NOTICE 2014 IL App (5th) 130193 Decision filed 08/12/14. The text of this decision may be NO. 5-13-0193 changed or corrected prior to the filing of a Petition for Rehearing or the disposition of IN THE the same.
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT ________________________________________________________________________
REGIONS BANK, d/b/a Regions ) Appeal from the Morgan-Keegan Trust, as Independent ) Circuit Court of Administrator of the Estates of Sheri ) Monroe County. Coleman, Garett Coleman, and ) Gavin Coleman, Deceased, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ) v. ) No. 11-L-14 ) JOYCE MEYER MINISTRIES, INC., ) a Missouri Nonprofit Corporation, ) ) Defendant-Appellee ) Honorable ) Richard A. Aguirre, (Christopher Coleman, Defendant). ) Judge, presiding. ________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE CATES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Welch and Justice Chapman concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The plaintiff, Regions Bank, d/b/a Regions Morgan-Keegan Trust, as independent
administrator of the estates of Sheri Coleman, Garett Coleman, and Gavin Coleman,
appeals from an order of the circuit court of Monroe County dismissing with prejudice its
claims against the defendant, Joyce Meyer Ministries, Inc., on the ground that the
1 plaintiff failed to state any claim upon which relief could be granted. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand the case for further proceedings.
¶2 On May 5, 2009, Sheri Coleman and her young sons, Garett Coleman and Gavin
Coleman (the decedents), were murdered in their home in Columbia, Illinois.
Christopher Coleman, the husband of Sheri and the father of Garett and Gavin, was
charged with and subsequently convicted of the murders. He was sentenced to life in
prison without the possibility of parole for these crimes. On May 5, 2009, and for more
than eight years prior, Christopher Coleman had been employed in high-level security
positions by Joyce Meyer Ministries, Inc. It is alleged that in the months leading up to
the murders, Coleman used his work computer to email death threats directed at himself,
the decedents, and Joyce Meyer Ministries, Inc.
¶3 On May 4, 2011, the plaintiff filed a multicount complaint for wrongful death
against Christopher Coleman, Joyce Meyer Ministries, Inc. (JMM), Joyce Meyer, and
Daniel B. Meyer. Christopher Coleman has not entered an appearance in this case.
Following a short period for discovery on the issue of personal jurisdiction, Joyce Meyer
and Daniel Meyer were voluntarily dismissed from the case pursuant to a stipulation by
the parties.
¶4 JMM entered its appearance and filed a motion to dismiss the counts against it
pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615
(West 2010)), on the ground that the plaintiff failed to state any claim upon which relief
could be granted. The trial court granted JMM's motion, but permitted the plaintiff to
2 amend the complaint.
¶5 The first amended complaint contains three counts against JMM. Count III alleges
wrongful death under a theory of a negligent undertaking to protect the decedents from
threatened harm. Count IV is the corresponding survival action. Count V is brought
under a theory of negligent retention of the employment of Christopher Coleman. JMM
renewed its motion to dismiss all counts under section 2-615 of the Code for failure to
state any claim upon which relief could be granted. In the motion, JMM argued that
count III should be dismissed because it did not allege sufficient facts to establish that
JMM undertook to protect the decedents from the harmful acts of a third party, and that
count V should be dismissed because the plaintiff did not allege a logical connection
between retaining Christopher Coleman as an employee and his murderous acts. After
considering the briefs and arguments of counsel, the trial court granted JMM's motion
and dismissed counts III, IV, and V of the first amended complaint with prejudice.
¶6 On appeal, the plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in dismissing with
prejudice its claims against JMM. The plaintiff argues that the first amended complaint
contains sufficient allegations of fact to establish duties owed by JMM to the decedents
under theories of a voluntary undertaking and negligent retention.
¶7 At the outset, it is important to point out that this case comes to us on the
pleadings, and that the only issue is whether the plaintiff's first amended complaint states
a claim or claims against JMM upon which relief may be granted. A motion to dismiss
brought pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code challenges the legal sufficiency of the
3 complaint. Marshall v. Burger King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 429, 856 N.E.2d 1048, 1053
(2006). In considering whether the allegations in the complaint are legally sufficient to
state a cause of action, we accept as true all well-pleaded facts and all reasonable
inferences that may be drawn from those facts, and we construe the factual allegations in
a light most favorable to the plaintiff. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 429, 856 N.E.2d at 1053.
