Reed v. Trinity Services Group Incorporated

Opinion

1 WO MDR 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Kenneth W. Reed, No. CV 21-00016-PHX-JAT (CDB) 10 Plaintiff, 11 v. ORDER 12 Trinity Services Group, Inc., et al., 13 Defendants.

14 15 On November 12, 2019, Plaintiff Kenneth W. Reed, who is confined in the Arizona 16 State Prison Complex-Tucson in Tucson, Arizona, filed a Complaint in the Superior Court 17 of Pima County, Arizona. Defendant Merriman subsequently filed a Notice of Removal. 18 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s May 17, 2021 First Amended 19 Complaint (Doc. 25). The Court will order Defendants Montaño, Merriman, Gaye, Muko, 20 and Tuozzo to answer Count One of the First Amended Complaint, dismiss the remaining 21 Defendants without prejudice, and dismiss as duplicative Count Two. 22 I. Statutory Screening of Prisoner Complaints 23 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief 24 against a governmental entity or an officer or an employee of a governmental entity. 28 25 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The Court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if a plaintiff 26 has raised claims that are legally frivolous or malicious, that fail to state a claim upon which 27 relief may be granted, or that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from 28 such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1)–(2). 1 A pleading must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 2 pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) (emphasis added). While Rule 8 does 3 not demand detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an unadorned, the- 4 defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 5 (2009). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 6 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id. 7 “[A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a 8 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 9 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content 10 that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 11 misconduct alleged.” Id. “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for 12 relief [is] . . . a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 13 experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. Thus, although a plaintiff’s specific factual 14 allegations may be consistent with a constitutional claim, a court must assess whether there 15 are other “more likely explanations” for a defendant’s conduct. Id. at 681. 16 But as the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has instructed, courts 17 must “continue to construe pro se filings liberally.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 18 (9th Cir. 2010). A “complaint [filed by a pro se prisoner] ‘must be held to less stringent 19 standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.’” Id. (quoting Erickson v. Pardus, 551 20 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam)). 21 II. First Amended Complaint 22 In his two-count First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff seeks monetary damages and 23 his costs and expenses from Defendants Trinity Services Group, Inc.; former Arizona 24 Department of Corrections (ADC) Director Charles L. Ryan; Bureau of Administration 25 Chief Hearing Officer Ruben Montaño, Food and Health Services Contracts Monitor David 26 Merriman; Kitchen Operations Supervisors Jones and Barr; Correctional Programs Officer 27 Gaye; Correctional Officers K. Muko, L. Valisto, P. Tuozzo, and Urrea; and Food Service 28 Worker Does I through XI. 1 Plaintiff alleges Defendants subjected him to cruel and unusual punishment, in 2 violation of the Eighth Amendment, regarding “[n]ecessities of life” (Count One) and 3 “medical care” (Count Two). (Doc. 25 at 5, 16.)1 In Count One, Plaintiff contends: 4 (a) Defendants Ryan, Merriman, and Montaño knew or reasonably should have known that 5 Defendant Trinity was not fulfilling its obligations to feed ADC inmates in compliance 6 with the food service contract between ADC and Defendant Trinity, but failed to take 7 corrective action; and (b) their failure to demand strict adherence to the contract was 8 attributable to “their own disregard” or to their failure to “adequately train their 9 subordinates, to whom they had delegated their authority to monitor Defendant Trinity’s 10 performance.” (Id. at 14.) Plaintiff claims that as a result of Defendants’ acts and 11 omissions, he suffered twenty-five days of extreme and near-constant hunger, fatigue and 12 lassitude, lapses in mental acuity, difficulty accomplishing ordinary tasks and participating 13 in activities, worsening of his pre-existing dietary/gastrointestinal condition, and, “given 14 his already emaciated condition, a perilous three-pound weight loss.” (Id. at 14-16.) In 15 Count Two, he claims Defendants’ were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical 16 needs when they failed to adhere to the medically prescribed dietary regime. (Id. at 16.) 