184 F.3d 268 (3rd Cir. 1999)
RICHARD J. ANGELICO, M.D., Appellant
v.
LEHIGH VALLEY HOSPITAL, INC.; SAINT LUKE'S HOSPITAL OF BETHLEHEM PENNSYLVANIA; EASTON HOSPITAL; PANEBIANCO-YIP HEART SURGEONS; BETHLEHEM CARDIOTHORACIC SURGICAL ASSOCIATES, P.C.; BRIAN M. PETERS, ESQ.; POST & SCHELL, P.C.
No. 97-1927
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
Caption amended pursuant to 2/10/98 order
ARGUED December 4, 1998
Decided July 16, 1999
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA (D.C. No. 96-cv-02861) District Judge: The Honorable J. Curtis Joyner[Copyrighted Material Omitted][Copyrighted Material Omitted]
Henry F. Siedzikowski, Esq. (Argued), Elliott, Reihner, Siedzikowski & Egan, 925 Harvest Drive, Union Meeting Corporate Center V, Blue Bell, PA 19422, Attorney for Appellant
Richard F. Stevens, Esq. (Argued), Stevens & Johnson, 740 Hamilton Mall, Allentown, PA 18101
Edward C. Mengel, Jr., Esq., David E. Edwards, Esq., White & Williams, One Liberty Place, Suite 1800, Philadelphia, PA 19103
Wayne A. Mack, Jr., Duane, Morris & Heckscher, 4200 One Liberty Place, Philadelphia, PA 19103-7396
Donald H. Lipson, Esq., Tallman, Hudders & Sorrentino, 1611 Pond Road, The Paragon Centre, Suite 300, Allentown, PA 18104
Mark H. Scoblionko, Esq., Scoblionko, Scoblionko, Muir & Bartholomew, 40 South 5th Street, Allentown, PA 18101
Frederick B. Buck, III, Esq., Rawle & Henderson, One South Penn Square, The Widener Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107
Jeffrey G. Weil, Esq. (Argued), Dechert, Price & Rhoads, 1717 Arch Street, 4000 Bell Atlantic Tower, Philadelphia, PA 19103, Attorneys for Appellees
BEFORE: SLOVITER, NYGAARD, and WOOD, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
NYGAARD, Circuit Judge.
Dr. Richard Angelico appeals a summary judgment for the defendants, Lehigh Valley Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Easton Hospital, the Panebianco-Yip Heart Surgeons, and Bethlehem Cardiothoracic Surgical Associates ("Bethlehem") (collectively, the "hospital defendants") on his antitrust claims. The District Court held that Angelico did not have standing to assert antitrust claims because he had not shown an injury to competition. We will reverse and remand for further proceedings.
Angelico also appeals the dismissal of his due process claims under 42 U.S.C. S 1983 against Brian M. Peters, Esq., his law firm Post & Schell, P.C., and the firm's client, Lehigh Valley Hospital (collectively, the "attorney defendants"). Finally, he appeals the District Court's sanction in the form of attorney's fees for Peters. We will affirm the dismissal and attorney's fees award.
I. Facts and Procedural History
Angelico is a cardiothoracic surgeon. The three hospitals are located in the Lehigh Valley area in Pennsylvania. Panebianco-Yip and Bethlehem are physician practice groups specializing in thoracic and cardiothoracic surgery in the same area. Angelico began his career in the Lehigh Valley area with a group of cardiovascular specialists and became a member of the active medical staff of Lehigh Valley Hospital, where he performed cardiothoracic surgery. Just over a year later, Angelico left his original practice group, joined Panebianco-Yip as that practice group's primary surgeon, and acquired active privileges at St. Luke's.
In 1989, Angelico resigned from Panebianco-Yip and established his own practice. He maintained his privileges at both Lehigh Valley and St. Luke's until January of 1991, when he requested that his active privileges at Lehigh Valley be reduced to "courtesy" privileges, which allowed him to perform only a limited number of operations there each year. He maintained his courtesy privileges at Lehigh Valley until October 15, 1995.