A cause of action should not be dismissed under section 2-615 unless it is clearly
apparent that no set of facts can be proved that would entitle the plaintiff to recover.
Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 429, 856 N.E.2d at 1053. An order dismissing a cause of action
with prejudice under section 2-615 is reviewed de novo. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 429, 856
N.E.2d at 1053.
¶8 The claims against JMM are negligence-based. In order to state a cause of action
for negligence, a complaint must allege sufficient facts to establish the existence of a duty
of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach of the duty, and an injury
proximately caused by the breach. Bajwa v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 208 Ill. 2d
414, 421, 804 N.E.2d 519, 526 (2004). Whether a duty exists is a question of law for the
court to decide. Bajwa, 208 Ill. 2d at 422, 804 N.E.2d at 526. Whether a duty was
breached and whether the breach was a proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries are
questions of fact for a jury to decide. Bajwa, 208 Ill. 2d at 422, 804 N.E.2d at 526.
¶9 Initially, we consider whether the factual allegations in count III are sufficient to
establish that JMM voluntarily undertook to protect the decedents from the criminal acts
of a third person. Ordinarily, a person has no affirmative duty to protect another from
harmful or criminal acts by a third person. Hills v. Bridgeview Little League Ass'n, 195 4 Ill. 2d 210, 228, 745 N.E.2d 1166, 1178 (2000). Exceptions to this general principal have
been recognized: (1) when the parties are in a "special relationship," i.e., common carrier-
passenger, innkeeper-guest, business invitor-invitee, or voluntary custodian-protectee,
and the harmful or criminal acts were reasonably foreseeable; (2) when an employee is in
imminent danger and this is known to the employer; (3) when a principal fails to warn an
agent of an unreasonable risk of harm involved in the agency; and (4) when there is
negligence in the performance of a voluntary undertaking. Petersen v. U.S. Reduction
Co., 267 Ill. App. 3d 775, 779, 641 N.E.2d 845, 848 (1994). The voluntary-undertaking
exception is at issue here. In Illinois, this exception has been narrowly construed and the
duty imposed is limited by the extent of the undertaking. Wakulich v. Mraz, 203 Ill. 2d
223, 242-43, 785 N.E.2d 843, 855 (2003); Pippin v. Chicago Housing Authority, 78 Ill.
2d 204, 209, 399 N.E.2d 596, 599 (1979).
¶ 10 Sections 323 and 324A of the Second Restatement of Torts (Restatement (Second)
of Torts §§ 323, 324A (1965)), both of which have been recognized in Illinois, address
liability based on a voluntary undertaking to render services to another. See Frye v.
Medicare-Glaser Corp., 153 Ill. 2d 26, 32, 605 N.E.2d 557, 560 (1992); Pippin, 78 Ill. 2d
at 210-11, 399 N.E.2d at 599-600.
¶ 11 Section 323 of the Restatement provides as follows:
"One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to
another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of the other's
person or things, is subject to liability to the other for physical harm resulting from
his failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if 5 (a) his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of such harm, or
(b) the harm is suffered because of the other's reliance upon the
undertaking." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323 (1965).
¶ 12 Section 324A of the Restatement provides as follows:
"One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to
another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person
or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting
from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if
(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or
(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third
person, or
(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person
upon the undertaking." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965).
¶ 13 A plaintiff may allege nonfeasance or misfeasance in the performance of a
voluntary undertaking. Bourgonje v. Machev, 362 Ill. App. 3d 984, 996, 841 N.E.2d 96,
107 (2005). In the case of "nonfeasance," a plaintiff must allege facts to indicate (a) that
the defendant voluntarily undertook to render services necessary for the protection of
another person or took charge of another person's protection; (b) that the defendant failed
to exercise reasonable care in that it wholly failed to perform the undertaking; and (c) that
harm was suffered because of the other person's reliance on the defendant's undertaking.