17 Plaintiff’s two counts are based on the same factual allegations: 18 A. Background Allegations 19 Plaintiff claims Defendant Ryan, as the “final policymaker for the State of Arizona 20 regarding the matter in which [the State’s] prisoners are kept and the conditions under 21 which they are confined,” entered into a contract with Defendant Trinity to “procure 22 foodstuffs and prepare meals” to feed ADC inmates. (Id. at 5.) Defendant Trinity agreed 23 to (a) provide adequate daily sustenance to ADC inmates (b) comply with orders and 24 directives from ADC’s healthcare contractor’s providers to provide special “Restricted 25 Diets” to inmates who required them due to medical conditions; and (c) comply with ADC 26 27

28 1 The citation refers to the document and page number generated by the Court’s Case Management/Electronic Case Filing system. 1 regulations and policies, including ADC’s Department Order 912, Food Service System 2 Technical Manual, Restricted Diets Manual, and Restricted Diets Menus. (Id. at 5-6.) 3 Plaintiff asserts Defendant Ryan formulated, promulgated, and implemented ADC’s 4 Department Order 912 and Food Service System Technical Manual to ensure Defendant 5 Trinity’s compliance with the food service contract. (Id. at 6.) In these documents, 6 Defendant Ryan delegated to wardens, deputy wardens, facility administrators, and food 7 service contract liaisons “the responsibility and his full authority for monitoring and, 8 whenever necessary, for compelling Defendant Trinity’s compliance” with the food service 9 contract. (Id.) In turn, the wardens, deputy wardens, and facility administrators delegated 10 their responsibility for monitoring Defendant Trinity’s compliance “at mealtimes” to “their 11 subordinates, most usually corrections officers,” who are responsible for ensuring meals 12 delivered to inmates are “fully compliant with menu and food service specifications.” (Id.) 13 Plaintiff claims that in accordance with unwritten ADC protocol, an inmate must 14 immediately notify the supervising staff member of “any discrepancy regarding the 15 correctness of a meal” and the staff member must return the entire meal to the food service 16 worker for correction or replacement. (Id.) An inmate’s “acceptance of an uncorrected 17 meal constitutes that inmate’s irrevocable abandonment of any objection he or she had, or 18 might have asserted, regarding its shortcomings.” (Id.) 19 Plaintiff alleges Defendant Merriman was Defendant Ryan’s liaison to monitor 20 Defendant Trinity’s performance at ASPC-Florence and he could “act with Defendant 21 Ryan’s full powers and authority” to enforce the food service contract. (Id. at 7.) He claims 22 Defendant Montaño was Defendant Ryan’s agent to monitor Defendant Trinity’s 23 performance at the ASPC-Florence’s Central Unit and he could, either on his own or in 24 concert with Defendant Merriman, “act with Defendant Ryan’s full powers and 25 authority . . . to demand strict adherence” to the contract and to require correction of all 26 discovered deficiencies. (Id.) 27 . . . . 28 . . . . 1 B. Plaintiff’s Restricted Diet Order 2 Plaintiff alleges that on June 7, 2018, while he was confined in ASPC-Florence’s 3 East Unit, a medical provider, in an effort to stop Plaintiff’s weight loss from an 4 undiagnosed dietary/gastrointestinal disorder, issued a Restricted Diet Order, which 5 required Plaintiff to receive an enhanced-calorie Wasting Syndrome Diet, a twice-daily 6 liquid nutritional supplement, and snacks in the morning, at mid-day, and at bedtime. (Id.) 7 When he was receiving this Restricted Diet Order at the East Unit, Plaintiff had “no 8 complaint worthy of note” regarding meal service, and the occasional food service 9 discrepancies were corrected in accordance with the “established meal service 10 protocol.” (Id.) 11 Plaintiff claims that at an August 8, 2018 weight check, his weight had declined to 12 112 pounds, which corresponded to a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 16.54.2 (Id.) The 13 following day, a regional medical director submitted an emergency transfer order for 14 Plaintiff to be transferred to one of ADC’s infirmaries. (Id.) On August 10, 2018, Plaintiff 15 was moved to an infirmary in ASPC-Florence’s Central Unit. