Per Curiam :
In their opinion affirming the decree of the circuit court, the Appellate Court, speaking through Mr. Justice Crabtree, expressed the following views:
“Objection is raised by appellees that the bill does not show a cause of action under the statute in pursuance of which the suit is brought, because it does not allege that the ditches in question were made and connected with the ditch on appellant’s land by the mutual license, consent or agreement of the owner or owners of the adjacent lands, so as to make a continuous line upon, over or across the lands of several owners, as provided by the statute. But the third section of the statute provides as follows:
“ ‘Sec. 3. Whenever drains have been or shall be constructed in accordance with this act, none of the parties interested therein shall, without the consent of all the parties, fill the same up or in any manner interfere with the same so as to obstruct the flow of water therein; and the license, consent or agreement of the parties herein mentioned need not be in writing, but shall be as valid and binding if in parol as if in writing, and may be inferred from the acquiescence of the parties in the construction of such drain. ’
“We think the evidence shows that for several years prior to the damming up of the ditch on appellant’s land the ditches of appellees had been connected therewith, forming a continuous line of drainage over the lands of Murray across the highway and over the lands of appellant, and we think the acquiescence of appellant may be inferred from all the circumstances appearing in the evidence, thus bringing the case within the spirit of the statute, upon which we are not disposed to place the narrow construction contended for by appellees. Leaving out of view, for the moment, the question as to whether the continuous line of ditch in controversy was constructed in a natural water-course or where the water would flow in a state of nature, and assuming that the ditches were constructed to carry water where it would not otherwise-flow, we are inclined to hold that the construction of independent ditches by adjoining owners of lands, and then connecting them together so as to form a continuous system of drainage across the lands of the several -owners, by mere acquiescence and without any special agreement or license, would bring the case within the statute. Our holding is, that the allegations of the bill, if proven, made a cause of action for appellant under the statute.
“The bill, however, alleges that the ditch on the land of appellant was not a natural water-course, and we think it was incumbent upon him to prove this allegation to the reasonable satisfaction of the court before he would be entitled to an order approving or confirming his action in obstructing and damming up the ditch which for several years had been carrying off water from the highway and from the lands of the adjoining owner, Murray. He was seeking to interfere with and break up the order of things which had existed for a number of years prior thereto, and before he was entitled to an order or decree of court confirming or approving of such action he was bound to show a clear legal right. It seems to us the case stands upon the same footing as it would, if, instead of bringing this suit after damming up the ditch, he had filed a bill for an injunction against appellees to restrain them from turning the water from their ditches into the one upon his land, and if, upon the allegations and proofs upon such a bill,- there be a reasonable doubt of the right, the injunction would be denied. (Wilson v. Bondurant, 142 ’. 645.) In the case just cited, it was held that the act of 1889, under which this suit was brought, does not restrict or abridge the rights of drainage as they existed at common law, but that its sole purpose and effect is to enlarge those rights.
“The real question in controversy in this case, and the one upon which the great mass of testimony was taken, is as to whether the ditch upon appellant’s land was in the natural course or channel through which water coming through the Murray ditch and the highway ditch would find its natural outlet, and through which, in a state of nature, it would and ought to flow. Upon this question the court below found that the land of appellant was the servient heritage and the land of Murray the dominant heritage, and that, prior to the filling up of the ditch by appellant, water passed in a course of nature from said dominant to the servient heritage. The court further finds that so far as the ditch in question formed a continuous line upon, over and across the lands of Murray, the highway and the lands of appellant, it was but a natural water-course.
“Notwithstanding the labor involved in reading the great mass of testimony taken in the cause we have carefully done so, and are unable to say that upon the material questions involved the court below came to a wrong conclusion. We do not deem it necessary to discuss or detail the evidence at length, as it would probably serve no useful purpose, but we think a clear preponderance of it shows that in a state of nature there was a gradual flow of water from the lands of Murray onto those of appellant, which in times of high water found its outlet in a north-easterly direction across the lands of appellant, through a swale or series of depressions in the ground, until it finally emptied into Mazon creek, some distance north-east of appellant’s lands. It is true, there was no well-defined water-course in the sense in which that term is often used, having well-defined banks and beds. But that was not necessary. If the conformation of the land was such as to give the surface water flowing from one tract to another a fixed and determinate course, so as to uniformly discharge it upon the servient tract at a fixed and definite point, the course thus uniformly followed by the water in its flow is a water-course, within the meaning of the rule applicable to this class of cases. (Lambert v. Alcorn, 144 Ill. 313.) We think a preponderance of the evidence given by witnesses who knew the land in a state of nature, before it was broken up for cultivation, shows that such a water-course existed across the lands of appellant. Some of the witnesses call it a slough, others a sag, others a gash, still others a swale, and some say there was a depression a rod or a rod and a half wide, through which the water flowed on to its outlet. We think the evidence shows that the ditch on appellant’s land, and which he has dam,med up, runs along in this natural depression and in the line of the ancient watercourse. There seems to be some doubt as to how this ditch was first started. Appellant testifies there was no ditch there in 1878, when he went to the old country, and that on his return he found some one had plowed a couple of furrows some thirty-six or thirty-seven rods long, connecting with the highway ditch, and he never could find out who did it; that nothing has ever been done to it since, except that by the action of the water and the cattle it has been deepened and widened, until it is now a ditch eighteen feet wide and three feet deep. The fact that the ditch has been so deepened and widened without human agency would seem difficult of explanation except upon the theory that it is a natural water-course, carrying large quantities of water. The men plowing a couple of furrows upon land where water does not naturally flow in considerable volume and amount could hardly be expected to produce such a result.