See Bourgonje, 362 Ill. App. 3d at 996, 841 N.E.2d at 107. In the case of "misfeasance,"
a plaintiff must allege facts to indicate (a) that the defendant voluntarily undertook to 6 render services necessary for the protection of another person or took charge of another
person's protection; (b) that the defendant negligently performed the undertaking; and (c)
that the defendant's negligence increased the risk of the harm to the other person or that
the plaintiff suffered harm due to his reliance on the undertaking. See Wakulich, 203 Ill.
2d at 244-46, 785 N.E.2d at 856-57; Jane Doe-3 v. White, 409 Ill. App. 3d 1087, 1097-
99, 951 N.E.2d 216, 227-29 (2011).
¶ 14 Mindful of these rules and legal principles, we consider the complaint at issue.
The first amended complaint sets out a series of factual allegations that are generally
applicable to all counts, followed by allegations specific to each count and theory of
liability. The complaint is 21 pages in length and contains 80 paragraphs. For purposes
of this decision, we will consolidate and summarize the basic allegations rather than
restate them verbatim.
¶ 15 The complaint generally alleges that JMM employed Christopher Coleman in
high-level security positions from November 2000 through May 5, 2009; that during the
period of Coleman's employment, JMM enacted an electronic communications policy (E-
Comm policy) which governed its employees' use of its electronic communications
systems and equipment; that JMM's E-Comm policy prohibited its employees from
sending or viewing inappropriate, obscene, harassing, or abusive images, language, and
materials on its electronic communications systems and equipment; that pursuant to the
E-Comm policy, JMM reserved the right to monitor and inspect communications sent,
received, and stored on its electronic communications systems and equipment; and that
JMM "management" had the sole discretion to take disciplinary action against the 7 violators of said policy. It also alleges that from November 14, 2008, to May 5, 2009,
Christopher Coleman created and transmitted via email harassing notes and death threats
directed to himself, the decedents, and JMM, using his company-issued computer; that
from November 14, 2008, to May 5, 2009, Christopher Coleman created harassing notes
and death threats directed to himself and the decedents, which were hand-delivered to the
mailbox at the Colemans' home; and that prior to May 5, 2009, JMM was aware that
death threats had been made against Christopher Coleman and the decedents, and that the
death threats had been delivered to the Colemans' home and through Christopher
Coleman's email account.
¶ 16 The factual allegations regarding the duties voluntarily undertaken by JMM are set
forth in count III. Count III alleges that JMM recognized or in the exercise of reasonable
care should have recognized that in light of life-threatening email, the provision of
security services was necessary for the protection of the decedents. It further alleges that
JMM undertook, gratuitously or for consideration, to provide security services for the
protection and safety of the decedents, which included:
(a) monitoring, accessing, and inspecting communications sent, received,
and stored on its electronic communications equipment, and conducting any
necessary follow-up investigation regarding the content and source of those
communications;
(b) taking disciplinary actions against the violators of its policy;
(c) stationing security at or around the decedents' residence;
(d) installing a security alarm and surveillance equipment at the decedents' 8 residence; and
(e) monitoring and/or informing the local authorities of the numerous death
threats made against the decedents.
¶ 17 Count III further alleges that JMM breached one or more of the aforementioned
duties in that it:
(a) failed to monitor, access, inspect, disclose, and conduct a follow-up
investigation on the numerous death threats made against the decedents that were
transmitted, received, or stored on JMM electronic communications equipment;
(b) failed to take necessary disciplinary action, including termination,
regarding the death threats made against the decedents that were transmitted,
received, or stored on JMM electronic communications equipment;
(c) failed to provide security in and around the decedents' residence after
numerous death threats were made against the decedents;
(d) failed to monitor the decedents' residence and/or failed to install
surveillance equipment in or around the residence after numerous death threats
were made against the decedents; and
(e) failed to inform law enforcement authorities of the numerous death
¶ 18 Count III also alleges that JMM's negligent performance of one or more of the
aforementioned voluntary undertakings resulted in an increased risk of harm to the
decedents, and that JMM's failure to perform one or more of the aforementioned
voluntary undertakings resulted in harm to the decedents who, in reliance upon JMM's 9 promises, failed to take precautions for their own protection.
