REIFEL v. Hershey Estates

295 A.2d 138, 222 Pa. Super. 212, 1972 Pa. Super. LEXIS 1262

• Court: Superior Court of Pennsylvania
• Decided: September 15, 1972
• Docket: Appeal, 381
• Status: Published

Opinions

Opinion bx

Hoffman, J.,

Appellants contend that the trial court erred in instructing the jury on the assured clear distance rule under the evidence presented in the case, and that, therefore, their motion for a new trial should have been granted.

Briefly, the facts are that on December 27, 1968, appellant, Mrs. Reifel, with her two children as passengers, was driving an automobile in a westerly direction on U.S. Route 322 in Derry Township, Dauphin County. Route 322 is a two-lane highway with a posted speed limit of 55 mph. Appellant was traveling at a speed of about 30 mph on the wet highway, when she noticed a truck, moving slowly from a southerly direction, approach the intersection of Route 322 and University Drive. At the moment she first observed appellee’s truck, she was approximately 70 feet from the intersection. Appellee had stopped at a stop sign which was set back 30 feet from the intersection, and began moving toward the intersection at a speed of between two and five miles per hour, so that he could get a clear view of approaching traffic. Appellee testified that he saw nothing, and that he entered the intersection without again coming to a full stop. Appellant, believing that appellee would yield the right-of-way to her vehicle, continued into the intersection without diminishing her speed. Realizing too late that the truck had not stopped, appellant struck the right rear wheels of appellee’s truck which was 23 feet long, at approximately the center of the highway, swinging the 11,360 pound truck around and over the medial strip onto the other side of University Drive.

On the basis of the stated facts, the trial judge instructed the jury on the assured clear distance rule:

“No person may operate an automobile on a highway at a speed so as to endanger any person’s life or property. And you are not permitted to drive at a speed greater than will permit you to stop within the assured clear distance ahead. . . .

“You will have to determine whether or not from the evidence the conduct of the other was reasonably foreseeable. When you get into the assured clear distance ahead rule, as far as [appellant] is concerned, she has or any woman I should say, can only take advantage of the assured clear distance ahead rule when the conditions are usually normal. Now, you have the case of sudden emergencies where you can see ahead, but because of a sudden emergency you can’t stop within what your visibility is because of some action on another person’s part. . . . Now, if there was a sudden emergency there, it doesn’t make a hoot of difference what this mother did at that particular time.”

The assured clear distance rule, originally a common law principle, is part of The Yehicle Code (Act of May 1, 1929, P. L. 905, §1002) which provides, inter alia, that “no person shall drive any vehicle, upon a highway ... at a speed greater than will permit him to bring the vehicle to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead.” Our courts have applied this rule to hold plaintiffs guilty of contributory negligence for having driven into obstacles on the highway, regardless of the negligence of the person who created the hazard. As our Supreme Court said, in Rich v. Petersen Truck Lines, Inc., 357 Pa. 318, 322, 53 A. 2d 725 (1947), “The assured clear distance rule requires that a driver keep his vehicle under such control that he can always stop within the distance that he can clearly see. What this distance will be will vary according to the visibility at the time and other attending circumstances.”

A limiting factor to this rule has always been that where a sudden and clear emergency arises, unforeseeable to a plaintiff and of such severity as to put a driver in instantaneous disability, a court may not charge the jury as to the assured clear distance rule. The emergency, however, must be clear and sudden to such a degree that reasonable men would not differ that the driver was acting under such an emergency. But, where the evidence leaves some doubt as to whether an emergency situation existed, wholly independent and not created by plaintiff’s own acts of negligence or recklessness, it is incumbent upon the trial judge to submit the issue to the jury for its determination. Casey v. Siciliano, 310 Pa. 238, 165 A. 1 (1933); Levine v. Mervis, 373 Pa. 99, 95 A. 2d 368 (1953). This Court has held that “if there is any evidence upon the consideration of which reasonable minded individuals might disagree as to whether or not the plaintiff was guilty of negligence which contributed to the accident, then the question of such contributory negligence is for the jury, not the court, to determine . . . .” Toff v. Rohde, 208 Pa. Superior Ct. 411, 416-17, 222 A. 2d 434 (1966); see also, Heffernan v. Rosser, 419 Pa. 550, 215 A. 2d 655 (1966).

