.Thomas, J.
The servant has sued the master for injuries received, through the latter’s breach of common-law duty, and recovered judgment. The plaintiff, a carpenter, nailing -planks between tracks in defendant’s terminal yards in Jersey City, and kneeling at his work for that purpose, was hit by a passing engine and seriously injured. The negligence charged is that the master did not furnish a safe place to work by issuing and enforcing a rule that a person should be stationed to give the plaintiff and his associate workmen due notice of 'approaching cars. The defendant gave evidence that it had such rule, according in its scope with the rules and practices of other railroad companies; that it was made and kept effective by the designation of a person to act only as signalman for which he received extra compensation, and that the accident happened during the brief absence of the person designated after he had given the men warning to use care for their protection. .
But the plaintiff’s evidence tends to show that no signalman had been provided or acted during his service from April, second to. May eighth; the day of the accident. Indeed, the plaintiff testified: “ I had to rely on my own watchfulness and not on any one who. Was there to tell me or warn me when those engines were coming.” Finally, Strong, a member of the gang of carpenters employed at the place in-question, and the man to whom was, ascribed the status of siibforeman and watchman, disclaimed any capacity as watchman and made himself only a working carpenter in the. gang. So tlie plaintiff, by the verdict of the jury, sustained his contention that no watchman was ever provided, that he knew it, and accordingly looked after himself and had done so for some six weeks.
In such case what is the common law? The plaintiff urges in ' effect that the plaintiff assumed only such risks as remained after the master had performed its duty to make the place safe. The rule, imperfectly stated, has no present application, and requires clearer understanding of its- meaning than sometimes exists. When the service begins, the servant, inferably representing himself as competent for liis duties, is deemed to assume the risks incident to the business in the absence of modification of such presumed obligation, and further risks later considered. Then the first question is, what are the risks incident to a business ? Are they all risks that [33]*33may accrue from the business protected by no attempted safeguards,. or the risks that exist or will arise in a business, notwithstanding the exercise of ordinary care on the part of the master to make the undertaking in place and appliance reasonably safe? Clearly the latter. Differing modes of expression have been used, but by' tracing back from authority to authority the rule above stated will be reached.- (Dana v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co., 92 N. Y. 639.) Illustrations will aid. It is the duty of the master to use the requisite care in the selection- and continuance of servants, and thereupon a servant takes the risk of his coservant’s negligence. Here it is apparent that the master’s first duty precedes in time the assumption of risk as to the servants employed, and that the master’s continuing duty concurs in time with the assumption of risk, but their obligations are not interdependent,- for the servant does not assume the risks arising from incompetency of his fellow-servant. (Slater v. Jewett, 85 N. Y. 61, 73.) It was decided that a master should use care to ascertain the condition of the bin of a large grain elevator before commanding a servant to enter it,and thereby casting upon him risks expect-able in some form, but ascertainable and reducible by inspection and consequent provision to lessen or to avoid them. The law did not cast on an innocent servant the whole risks, undiminished by the master’s caution. . (McGovern v. Central Vermont Railroad Co., 123 N. Y. 280, 287, 289.) Necessarily the performance of the .master’s duty in that case preceded the servant’s particular work and the assumption of the risk accompanying it, so far as the entering of the' bin on the occasion in question is concerned. Now, this holding, although not presenting the complete rule, means only that the master cannot in the first instance cast the risks of his business upon his servants .by himself using less care than the law exacts of him. A car repairer, going to his work on and among railroad tracks, knows that his environment will be dangerous, but he has, unless he has actual or constructive notice to the contrary, the legal right to expect that he will be confronted by only such risks as the care required of the master, in making and enforcing rules and providing other safety expedients, does not remove or diminish. (Abel v. President, etc., D. & H. Canal Co., 128 N. Y. 662; Dowd v. [34]*34N.Y., 0. & W. R. Co., 170 id. 459, 467.) But this rule does not mean that the servant assumes no risks as to matters within the scope of the master’s duty. lie begins to.assume risks at the instant his service begins. What are they ? They are (1) the servant’s risks incident to the business, as illustrated above; (2) the risks obvious or discoverable in the exercise of ordinary care from whatever cause arising. The first class of risks has been considered. The second class may be illustrated. Suppose the servant sees something palpably dangerous, or assume that there is something menacing discoverable in'the exercise of care that a man of ordinary prudence uses in going about his work and doing it, and that the condition arose from the negligence of the master, then the servant shall not shut his"eye's to it and incur its peril's. It is a danger that looks him in the face'and obstructs his work, and if he; unconstrained, and by the master uninfluenced, knows the peril of it and keeps doing within the reach of it, he takes the risk of it. The danger may come from the master’s first and only negligent act or omission, and if the servant sees or should perceive the risk of it, he owes himself the duty of self-protection. So much the more if. the master’s habitual negligence has made dangerous the servant’s discharge of his duties. This does not mean that the. servant is solicitously and eagerly' to watch, lest his master be negligent and he be hurt thereby. His trust in his master’s fidelity to his duty may be somewhat measured by the duty and the known facts and conditions that are present. But when the condition, whether or not arising from the master’s negligence, is known or should be known to persons using their senses, as men .ordinarily, prudent usually do, then the servant’s duty arises and the burden, falls, on him to look out for himself. It is not necessary in the present case to make careful explanation of the scope of the words “ discoverable in the exercise of ordinary care.” Indeed, so infinite are the varieties of facts that it is impossible to be precise. But there is involved the expectation that no man will or can go about, his business with his eyes shut and indifferent to his surroundings, and that, even though the law furnishes him certain protection by imposing duties upon the master, there is a margin of danger to which he is exposed, even that arising from his master’s negligence, and that if he sees danger, however happening, he will not expose himself to it, and that if danger exists that [35]*35will come under the observation of a person going about his work with ordinary circumstances, he will discover and avoid it. (Crown v. Orr, 140 N. Y. 450, 452.) But there is one fundamental condition of the servant assuming this class of risks.