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that 16 when he was discharged from the infirmary on September 2, 2018, his weight was 109 17 pounds, which corresponded to the BMI of 16.09. (Id. at 13.) 18 C. Meals in the Infirmary 19 Plaintiff claims that during the twenty-five days he was in the infirmary, he was not 20 fed eleven meals and, on two occasions, was not fed for twenty-four hours or longer. (Id. 21 at 14.) 22 Plaintiff contends the thirteen meals he received at the infirmary between August 23 10, 2018, and breakfast on August 15, 2018, did not fully comply with his medically 24 prescribed Restricted Diet Order, ADC’s Restricted Diets Manual, or the applicable 25 Restricted Diets Menu (hereinafter, a “noncompliant meal”). (Id. at 7.) He reported the 26

27 2 Plaintiff alleges the United States Institutes for Health, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the United Nations World Health Organization 28 recognize a BMI under 18.5 as “underweight” and a BMI of 16.00 as “severely underweight.” (Id. at 7, 14.) 1 discrepancies to the officers conducting meal service. (Id.) For eight of the meals, the 2 officers corrected the deficiencies by giving Plaintiff extra food from unclaimed 3 meals. (Id.) As a result, the deficiencies were not reported to supervisory staff in the 4 kitchen or to the food service workers, and, therefore, no corrective actions were taken to 5 prevent the reoccurrence of discrepancies. (Id.) For the other five meals, the officers 6 “supposedly ‘called the kitchen’” to have the food service workers correct the deficiencies, 7 but the food service workers corrected only one meal. (Id. at 7-8.) Plaintiff alleges, 8 therefore, that on the other four occasions, either the officers “lied” to Plaintiff about calling 9 the kitchen or the food service workers “simply chose to ignore the[] problems 10 reported.” (Id. at 8.) He claims he was “duped into accepting those four incorrectly 11 prepared meals on empty promises of their being soon corrected.” (Id.) 12 Plaintiff alleges that at noon on August 15, 2018, he spoke with a supervisory staff 13 member and informed him that the thirteen meals were noncompliant meals. (Id.) The 14 supervisory staff member “promised to ‘mention’ the Plaintiff’s concerns to ‘kitchen 15 staff,’” but “roundly admonished” Plaintiff for failing to follow established protocol— 16 immediately reporting discrepancies to the officer conducting meal service, who then 17 became responsible for returning the entire meal to Defendant Trinity’s food service 18 workers for correction and, if the meal was not corrected or replaced, for preparing an 19 information report documenting Defendant Trinity’s failure to adhere to the contract. (Id.) 20 Plaintiff asserts that in addition to the eleven noncompliant meals specifically 21 discussed below, and for which he followed the protocol, many other meals were 22 noncompliant “to a lesser degree.” (Id. at 14.) He contends his failure to follow protocol 23 regarding these other noncompliant meals is “evidence of the coercive effect hunger had 24 upon him and of his avoidance of the risk of his not being fed again and again and 25 again.” (Id.) 26 1. Lunch on August 15, 2018 27 Defendant Doe 1 prepared a meal for Defendant Muko to serve Plaintiff. (Id. at 8.) 28 When Defendant Muko presented the noncompliant meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff described 1 how it was noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be corrected or 2 replaced. (Id.) Defendant Muko initially “attempted to bully” Plaintiff into accepting the 3 meal, but relented and called the kitchen to report Plaintiff’s complaint. (Id.) 4 Defendant Doe 1 eventually prepared and sent a different meal. (Id.) That meal 5 was also noncompliant, and Plaintiff refused to accept it and requested Defendant Muko 6 report the discrepancies to Defendant Doe 1 and request a corrected or replacement 7 meal. (Id.) Defendant Muko again tried to bully Plaintiff into accepting the meal, but 8 Plaintiff insisted Defendant Muko notify Defendant Doe 1 of the deficiencies and request 9 a corrected or replacement meal. (Id.) Either Defendant Muko never reported the 10 deficiencies to Defendant Doe 1 or Defendant Doe 1 chose not to take any corrective 11 action; Plaintiff never received a corrected or replacement meal and, therefore, had nothing 12 to eat for the remainder of the afternoon. (Id. at 8-9.) 