on appeal. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines
Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004).
Wood also argues that Gilman interfered with his FMLA rights by
terminating him shortly after he injured his knee. But Wood cannot show that he
was entitled to FMLA benefits at the time he was terminated because his knee
injury did not qualify as a “serious health condition” under the FMLA. See
29 U.S.C. § 2612(a)(1)(D). Viewed in the light most favorable to Wood, the
evidence showed that Wood received care from a doctor who ordered him to stay
home from work for two days and that he missed two or three days of work due to
the knee injury. Because there is no evidence that Wood was incapacitated for
more than three full calendar days or would need any subsequent treatment for his
knee injury, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment on the
FMLA interference claim.
2. The Retaliation Claim
We now turn to Wood’s FMLA retaliation claim. Wood sought to prove his
retaliation claim using the McDonnell Douglas circumstantial evidence framework.
To establish a prima facie retaliation case, an employee must demonstrate that:
(1) he “engaged in statutorily protected conduct,” (2) he “suffered an adverse
employment action,” and (3) “a causal connection exists between the two.”
Batson, 897 F.3d at 1329. An employee engages in protected activity under the
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FMLA, if he requests time off, or otherwise provides notice to his employer of his
need to take time off, for a “serious health condition.” Cruz v. Publix Super
Markets, Inc., 428 F.3d 1379, 1384 (11th Cir. 2005). The adverse employment
action must be material, meaning it must be one that “could well dissuade a
reasonable worker” from engaging in protected activity. Burlington N. & Santa Fe
Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 57 (2006).
Wood asserts that he twice engaged in statutorily protected conduct: first
when he sought leave for his ankle injury and later when he sought leave for his
knee injury. We cannot say that he engaged in a statutorily protected activity when
he requested time off for his knee injury because, as we discussed above, his knee
injury was not a serious health condition. See Cruz, 428 F.3d at 1384. We assume
that Wood engaged in a statutorily protected activity when he requested leave for
his ankle.
Wood nevertheless failed to establish a prima case of retaliation because he
cannot establish a causal connection between his protected activity—requesting
leave for his ankle injury—and the material adverse employment action—his
termination several months later. After Wood injured his ankle, Gilman permitted
Wood to take leave and allowed him to return to his same position at the mill.
Given the nearly seven-month gap between Wood returning to work and his
termination, in the absence of other evidence we cannot say that a reasonable jury
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could find a causal connection between Wood’s protected conduct (his FMLA
leave) and the adverse employment action (his termination). See Drago v. Jenne,
453 F.3d 1301, 1308 (11th Cir. 2006) (affirming grant of summary judgment to
employer in the absence of other evidence when adverse employment action
occurred approximately three months after the employee’s protected activity).
Wood argues that a sufficient causal connection exists because he suffered a
separate adverse employment action shortly after returning to work—when Gilman
extended the period of time in which it was monitoring his attendance. When
Wood accrued a second occasion, Gilman monitored his attendance over a new
six-month period. During this monitoring period, Wood injured his ankle and took
FMLA leave. When Wood returned from leave, Gilman extended the monitoring
period by the amount of time that Wood had missed work. During the extended
period, Wood accrued his third occasion. We cannot say that the extension of the
monitoring period rises to the level of an adverse employment action because it
would not dissuade a reasonable worker from engaging in activities protected
under the FMLA. See Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68. Indeed, Wood requested more
time off after Gilman notified him of the extension.
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Because Wood failed to establish a prima facie case of retaliation, the
district court properly granted summary judgment to Gilman on the FMLA
retaliation claim. 4
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the district court’s order granting
summary judgment to Gilman.
AFFIRMED.
4 Wood argues that even if he cannot satisfy the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting framework, he came forward with evidence sufficient to establish a convincing mosaic that Gilman had a retaliatory motive. But we will not consider this argument that Wood raised only in his reply brief, and not his initial brief, to our Court. See Big Top Koolers, Inc. v. Circus-Man Snacks, Inc., 528 F.3d 839, 844 (11th Cir. 2008).