In March 1994, Angelico notified St. Luke's that he was resigning his staff privileges. He then attempted to apply for staff privileges at Easton. Easton, however, informed him that it had adopted a temporary moratorium on applications in its newly established heart program because it was considering whether to award an exclusive contract. Later, Easton informed Angelico that it had awarded an exclusive contract to another surgeon from outside of the region.
Angelico asserts that he resigned from St. Luke's because the hospital willfully failed to provide him with competent surgical support and that he was therefore constructively terminated. He further contends that the hospital defendants had a sufficient share of the relevant market to control it and that they conspired to eliminate him as a competitor through "various predatory acts," including circulating defamatory remarks regarding his interpersonal and patient care skills. Angelico claims that his courtesy privileges at Lehigh Valley were improperly terminated as a part of this conspiracy and that he has now been "blackballed" by the three hospitals.
Angelico sued the three hospitals and two practice groups, alleging that they had violated the Sherman Act by conspiring to eliminate him as a competitor. Specifically, he claims that the hospital defendants engaged in exclusive dealing and a group boycott in violation of section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. S 1, and that they control a dominant (monopoly) share of the market in violation of section 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. S 2. He seeks treble damages under section 4 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. S 15. Angelico also argues that the attorney defendants violated his constitutional rights through their use of the state subpoena process and that the District Court improperly assessed attorney's fees against him.
The District Court dismissed Angelico's claims against the attorney defendants and granted the attorney defendants' motion for sanctions. See Angelico v. Lehigh Valley Hosp., Inc., No. Civ.A. 96-2861, 1996 WL 524112 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 13, 1996) ("Angelico I"). On Angelico's antitrust claims, the District Court granted a motion by the hospital defendants for limited discovery on the issues of antitrust standing and antitrust injury. Following discovery, the court granted the hospital defendants summary judgment on the antitrust claims, holding that Angelico had failed to establish standing to pursue them. See Angelico v. Lehigh Valley Hosp., Inc., 984 F. Supp. 308 (E.D. Pa. 1997) ("Angelico II").
The District Court noted that Angelico suffered significant lost income but held that "an injury to Dr. Angelico personally does not confer standing upon him without a showing that his absence from the relevant product and geographic markets injured competition and/or the consumers of cardiothoracic surgical services in these markets." Id. at 313. Focusing on the effect of Angelico's removal on the market, the court found "no evidence" that there were any fewer competing surgeons or that the quality of cardiothoracic care had been reduced by his absence, see id., and "insufficient evidence of a negative impact on price." Id. at 314. Based on these findings, the District Court concluded that Angelico had not "suffered the type of injury that the antitrust laws were designed to prevent . . . [or] that Dr. Angelico is the most efficient enforcer of those laws." Id.
On appeal, Angelico argues that the District Court erred by: (1) holding that he failed to establish antitrust standing because he could not show an effect on the prices, quantity or quality in the relevant market; (2) failing to declare that the hospital defendants' acts were illegal "per se"; (3) holding that he failed to state a section 1983 claim upon which relief could be granted against the attorneys for Lehigh Valley, and (4) imposing sanctions against him without holding a hearing. We have plenary review of the antitrust standing question, see McCarthy v. Recordex Serv., Inc., 80 F.3d 842, 847 (3d Cir. 1996), and of the summary judgment on Angelico's claims against the hospital defendants. See Bixler v. Central Pa. Teamsters Health & Welfare Fund, 12 F.3d 1292, 1297 (3d Cir. 1993). We review an assessment of attorney's fees for abuse of discretion if the court applied the correct legal standard. See In re Tutu Wells Contamination Litig., 120 F.3d 368, 387 (3d Cir. 1997).
II. The Antitrust claims
In this case, we must distinguish the antitrust injury that is required for a plaintiff to have standing to bring an antitrust claim from the anticompetitive market effect element of a claim under section 1, which is also generally referred to as "antitrust injury."