13 2. Dinner on August 15, 2018 14 Defendant Doe II prepared a noncompliant meal for Defendant Valisto to serve 15 Plaintiff. (Id. at 9.) When Defendant Valisto presented the meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff 16 described how it was noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be corrected or 17 replaced. (Id.) Either Defendant Valisto never contacted Defendant Doe II or Defendant 18 Doe II chose not to take any corrective action; Plaintiff never received a replacement or 19 corrected meal and, therefore, had nothing to eat for the remainder of the day. (Id.) 20 3. Breakfast on August 16, 2018 21 Defendant Doe III prepared a meal for Defendant Muko to serve Plaintiff. (Id.) 22 When Defendant Muko presented the noncompliant meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff described 23 how it was noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be corrected or 24 replaced. (Id.) Either Defendant Muko never contacted Defendant Doe III or Defendant 25 Doe III chose not to take any corrective action; Plaintiff never received a replacement or 26 corrected meal and, therefore, had nothing to eat throughout the morning. (Id.) 27 . . . . 28 . . . . 1 4. Breakfast on August 17, 2018 2 Defendant Doe IV prepared a meal for Defendant Muko to serve to Plaintiff. (Id.) 3 When Defendant Muko presented the noncompliant meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff described 4 how it was noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be corrected or 5 replaced. (Id.) Defendant Muko tried to bully Plaintiff into accepting the meal and, 6 although he admitted he had never seen the applicable Restricted Diets Menu or the 7 Restricted Diets Manual, claimed the meal was “fully compliant with ‘food service 8 policy,’” the Restricted Diets Menu, and the Manual. (Id. at 9-10.) 9 Plaintiff continued to refuse the noncompliant meal and insisted it be corrected or 10 replaced, but Defendant Muko “hotly refused to call anyone in the kitchen about the 11 Plaintiff’s complaint” and made an “implied threat of disciplinary action” when he told 12 Plaintiff that he would be “summoning his supervisor to address the Plaintiff’s 13 uncooperative behavior.” (Id. at 10.) However, no supervisor ever came to talk to Plaintiff, 14 so he was unable to inform supervisory staff that he had not been fed breakfast because of 15 Defendant Muko’s bullying and refusal to notify Defendant Doe IV that the breakfast was 16 noncompliant. (Id.) Defendant Muko did not report the deficiencies to Defendant Doe IV, 17 and Plaintiff had nothing to eat that morning. (Id.) 18 5. Lunch on August 17, 2018 19 Defendant Doe V prepared a meal for Defendant Muko to serve Plaintiff. (Id.) 20 When Defendant Muko presented the noncompliant meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff described 21 how it was noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be corrected or 22 replaced. (Id.) Defendant Muko tried to bully Plaintiff into accepting the meal and insisted 23 it fully complied with food service policy. (Id.) Plaintiff refused to accept the 24 noncompliant meal and insisted it be corrected or replaced. (Id.) Either Defendant Muko 25 never contacted Defendant Doe V or Defendant Doe V chose not to take any corrective 26 action; Plaintiff never received a replacement or corrected meal and, therefore, had nothing 27 to eat throughout the afternoon. (Id.) 28 . . . . 1 6. Brunch on August 18, 2018 2 Defendant Doe VI prepared a meal for Defendant Gaye to serve Plaintiff. (Id.) 3 When Defendant Gaye presented the noncompliant meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff described 4 how it was noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be replaced or 5 corrected. (Id.) Defendant Gaye “unhesitatingly lied” to Plaintiff and told Plaintiff that he 6 had “already spoken to kitchen staff about the wrongness of that meal.” (Id.) Defendant 7 Gaye did not identify who he spoke to or “how he could have known what its discrepancies 8 were before the Plaintiff just mentioned them.” (Id.) 9 Defendant Gaye tried to bully Plaintiff into accepting the meal, told Plaintiff “meal 10 service is a ‘take it or leave it proposition,’” and refused to call the kitchen about a problem 11 “he attributed to the Plaintiff’s imagination.” (Id.) Plaintiff continued to refuse the 12 noncompliant meal and insisted Defendant Gaye notify Defendant Doe VI so Defendant 13 Doe VI could correct the meal. (Id.) A short while later, Defendant Gaye “claimed to have 14 called the kitchen” and spoke with Defendant Doe VI, who “disclaimed that this morning’s 15 brunch was incorrectly prepared.” (Id. at 10-11.) 