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Per Curiam :
In their opinion affirming the decree of the circuit court, the Appellate Court, speaking through Mr. Justice Crabtree, expressed the following views:
“Objection is raised by appellees that the bill does not show a cause of action under the statute in pursuance of which the suit is brought, because it does not allege that the ditches in question were made and connected with the ditch on appellant’s land by the mutual license, consent or agreement of the owner or owners of the adjacent lands, so as to make a continuous line upon, over or across the lands of several owners, as provided by the statute. But the third section of the statute provides as follows:
“ ‘Sec. 3. Whenever drains have been or shall be constructed in accordance with this act, none of the parties interested therein shall, without the consent of all the parties, fill the same up or in any manner interfere with the same so as to obstruct the flow of water therein; and the license, consent or agreement of the parties herein mentioned need not be in writing, but shall be as valid and binding if in parol as if in writing, and may be inferred from the acquiescence of the parties in the construction of such drain. ’
“We think the evidence shows that for several years prior to the damming up of the ditch on appellant’s land the ditches of appellees had been connected therewith, forming a continuous line of drainage over the lands of Murray across the highway and over the lands of appellant, and we think the acquiescence of appellant may be inferred from all the circumstances appearing in the evidence, thus bringing the case within the spirit of the statute, upon which we are not disposed to place the narrow construction contended for by appellees. Leaving out of view, for the moment, the question as to whether the continuous line of ditch in controversy was constructed in a natural water-course or where the water would flow in a state of nature, and assuming that the ditches were constructed to carry water where it would not otherwise-flow, we are inclined to hold that the construction of independent ditches by adjoining owners of lands, and then connecting them together so as to form a continuous system of drainage across the lands of the several -owners, by mere acquiescence and without any special agreement or license, would bring the case within the statute. Our holding is, that the allegations of the bill, if proven, made a cause of action for appellant under the statute.
“The bill, however, alleges that the ditch on the land of appellant was not a natural water-course, and we think it was incumbent upon him to prove this allegation to the reasonable satisfaction of the court before he would be entitled to an order approving or confirming his action in obstructing and damming up the ditch which for several years had been carrying off water from the highway and from the lands of the adjoining owner, Murray. He was seeking to interfere with and break up the order of things which had existed for a number of years prior thereto, and before he was entitled to an order or decree of court confirming or approving of such action he was bound to show a clear legal right. It seems to us the case stands upon the same footing as it would, if, instead of bringing this suit after damming up the ditch, he had filed a bill for an injunction against appellees to restrain them from turning the water from their ditches into the one upon his land, and if, upon the allegations and proofs upon such a bill,- there be a reasonable doubt of the right, the injunction would be denied. (Wilson v. Bondurant, 142 ’. 645.) In the case just cited, it was held that the act of 1889, under which this suit was brought, does not restrict or abridge the rights of drainage as they existed at common law, but that its sole purpose and effect is to enlarge those rights.
“The real question in controversy in this case, and the one upon which the great mass of testimony was taken, is as to whether the ditch upon appellant’s land was in the natural course or channel through which water coming through the Murray ditch and the highway ditch would find its natural outlet, and through which, in a state of nature, it would and ought to flow. Upon this question the court below found that the land of appellant was the servient heritage and the land of Murray the dominant heritage, and that, prior to the filling up of the ditch by appellant, water passed in a course of nature from said dominant to the servient heritage. The court further finds that so far as the ditch in question formed a continuous line upon, over and across the lands of Murray, the highway and the lands of appellant, it was but a natural water-course.