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.Thomas, J.
The servant has sued the master for injuries received, through the latter’s breach of common-law duty, and recovered judgment. The plaintiff, a carpenter, nailing -planks between tracks in defendant’s terminal yards in Jersey City, and kneeling at his work for that purpose, was hit by a passing engine and seriously injured. The negligence charged is that the master did not furnish a safe place to work by issuing and enforcing a rule that a person should be stationed to give the plaintiff and his associate workmen due notice of 'approaching cars. The defendant gave evidence that it had such rule, according in its scope with the rules and practices of other railroad companies; that it was made and kept effective by the designation of a person to act only as signalman for which he received extra compensation, and that the accident happened during the brief absence of the person designated after he had given the men warning to use care for their protection. .
But the plaintiff’s evidence tends to show that no signalman had been provided or acted during his service from April, second to. May eighth; the day of the accident. Indeed, the plaintiff testified: “ I had to rely on my own watchfulness and not on any one who. Was there to tell me or warn me when those engines were coming.” Finally, Strong, a member of the gang of carpenters employed at the place in-question, and the man to whom was, ascribed the status of siibforeman and watchman, disclaimed any capacity as watchman and made himself only a working carpenter in the. gang. So tlie plaintiff, by the verdict of the jury, sustained his contention that no watchman was ever provided, that he knew it, and accordingly looked after himself and had done so for some six weeks.
In such case what is the common law? The plaintiff urges in ' effect that the plaintiff assumed only such risks as remained after the master had performed its duty to make the place safe. The rule, imperfectly stated, has no present application, and requires clearer understanding of its- meaning than sometimes exists. When the service begins, the servant, inferably representing himself as competent for liis duties, is deemed to assume the risks incident to the business in the absence of modification of such presumed obligation, and further risks later considered. Then the first question is, what are the risks incident to a business ? Are they all risks that [33]*33may accrue from the business protected by no attempted safeguards,. or the risks that exist or will arise in a business, notwithstanding the exercise of ordinary care on the part of the master to make the undertaking in place and appliance reasonably safe? Clearly the latter. Differing modes of expression have been used, but by' tracing back from authority to authority the rule above stated will be reached.- (Dana v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co., 92 N. Y. 639.) Illustrations will aid. It is the duty of the master to use the requisite care in the selection- and continuance of servants, and thereupon a servant takes the risk of his coservant’s negligence. Here it is apparent that the master’s first duty precedes in time the assumption of risk as to the servants employed, and that the master’s continuing duty concurs in time with the assumption of risk, but their obligations are not interdependent,- for the servant does not assume the risks arising from incompetency of his fellow-servant. (Slater v. Jewett, 85 N. Y. 61, 73.) It was decided that a master should use care to ascertain the condition of the bin of a large grain elevator before commanding a servant to enter it,and thereby casting upon him risks expect-able in some form, but ascertainable and reducible by inspection and consequent provision to lessen or to avoid them. The law did not cast on an innocent servant the whole risks, undiminished by the master’s caution. . (McGovern v. Central Vermont Railroad Co., 123 N. Y. 280, 287, 289.) Necessarily the performance of the .master’s duty in that case preceded the servant’s particular work and the assumption of the risk accompanying it, so far as the entering of the' bin on the occasion in question is concerned. Now, this holding, although not presenting the complete rule, means only that the master cannot in the first instance cast the risks of his business upon his servants .by himself using less care than the law exacts of him. A car repairer, going to his work on and among railroad tracks, knows that his environment will be dangerous, but he has, unless he has actual or constructive notice to the contrary, the legal right to expect that he will be confronted by only such risks as the care required of the master, in making and enforcing rules and providing other safety expedients, does not remove or diminish. (Abel v. President, etc., D. & H. Canal Co., 128 N. Y. 662; Dowd v. [34]*34N.Y., 0. & W. R. Co., 170 id. 459, 467.) But this rule does not mean that the servant assumes no risks as to matters within the scope of the master’s duty. lie begins to.assume