16 Defendant Gaye subsequently delivered a completely different meal, which was a 17 meal that was served to general population inmates and was not a special diet meal. (Id. 18 at 11.) Plaintiff returned the meal to Defendant Gaye, described how it was noncompliant, 19 and insisted Defendant Gaye return it to the kitchen so Defendant Doe VI could examine 20 it, verify what was wrong with it, and either correct or replace it. (Id.) Either Defendant 21 Gaye never contacted Defendant Doe VI or Defendant Doe VI chose not to take any 22 corrective action; Plaintiff never received a replacement or corrected meal and, therefore, 23 had nothing to eat until dinner. (Id.) 24 7. Brunch on August 19, 2018 25 Defendant Doe VII prepared a meal for Defendant Tuozzo to serve to Plaintiff; the 26 meal was a Controlled Protein Diet meal, rather than a Wasting Syndrome Diet meal. (Id.) 27 When Defendant Tuozzo presented the noncompliant meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff described 28 how it was noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be replaced. (Id.) Defendant 1 Tuozzo initially tried to persuade Plaintiff to accept the meal, but then called the 2 kitchen. (Id.) Defendant Tuozzo claimed he spoke with Defendant Barr, who was 3 supposedly going to retrieve the meal and verify that it did not comply with Plaintiff’s 4 Restricted Diet Order. (Id.) 5 Throughout the morning and early afternoon, Plaintiff made numerous inquiries 6 about Defendant Barr having not shown up and requested that Defendant Tuozzo call the 7 kitchen again and speak with Defendant Doe VII, but Defendant Tuozzo refused to call the 8 kitchen again and continued to reassure Plaintiff that Defendant Barr was coming. (Id.) 9 Even after he learned that Defendant Barr either had left work early or had been “posted to 10 other duties,” Defendant Tuozzo would not call the kitchen again to speak to Defendant 11 Doe VII. (Id.) Defendant Tuozzo told Plaintiff to address the problem with the officer on 12 the next shift, who was going to replace Defendant Tuozzo, because that officer was “more 13 knowledgeable about kitchen operations and more experienced with resolving food service 14 problems.” (Id.) However, when Plaintiff talked to that officer, the officer claimed that 15 Defendant Tuozzo had not briefed him about the food issue, there was no mention of the 16 issue in the Correctional Service Log, and he could not locate the Controlled Protein Diet 17 meal Defendant Tuozzo had taken to his post to hold until Defendant Barr arrived. (Id.) 18 Consequently, Plaintiff had nothing to eat until dinner. (Id.) 19 8. Lunch on August 22, 2018 20 Defendant Doe VIII prepared a meal for Defendant Tuozzo to serve Plaintiff. (Id. 21 at 12.) When Defendant Tuozzo presented the noncompliant meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff 22 described how it was noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be replaced or 23 corrected. (Id.) Either Defendant Tuozzo never contacted Defendant Doe VIII or 24 Defendant Doe VIII chose not to take any corrective action; Plaintiff never received a 25 corrected or replacement meal and, therefore, had nothing to eat during the afternoon. (Id.) 26 9. Dinner on August 25, 2018 27 Defendant Doe IX prepared a meal for a nonparty to serve Plaintiff. (Id.) When the 28 nonparty presented the noncompliant meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff described how it was 1 noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be replaced or corrected. (Id.) The 2 nonparty confirmed the meal had been incorrectly prepared, returned it to the kitchen, and 3 tried to call Defendant Doe IX. (Id.) However, Defendant Jones “intercepted” the call, 4 refused to let the nonparty talk directly to Defendant Doe IX, and “flatly denied that 5 anything was wrong with the meal” because “the Central Unit was a restricted-movement, 6 maximum custody facility where . . . Defendant Montaño[] had directed Defendant Trinity 7 to reduce portion sizes for all meals being served.” (Id.) Because the nonparty had already 8 returned the noncompliant meal to the kitchen, had been prevented from speaking directly 9 to Defendant Doe IX, and had not been given a replacement meal, Plaintiff went without 10 food until breakfast the following morning. (Id. at 12-13.) 11 10. Lunch on August 29, 2018 12 Defendant Doe X prepared a meal for Defendant Urrea to serve Plaintiff. (Id. at 13.) 