A. Antitrust Standing
Section 4 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. S 15, provides that "any person who shall be injured in his business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws may sue therefor in any district court of the United States . . . without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee." Id. Antitrust standing, however, is narrower than the statute's wording indicates. See Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal. v. California State Council of Carpenters , 459 U.S. 519, 103 S. Ct. 897 (1983) ("AGC"); II Phillip E. Areeda & Herbert Hovenkamp, Antitrust Law: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles and Their Application P 360, at 192 (rev. ed. 1995) ("The limitations on antitrust standing are only hinted at by the simple and apparently broad language of S4 of the Clayton Act.").
An antitrust injury is an " `injury of the type the antitrust laws were intended to prevent and that flows from that which makes the defendants' acts unlawful.' " Cargill, Inc. v. Monfort, Inc., 479 U.S. 104, 109, 107 S. Ct. 484, 489 (1986) (citing Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc., 429 U.S. 477, 489, 97 S. Ct. 690, 697 (1977)); see also In re Lower Lake Erie Iron Ore Antitrust Litig., 998 F.2d 1144, 1163 n.9 (3d Cir. 1993) (standing analysis involves consideration of "the nexus between the antitrust violation and the plaintiff 's harm" and "whether the harm alleged is of the type for which Congress provides a remedy"). The focus is broader than the injury suffered by the potential plaintiff. Although a showing of antitrust injury is necessary, it is "not always sufficient[ ] to establish standing under [section] 4, because a party may have suffered antitrust injury but may not be a proper plaintiff under [section] 4 for other reasons." Cargill, 479 U.S. at 110 n.5, 107 S. Ct. at 489 n.5.
Drawing on AGC, we have stated the factors to be employed in a standing analysis under section 4 of the Clayton Act. These are:
(1) the causal connection between the antitrust violation and the harm to the plaintiff and the intent by the defendant to cause that harm, with neither factor alone conferring standing; (2) whether the plaintiff 's alleged injury is of the type for which the antitrust laws were intended to provide redress; (3) the directness of the injury, which addresses the concerns that liberal application of standing principles might produce speculative claims; (4) the existence of more direct victims of the alleged antitrust violations; and (5) the potential for duplicative recovery or complex apportionment of damages.
In re Lower Lake Erie Iron, 998 F.2d at 1165-66 (citing AGC, 459 U.S. at 545, 103 S. Ct. at 912). We hold that, applying these factors, Angelico has standing to challenge the alleged conspiracy, boycott and monopoly.
First, because no discovery was allowed on the issue, we must assume Angelico's allegation that the defendants acted in concert and with an anticompetitive motive, i.e., conspired, is true. Following this assumption, Angelico's harm clearly resulted from the conspiracy that prevented him from competing in the market and thereby earning a living. At this stage, therefore, the causal connection/defendant intent element of the standing analysis is satisfied.
Turning to the second element, whether Angelico's alleged injury is of the type the antitrust laws were meant to redress, we conclude that the injury he suffered, when shut out of competition for anticompetitive reasons, is indeed among those the antitrust laws were designed to prevent. In Brader v. Allegheny General Hospital , 64 F.3d 869 (3d Cir. 1995), a doctor sued a hospital and individual physicians, alleging similar claims under sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act. The district court dismissed the claims, and we reversed, holding that Brader, as a potential competitor shut out of a market by a purported group boycott, had alleged the type of injury protected by the antitrust laws. We stated: "the type of injury alleged by Brader (the loss of income due to an inability to practice in the relevant market area) is directly related to the illegal activity in which the defendant allegedly engaged: a conspiracy to exclude Brader from the relevant market." Id. at 877. Angelico, like Brader, alleges a concerted effort to exclude him from the market for cardiothoracic surgery and his injury flows directly from this action. See In re Lower Lake Erie, 998 F.2d at 1164 n. 14 ("Because the [plaintiffs] themselves were direct competitors of the [defendants] and because they were injured by the conspiracy's goal to preclude them from market entry, no standing problem is posed by their quest for damages."); Fuentes v. South Hills Cardiology, 946 F.2d 196, 202 (3d Cir. 1991) (not addressing standing directly, but noting that similar allegations by a doctor were sufficient to state a claim and to avoid a motion to dismiss).