risks at the instant his service begins. What are they ? They are (1) the servant’s risks incident to the business, as illustrated above; (2) the risks obvious or discoverable in the exercise of ordinary care from whatever cause arising. The first class of risks has been considered. The second class may be illustrated. Suppose the servant sees something palpably dangerous, or assume that there is something menacing discoverable in'the exercise of care that a man of ordinary prudence uses in going about his work and doing it, and that the condition arose from the negligence of the master, then the servant shall not shut his"eye's to it and incur its peril's. It is a danger that looks him in the face'and obstructs his work, and if he; unconstrained, and by the master uninfluenced, knows the peril of it and keeps doing within the reach of it, he takes the risk of it. The danger may come from the master’s first and only negligent act or omission, and if the servant sees or should perceive the risk of it, he owes himself the duty of self-protection. So much the more if. the master’s habitual negligence has made dangerous the servant’s discharge of his duties. This does not mean that the. servant is solicitously and eagerly' to watch, lest his master be negligent and he be hurt thereby. His trust in his master’s fidelity to his duty may be somewhat measured by the duty and the known facts and conditions that are present. But when the condition, whether or not arising from the master’s negligence, is known or should be known to persons using their senses, as men .ordinarily, prudent usually do, then the servant’s duty arises and the burden, falls, on him to look out for himself. It is not necessary in the present case to make careful explanation of the scope of the words “ discoverable in the exercise of ordinary care.” Indeed, so infinite are the varieties of facts that it is impossible to be precise. But there is involved the expectation that no man will or can go about, his business with his eyes shut and indifferent to his surroundings, and that, even though the law furnishes him certain protection by imposing duties upon the master, there is a margin of danger to which he is exposed, even that arising from his master’s negligence, and that if he sees danger, however happening, he will not expose himself to it, and that if danger exists that [35]*35will come under the observation of a person going about his work with ordinary circumstances, he will discover and avoid it. (Crown v. Orr, 140 N. Y. 450, 452.) But there is one fundamental condition of the servant assuming this class of risks. He must be afforded a fair opportunity in time and circumstance- to make observation and act upon it. Every master, unless forbidden by statute or agreement with his servant, has the right to use his own methods of work and select his own appliances therefor. But when he employs a servant he must give him a fair chance to know it, if such methods or appliances fall below the protection which the law demands him to afford. But if the servant know, either at the time of entering the employment, or discover thereafter the master’s departure from legal duty, the servant assumes the risk of it. So a farmer may use horses or wagons or other equipment, or utensils, that through his neglect are not safe in the hands of the man hired to use them; but if the latter knows of the breach of duty towards - him and that his master furnishes what due care would condemn, the servant must make his choice to go on or to stop, in the absence -of necessity, constraint, promise or statement on the part of his master, compelling or justifying that he abide by or confront the danger. What has been said will be found illustrated by decisions. (Huda v. American Glucose Co., 154 N.Y. 474, 482; Maltbie v. Belden, 167 id. 307, 312; Williams v. D., L. & W. R. R. Co., 116 id. 628; Kaare v. Troy Steel & Iron Co., 139 id. 369; Dowd v. N. Y., O. & W.R. Co., supra, 470.)
If the rule of the assumption of risk be applied to the plaintiff, there must be decision against him. He knew that the place was dangerous; he knew that he was not guarded by watchmen and was so appreciative of this neglect and the peril to which it exposed him that he watched for himself, and although so near a rail as to invite collision with a passing locomotive, he watched so indifferently as to remain in the way when it came. There was no stress of duty, action or obedience that diverted or impaired the watchfulness that he owed to himself. His master, to his own knowledge, had left its obligation unfulfilled, and cast upon him the duty of self-preservation, and he was in jured by reason of his failure to perform this duty which had fallen to him and which he had assumed.
[36]*36The facts could no more clearly demand the application of the doctrine of the assumption of risk.
The judgment and order should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event.
Hirsohberg, P. J., Woodward, Jenics and Rich, JJ., concurred.
Judgment and order reversed and new trial granted, costs to abide the event.