Appellants contend that the assured clear distance rule should not have been charged to the jury because they were placed in a situation of extreme and sudden emergency. Appellants cite a number of cases to support their position. After reviewing the case law on this subject, we are unable to conclude that such an emergency existed in the instant case. Illustratively, appellants cite McElroy v. Roszi, 194 Pa. Superior Ct. 184, 166 A. 2d 331 (1960). That case involved a situation where plaintiff was following a jeep upon a highway, and the jeep caused a cloud of dust to rise as it crossed a new construction site. This occurrence suddenly and temporarily removed the visibility of the road ahead, and plaintiff did not see defendant’s truck appear on the road ahead. Our Court upheld the verdict for the plaintiff and stated at page 188 of the opinion that, “[t]he ‘assured clear distance’ rule is not applicable when there is evidence from which the jury might find extraordinary and disconcerting circumstances affecting the operator’s judgment and actions. The rule does not mean that the motorist must carry in his mind every possible series of combinations which could conspire against Mm.” While a sudden cloud of dust from the wheels of a jeep might present an emergency situation, it cannot be said that the instant case presents such a set of circumstances.

In the instant case, appellants admitted seeing appellee’s truck 70 feet before reaching the intersection. Appellants concurred in appellee’s testimony that appellee was proceeding slowly toward the intersection at the time appellants first noticed appellee’s truck. The exact degree of inclemency was in dispute, but it was agreed that the road conditions were wet. Yisibility was also in question, but only as affecting appellee’s view, since appellants testified that they could plainly see the road ahead. Certainly, the point and force of impact could lead reasonable men to differ as to whether the appellants’ ear was under proper speed and control to stop within the assured clear distance ahead.¹ We believe that under the evidence on the record there did not exist that unquestioned and clear weight of evidence to constitute a sudden emergency that as a matter of law would have precluded a violation of the assured clear distance rule.

Appellants contend that even if a clear emergency did not exist, the assured clear distance rule should only apply to stationary objects. This argument is founded upon the doctrine of Cormican v. Menke, 306 Pa. 156,159 A. 36 (1932), and numerous similar cases,² which indicate that the assured clear distance rule is applicable only to stationary objects, or the equivalent. Those cases held that, where an oncoming pedestrian came in the path of a motor vehicle or where two vehicles were traveling in the same direction, the rule would likewise apply. However, a quick perusal of recent case law discloses that the assured clear distance rule has been held to apply equally to intersection accidents. In the case of Enfield v. Stout, 400 Pa. 6, 161 A. 2d 22 (1960), our Supreme Court held that if there is any evidence in an intersection accident upon the consideration of which reasonable men might differ, the assured clear distance rule should be determined by the jury.

Therefore, the judgment of the lower court is affirmed.

1 Assuming the facts to be as they were stated, appellants’ car would have traversed the 70 feet to the intersection in 1.6 seconds. Appellants saw appeUee’s truck 7 feet from the intersection, and admitted that appellee was virtually stopped before it entered the intersection. Appellee’s testimony was that he was traveling at 2-5 miles per hour. Since the intersection was 24 feet in width, and there were two lanes, appellee, traveling at 5 mph, could only traverse the 7 feet to the intersection and 5 additional feet, which would not have placed even the front of his vehicle in appeUants’ lane. In order to explain the collision with appellee at the rear of his truck, the distance between appellants’ stated position at the time she saw appellee and the intersection must have been somewhat greater than 70 feet.

2 Long v. Pa. Truck Lines, Inc., 335 Pa. 236, 5 A. 2d 224 (1939) ; Filer v. Filer, 301 Pa. 461, 152 A. 567 (1930) ; Todd v. Nesta, 305 Pa. 280, 157 A. 678 (1931) ; Koppenhaver v. Swab, 316 Pa. 207, 174 A. 393 (1934).