Angelico also satisfies the third, fourth and fifth elements of the AGC standing analysis. The injury to Angelico from the assumed conspiracy is clearly direct (and substantial). Angelico's injury is the direct result of the alleged conspiracy. In contrast, the harm to consumers is less direct because it will only arise from higher costs or poorer treatment that result from the removal of a strong competitor from the market. A consumer would be highly unlikely to sue for a loss of this type. Finally, there is no potential for duplicative recovery or complex apportionment of damages, see, e.g., Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois, 431 U.S. 720, 97 S. Ct. 2061 (1977), because Angelico's injury has not been passed along to others.
In sum, we hold that Angelico has standing. This is not a case, however, in which we grant standing to a competitor who was simply harmed by strong competition. Rather, Angelico has asserted facts indicating that he was harmed by a conspiracy with an illegal anticompetitive intent. He has standing because he has asserted an injury of "the type the antitrust laws were designed to prevent" flowing from "that which makes the defendants' acts unlawful." Cargill, 479 U.S. at 109, 107 S. Ct. at 489. Because the District Court's determination was based on its premise that Angelico did not have standing, we must remand the cause.
B. Anticompetitive market effect
Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. S 1, prohibits "contracts, combinations or conspiracies `in restraint of trade.' " City of Pittsburgh v. West Penn Power Co., 147 F.3d 256, 267 (3d Cir. 1998). To establish a section 1 claim under the rule of reason test, plaintiffs must prove,(1) that the defendants contracted, combined, or conspired among each other; (2) that the combination or conspiracy produced adverse, anti-competitive effects within relevant product and geographic markets; (3) that the objects of and the conduct pursuant to that contract or conspiracy were illegal; and (4) that the plaintiffs were injured as a proximate result of that conspiracy.
Tunis Bros., 952 F.2d at 722 (citations omitted). The second element may be satisfied in two ways:
The plaintiff may satisfy this burden by proving the existence of actual anticompetitive effects, such as reduction of output, increase in price, or deterioration in quality of goods and services. Due to the difficulty of isolating the market effects of the challenged conduct, however, such proof is often impossible to make. Accordingly, the courts allow proof of the defendant's "market power" instead. Market power--the ability to raise prices above those that would prevail in a competitive market--is essentially a " `surrogate for detrimental effects.' "
Orson, Inc. v. Miramax Film Corp., 79 F.3d 1358, 1367 (3d Cir. 1996) (citations omitted); see also VII Phillip E. Areeda, Antitrust Law: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles and Their Application P 1511, at 429 (1986).
Although the District Court considered Angelico's proffered evidence of an actual anticompetitive market effect, we will not address that evidence because it is appropriate that the District Court reconsider it within the legal framework we have outlined. This will give the court the opportunity to address Angelico's claim that he need not show actual anticompetitive market effect in this instance because of the Appellees' alleged market power.
III. The section 1983 claim
Angelico asserts that the District Court erred by holding that he failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted against the attorney defendants under section 1983. This claim arises out of the litigation of a related state court suit that was resolved during the course of this litigation. Geoffrey Toonder, a cardiothoracic surgeon, sued Lehigh Valley Hospital, claiming that it improperly denied Toonder an "active manpower slot" that would have been filled by Angelico. See Toonder v. Lehigh Valley Hosp., No. Civ.A. 94-E-18 (Pa. Ct. of Common Pleas May 31, 1995) [the "Toonder litigation"]. Toonder was represented by the same attorneys who represent Angelico. Lehigh Valley, through its attorneys --defendants Peters and his firm, Post & Schell, P.C. -- subpoenaed various members of St. Luke's staff, seeking information regarding Angelico's resignation from that hospital. Angelico claims that, through the use of the subpoenas, the attorney defendants violated his constitutionally protected property and liberty interests. The District Court dismissed these claims. See Angelico I, 1996 WL 524112.