¶ 19 When pared to the core, count III alleges that JMM voluntarily undertook to
investigate the source of the death threats directed at the decedents, which were made or
received through JMM's electronic communications systems and equipment, and to
provide security at the decedents' home for the protection of the decedents; that JMM
failed to perform or negligently performed these undertakings; and that JMM's negligent
acts or omissions increased the risk of danger to the decedents. In our view, the factual
allegations and the reasonable inferences therefrom, when liberally construed and taken
in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, are sufficient to establish a duty of care owed by
JMM to the decedents under a voluntary-undertaking theory.
¶ 20 We note that the trial court struggled with the "reasonable foreseeability"
component of the duty analysis. In comments to the parties from the bench, the trial
judge stated that in this particular case, he could not "concede in any way where this
ministry is responsible for not having foreseen the brutal murder of this family by one of
their employees." In order to satisfy the foreseeability component, it is not necessary that
a defendant must have forseen the precise nature of the harm or the exact manner of
occurrence; it is sufficient if, at the time of the defendant's action or inaction, some harm
could have been reasonably foreseen. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 442, 856 N.E.2d at 1060-
61; Hernandez v. Rapid Bus Co., 267 Ill. App. 3d 519, 641 N.E.2d 886 (1994). In this
case, the threats of harm were specific and targeted against the decedents. Given the
gravity of the threats, it was objectively reasonable to anticipate that some harm might
come to them. After reviewing the first amended complaint, we find that there are 10 adequate factual allegations to establish that JMM was aware that specific death threats
had been made against the decedents using JMM email communications, and that JMM
voluntarily undertook to investigate those threats and to protect the decedents from the
threatened harm.
¶ 21 In addition, we find that count III adequately alleges that JMM's negligent
performance of its voluntary undertaking increased the risk of harm to the decedents.
Accepting the allegations as true, it may be reasonable to infer that JMM increased the
risk of harm to the decedents by failing to conduct an adequate investigation of its own
communications systems and equipment, essentially electing to remain ignorant of facts
concerning the source of the threats, when a reasonable person may have conducted an
internal investigation of its systems and equipment. It may also be reasonable to infer
that Sheri Coleman did not have an equal and independent means to investigate the
threats, and that Sheri Coleman, relying on JMM's promises to investigate the threats and
to provide security, did not take steps to protect herself and her children from the
¶ 22 Count III contains sufficient allegations of fact to state a cause of action for
wrongful death based on a voluntary-undertaking theory and should not have been
dismissed. It follows that count IV, the corresponding survival claim, should not have
been dismissed. We pause here to note that we are only deciding a procedural issue and
that neither party should take our resolution of this issue as a measure of the merits of the
case. The allegations in count III are broad and the plaintiff will have to present evidence
to support them. If the plaintiff can produce evidence to support its factual allegations, 11 the finder of fact will be asked to determine whether JMM breached a duty it undertook
to provide to the decedents, and if so, whether the breach was a proximate cause of the
harm.
¶ 23 We next consider whether count V states a cause of action. Count V is captioned
"negligent retention." It alleges that JMM knew or should have known that Christopher
Coleman had a particular unfitness for his security position so as to create a danger of
harm to third persons, including the decedents; that despite knowledge of Coleman's
particular unfitness, JMM retained Coleman as an employee; and that the retention of
Coleman as an employee was a proximate cause of the death of the decedents.
¶ 24 There are reported cases in which Illinois courts have recognized that an employer
may be held liable for the negligent hiring, supervision, or retention of an employee who
intentionally harmed someone while acting outside the scope of his employment. See,
e.g., Kigin v. Woodmen of the World Insurance Co., 185 Ill. App. 3d 400, 541 N.E.2d 735
(1989); Malorney v. B&L Motor Freight, Inc., 146 Ill. App. 3d 265, 496 N.E.2d 1086
(1986); Gregor v. Kleiser, 111 Ill. App. 3d 333, 443 N.E.2d 1162 (1982); Easley v.