“Notwithstanding the labor involved in reading the great mass of testimony taken in the cause we have carefully done so, and are unable to say that upon the material questions involved the court below came to a wrong conclusion. We do not deem it necessary to discuss or detail the evidence at length, as it would probably serve no useful purpose, but we think a clear preponderance of it shows that in a state of nature there was a gradual flow of water from the lands of Murray onto those of appellant, which in times of high water found its outlet in a north-easterly direction across the lands of appellant, through a swale or series of depressions in the ground, until it finally emptied into Mazon creek, some distance north-east of appellant’s lands. It is true, there was no well-defined water-course in the sense in which that term is often used, having well-defined banks and beds. But that was not necessary. If the conformation of the land was such as to give the surface water flowing from one tract to another a fixed and determinate course, so as to uniformly discharge it upon the servient tract at a fixed and definite point, the course thus uniformly followed by the water in its flow is a water-course, within the meaning of the rule applicable to this class of cases. (Lambert v. Alcorn, 144 Ill. 313.) We think a preponderance of the evidence given by witnesses who knew the land in a state of nature, before it was broken up for cultivation, shows that such a water-course existed across the lands of appellant. Some of the witnesses call it a slough, others a sag, others a gash, still others a swale, and some say there was a depression a rod or a rod and a half wide, through which the water flowed on to its outlet. We think the evidence shows that the ditch on appellant’s land, and which he has dam,med up, runs along in this natural depression and in the line of the ancient watercourse. There seems to be some doubt as to how this ditch was first started. Appellant testifies there was no ditch there in 1878, when he went to the old country, and that on his return he found some one had plowed a couple of furrows some thirty-six or thirty-seven rods long, connecting with the highway ditch, and he never could find out who did it; that nothing has ever been done to it since, except that by the action of the water and the cattle it has been deepened and widened, until it is now a ditch eighteen feet wide and three feet deep. The fact that the ditch has been so deepened and widened without human agency would seem difficult of explanation except upon the theory that it is a natural water-course, carrying large quantities of water. The men plowing a couple of furrows upon land where water does not naturally flow in considerable volume and amount could hardly be expected to produce such a result.
“But appellant insists that even if it be true that the ditch was located in a natural water-course, yet he has the right to fill it up to the natural surface of the ground, and this he claims is all he has done. There is a conflict in the evidence as to the height of the dam. The testimony of the witness D. J. Stanford, county surveyor, is, that from different levels taken by him it is shown that the dam is from three to five inches higher than the ground on each side. Other witnesses testify that the dam is a little higher than the surrounding ground. However the fact may be, we are unwilling to assent to the proposition that if the ditch is in a natural channel or water-course, the party upon whose land it is so situated has the right to fill it up to the level of the ground on each 'side. Such a proceeding would undoubtedly have the effect to impede and interrupt the natural flow of the water and prevent its free and natural passage, so that it would be thrown back upon the dominant heritage. After the water has passed through a channel for a number of years, with such force and volume as to produce a ditch eighteen feet wide and three feet deep, it might be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain what the natural surface originally was, and hence it would be very dangerous to allow the ditch to be dammed up, on the assumption that the water would thereafter flow as it did in a state of nature.
“There is evidence to show that, notwithstanding the dam, the water still forces its way around it and reaches the old ditch in the field beyond. If this be true, it is a physical fact tending very strongly to show that the dam is placed in a natural water-course, and also that it obstructs the natural flow of the water. This appellant had no right to do. The proposition that the owner of the dominant heritage has the right to have the water accumulating on his land flow therefrom to the servient heritage as freely and unobstructedly as it would do in a state of nature, is so well recognized and understood that it needs no citation of authority in its support.
“It may be true, in this case, that the construction of the highway ditch, and the ditches connecting therewith from the Murray land, have increased the volume and flow of water into the ditch on' appellant’s land, and that it now empties into the same with greater force than it would in a state of nature. But this cannot be avoided. It is one of the inevitable results experienced in the drainage and improvement of land, which the development of the country cannot always permit to remain in a state of nature. It has therefore frequently been held in this State, that the owner of the dominant heritage may make such drains or ditches for agricultural purposes on his own land as maybe required by good husbandry, although by so doing the flow of water may be increased in the natural channel which carries the water from the upper to the lower field. Peck v. Herrington, 109 Ill. 611; Davis v. Commissioners, 143 id. 9; Lambert v. Alcorn, 144 id. 313.
“This proposition does not seem to be denied by counsel for appellant, but they insist that the evidence shows the ditch in question was not in a natural water-course, and that, even if it were, appellant had the right to fill it up to the natural surface of the ground. We have already said all we care to say upon the subject of filling up the ditch, and we think the evidence was sufficient to warrant the court in finding against appellant upon the question as to whether or not the ditch was in a natural water-course. It'is true that the bridge or culvert in the highway is not at the same place at which it was originally constructed when the highway was first graded. The witness Charles Eastman testified that in 1875 he helped to move the culvert a few rods further west than it was originally built; that appellant assisted in this work, and said that the object of moving the culvert was to make a straight course for the water. If this statement is anywhere denied by appellant such denial has escaped our observation, and if witness speaks truthfully and recollects correctly, this would be a strong circumstance tending to show that appellant then recognized the right of the water to flow under the highway and upon his land immediately north of it.
“On a careful examination of the whole case we are not prepared to say the decree is erroneous. The appellant failed to establish his right to maintain the dam in question, and therefore his -bill was properly dismissed. Upon the cross-bill, we think appellee Murray was entitled to the relief prayed, and the court properly granted it. We find no error in the decree upon the question of costs. The decree will be affirmed.”
Concurring in the foregoing views and in the conclusion above announced, we adopt so much of the opinion of the Appellate Court, as is above quoted, as the opinion of this court. Accordingly, the judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.