Under 42 U.S.C. S 1983, Angelico must show that the attorney defendants acted under the color of state law and denied him a federally protected constitutional or statutory right. See Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 930, 102 S. Ct. 2744, 2750 (1982); Jordan v. Fox, Rothschild, O'Brien & Frankel, 20 F.3d 1250, 1264 (3d Cir. 1994). Because Angelico sued private individuals for actions taken in their roles as attorneys, he must point to some action that is "fairly attributable" to the state. Lugar, 457 U.S. at 937, 102 S. Ct. at 2753. To do this, Angelico must show (1) that the attorney defendants' acts were "the exercise of some right or privilege created by the State or by a rule of conduct imposed by the state or by a person for whom the State is responsible" and (2) that the attorney defendants may fairly be said to be state actors. Id.
A person may be found to be a state actor when (1) he is a state official, (2) "he has acted together with or has obtained significant aid from state officials," or (3) his conduct is, by its nature, chargeable to the state. Id. at 937, 102 S. Ct. at 2753-54. The Supreme Court noted that "[w]ithout a limit such as this, private parties could face constitutional litigation whenever they seek to rely on some state rule governing their interactions with the community surrounding them." Id. at 937, 102 S. Ct. at 2754.
Attorneys performing their traditional functions will not be considered state actors solely on the basis of their position as officers of the court. See, e.g., Polk County v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 318, 102 S. Ct. 445, 450 (1981) ("[A] lawyer representing a client is not, by virtue of being an officer of the court, a state actor `under color of state law' within the meaning of S 1983."); Barnard v. Young, 720 F.3d 1188, 1189 (10th Cir. 1983) ("[P]rivate attorneys, by virtue of being officers of the court, do not act under color of state law within the meaning of section 1983."). Angelico asserts, however, that the attorneys acted as state officers in issuing the subpoenas because the "state subpoena procedures now empower the attorneys, as officers of the state, to use subpoenas to seize property without a hearing before a state court judge and without participation by the sheriff." Appellant's Br. at 44. Angelico, however, offers no authority to support this statement. Nor does Pennsylvania law provide any indication that attorneys have been granted elevated powers to use subpoenas.
As we said in Jordan, "[b]efore private persons can be considered state actors for purposes of section 1983, the state must significantly contribute to the constitutional deprivation, e.g., authorizing its own officers to invoke the force of law in aid of the private persons' request." 20 F.3d at 1266. Angelico claims that by issuing a subpoena, private attorneys use "the same compulsive powers of the state." Appellant's Br. at 45. We disagree. In Jordan, attorneys, on behalf of a client, entered a judgment by confession and then executed on that judgment. See id. at 1264-67. We held that an "entry of the judgment is not a state action involving the force of law to an extent sufficient to hold that private persons become state actors." Id. at 1266. Then, focusing on the role of the sheriff, a state official, in the execution of the judgment, we stated:
a private individual who enlists the compulsive powers of the state to seize property by executing on a judgment without pre-deprivation notice or hearing acts under color of law and so may be held liable under section 1983 if his acts cause a state official to use the state's power of legal compulsion to deprive another of property.
Id. at 1267 (emphasis added).
In dismissing Angelico's claim, the District Court properly applied Jordan by focusing on the distinction between the potential for state involvement and actual state involvement.
Although plaintiff notes that there are potential legal consequences attached to failure to obey a subpoena which might ultimately involve invoking the assistance of state officials, such possibility serves only to highlight the difference between resorting to an available state procedure and actually using state officials to enforce or carry out that procedure. The potential for involving the coercive power of the state likewise exists when a judgment by confession is entered, yet . . . a private party is not converted into a state actor as long as the assistance of state officials remains merely a potential threat. It is only when, and if, such potential is realized that a private party may be converted into a state actor for purposes of satisfying the state action element of a S 1983 claim.