Apollo Detective Agency, Inc., 69 Ill. App. 3d 920, 387 N.E.2d 1241 (1979). In Kigin,
this court found that the plaintiff's complaint established a basis under section 317 of the
Second Restatement of Torts (Restatement (Second) of Torts § 317 (1965)) for imposing
liability on the employer of a camp counselor who molested a young camper. Kigin, 185
Ill. App. 3d at 402-03, 541 N.E.2d at 736.
¶ 25 Section 317 of the Second Restatement of Torts states, in pertinent part, that an
employer is under a duty to exercise reasonable care to control his employee while the 12 employee is acting outside the scope of his employment in order to prevent his employee
from intentionally harming others, if (a) the employee is on the employer's premises or
using a chattel of the employer and (b) the employer knows or has reason to know that he
has the ability to control his employee, and knows or should know of the necessity and
opportunity for exercising control over the employee. Restatement (Second) of Torts
§ 317 (1965). The comments in this section state that the employer is required to
exercise his authority as a master to prevent his employees from misusing chattels which
he has entrusted to them for use as employees of his company, and that this is true even
when the employee is using the chattels for his own purposes and, therefore, outside the
scope of his employment. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 317 cmt. b (1965).
¶ 26 After reviewing the allegations in count V, we conclude that it lacks sufficient
factual allegations to establish that the negligent retention of Christopher Coleman as a
JMM employee was a substantial factor in bringing about the harm to the decedents.
Count V does not set forth sufficient factual allegations to establish that Coleman's
misuse of his position of employment was a substantial factor in bringing about the harm
to the decedents. Nor does it set forth sufficient allegations of fact to establish that
Coleman's misuse of the employer's chattel, a computer, was a substantial factor in
bringing about the harm to the decedents. The allegations that Christopher Coleman was
particularly unfit for his management position in the security department, that his
particular unfitness created a danger of harm to third persons, including the decedents,
and that JMM breached its duty in retaining Coleman when it should have reasonably
appreciated that Coleman's continued employment posed a risk of harm to the decedents 13 and others, are conclusions unsupported by any specific facts. Thus, count V does not fit
within the parameters of section 317 of the Second Restatement of Torts, and the above-
cited cases are not comparable. For the reasons stated, we find that count V fails to state
a claim upon which relief may be granted and that the trial court did not err in dismissing
it.
¶ 27 Accordingly, the circuit court's decision to dismiss count V with prejudice is
affirmed, and its decision to dismiss counts III and IV is reversed. Counts III and IV are
hereby reinstated and the cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
decision.
¶ 28 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.
14 2014 IL App (5th) 130193 NO. 5-13-0193 IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIFTH DISTRICT
REGIONS BANK, d/b/a Regions ) Appeal from the Morgan-Keegan Trust, as Independent ) Circuit Court of Administrator of the Estates of Sheri ) Monroe County. Coleman, Garett Coleman, and ) Gavin Coleman, Deceased, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ) v. ) No. 11-L-14 ) JOYCE MEYER MINISTRIES, INC., ) a Missouri Nonprofit Corporation, ) ) Defendant-Appellee ) Honorable ) Richard A. Aguirre, (Christopher Coleman, Defendant). ) Judge, presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
Opinion Filed: August 12, 2014 ______________________________________________________________________________
Justices: Honorable Judy L. Cates, J. Honorable Thomas M. Welch, P.J., and Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J., Concur _____________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Antonio Romanucci, Romanucci & Blandin, LLC, 321 North Clark Street, for Suite 900, Chicago, IL 60654; Jack Carey, 23 South First Street, Appellant Belleville, IL 62220 ______________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Dennis M. Field, Strellis & Field, Chartered, 115 East Mill Street, for Waterloo, IL 62298 Appellee S. Greg Pittman, Michael J. King, Winters & King, Inc., 2448 East 81st Street, Suite 5900, Tulsa, OK 74137 (pro hac vice) ______________________________________________________________________________