Angelico I, 1996 WL 524112, at *2. The court's analysis is sound and consistent with the Supreme Court's analysis in Lugar. We hold, therefore, that an attorney does not become a state actor simply by employing the state's subpoena laws. See Barnard, 720 F.3d at 1189 ("If an attorney does not become a state actor merely by virtue of instigating state court litigation, then the attorney does not become a state actor merely by employing state authorized subpoena power." (citations omitted)). Angelico's section 1983 claim against the attorney defendants therefore fails.
IV. Sanctions
In the same order in which it dismissed the section 1983 claims, the District Court agreed to award sanctions to the attorney defendants in the form of attorney's fees. See Angelico I, 1996 WL 524112. In his complaint, Angelico stated his antitrust claims against "all defendants," thereby including the attorney defendants as defendants to the antitrust claims. Angelico declined to dismiss the charges against them despite their verbal request that he do so. Only after the attorney defendants filed their motion to dismiss, addressing the antitrust claims, did Angelico voluntarily dismiss these claims. Angelico's counsel then informed the attorney defendants that the antitrust claims had not been intentionally asserted against them. Following a motion for sanctions and the filing of an affidavit of costs by the defendants, a Motion to Vacate, Reconsider or Certify Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. S 1292(b) by Angelico, and a response thereto by the attorney defendants, the District Court awarded $1,000 to attorney Peters for his costs in preparing to defend the withdrawn antitrust claims against him and his firm.
Awarding attorney's fees as a means of sanctioning a party is within the District Court's inherent power. See Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 45, 111 S. Ct. 2123, 2133 (1991). The District Court can assess attorney's fees when a party has acted in bad faith. See Chambers, 501 U.S. at 45, 111 S. Ct. at 2133. Here the District Court found that Angelico and his attorneys acted in bad faith by failing to dismiss the antitrust claims against the attorney defendants, by mischaracterizing the defendants' pleadings, and by failing to inform the court of a significant change in the Toonder litigation (its dismissal). See Angelico v. Lehigh Valley Hosp., No. Civ.A.96-2861, Order (E.D. Pa. Nov. 1, 1996). The District Court applied the correct legal standard to determine whether sanctions were in order and carefully stated the acts by Angelico's counsel upon which the order is based.
Although, "like other sanctions, attorney's fees certainly should not be assessed lightly or without fair notice and an opportunity for a hearing on the record," Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 767, 100 S. Ct. 2455, 2464 (1980), we have not interpreted the "opportunity for a hearing on the record" discussed by the Supreme Court to require an evidentiary hearing in every case. See Rogal v. American Broad. Cos., 74 F.3d 40, 44 (3d Cir. 1996); see also G.J.B. & Assocs. v. Singleton, 913 F.2d 824, 830 (10th Cir. 1990) (while counsel generally deserve an opportunity to brief the issue, the imposition of sanctions does not necessarily mandate an oral or evidentiary hearing). Rather, the concept of due process is flexible and whether a hearing is required depends upon the circumstances. See Rogal, 74 F.3d at 44. Application of this flexible standard is generally left to the District Court's discretion. See Jones v. Pittsburgh Nat'l Corp., 899 F.2d 1350, 1359 (3d Cir. 1990) (noting that this approach "permits some cases to be disposed of on the record").
Here, the District Court decided that further factfinding was unnecessary. Appellant had both fair notice of the charges and an opportunity to respond because the motion for sanctions was made along with attorney defendants' motion to dismiss. All of the acts by Angelico and his counsel that were at issue were part of the record and could be considered without an evidentiary hearing. We find no abuse of discretion.
V. Conclusion
We conclude that the District Court did not err by dismissing the section 1983 claims against the attorney defendants, and that it was well within its considerable discretion when it imposed sanctions. Angelico, however, has standing to assert his antitrust claims, and we will remand the cause for further proceedings.