13 When Defendant Urrea presented the noncompliant meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff described 14 how it was noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be replaced or 15 corrected. (Id.) Either Defendant Urrea never contacted Defendant Doe X or Defendant 16 Doe X chose not to take any corrective action; Plaintiff never received a corrected or 17 replacement meal and, therefore, had nothing to eat during the afternoon. (Id.) 18 11. Breakfast on August 31, 2018 19 Defendant Doe XI prepared a meal for Defendant Muko to serve Plaintiff. (Id.) 20 When Defendant Muko presented the noncompliant meal to Plaintiff, Plaintiff described 21 how it was noncompliant, refused to accept it, and requested it be replaced or 22 corrected. (Id.) Defendant Muko “flatly refused” to call Defendant XI or anyone else to 23 report the discrepancies. (Id.) Plaintiff did not receive any food that morning because his 24 meal was returned to the kitchen “without any request for corrective action” and, therefore, 25 no corrected or replacement meal was provided. (Id.) 26 . . . . 27 . . . . 28 . . . . 1 D. Inmate Letters 2 1. Defendant Montaño 3 On August 16, 24, and 25, and September 2, 2018, Plaintiff sent inmate letters to 4 Defendant Montaño regarding the food service discrepancies and the eleven meals he had 5 not received because no corrective action had been taken: the August 16 inmate letter 6 informed Defendant Montaño about the three meals on August 15-16; the August 24 inmate 7 letter informed Defendant Montaño about the discrepancies in the five meals on August 8 17-24; the August 25 inmate letter informed Defendant Montaño about dinner that day; the 9 September 2 inmate letter informed Defendant Montaño about the two meals on August 29 10 and 31. (Id. at 9, 12-13.) Plaintiff contends Defendant Montaño did not respond to any of 11 the letters and did not take any corrective action. (Id.) 12 2. Defendant Merriman 13 On August 24, 2018, Plaintiff sent an inmate letter to Defendant Merriman 14 informing him about the food service problems on August 15-22 and explaining that he 15 had not received eight meals. (Id. at 12.) On August 25, 2018, he sent an inmate letter to 16 Defendant Merriman informing him about the food service problem that day and 17 explaining that he had not received dinner because no corrective action had been 18 taken. (Id. at 13.) On September 2, 2018, Plaintiff sent an inmate letter to Defendant 19 Merriman informing him about the food service discrepancies on August 29 and 31, and 20 explaining that he had not received those two meals because no corrective action had been 21 taken. (Id.) Plaintiff asserts Defendant Merriman did not respond to any of the letters and 22 did not take any corrective action. (Id. at 12-13.) 23 III. Claims for Which an Answer Will be Required 24 Liberally construed, Plaintiff has stated deliberate indifference claims against 25 Defendants Montaño, Merriman, Gaye, Muko, and Tuozzo. The Court will require these 26 Defendants to answer Count One of the First Amended Complaint. The Court will dismiss 27 Count Two because it is essentially duplicative of the allegations in Count One. 28 . . . . 1 IV. Failure to State a Claim 2 Although pro se pleadings are liberally construed, Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 3 520-21 (1972), conclusory and vague allegations will not support a cause of action. Ivey 4 v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982). Further, a liberal interpretation of a 5 civil rights complaint may not supply essential elements of the claim that were not initially 6 pled. Id. 7 To state a valid claim under § 1983, plaintiffs must allege that they suffered a 8 specific injury as a result of specific conduct of a defendant and show an affirmative link 9 between the injury and the conduct of that defendant. See Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 10 371-72, 377 (1976). There is no respondeat superior liability under § 1983, and therefore, 11 a defendant’s position as the supervisor of persons who allegedly violated Plaintiff’s 12 constitutional rights does not impose liability. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658 13 (1978); Hamilton v. Endell, 981 F.2d 1062, 1067 (9th Cir. 1992); Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 14 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989). “Because vicarious liability is inapplicable to . . . § 1983 suits, 15 a plaintiff must plead that each Government-official defendant, through the official’s own 16 individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676. “A plaintiff must 17 allege facts, not simply conclusions, that show that an individual was personally involved 18 in the deprivation of his civil rights.” Barren v. Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 19 1998). 20 To state an Eighth Amendment conditions-of-confinement claim, plaintiffs must 21 meet a two-part test. “First, the alleged constitutional deprivation must be, objectively, 22 sufficiently serious” such that the “official’s act or omission must result in the denial of the 23 minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834 24 (1994) (internal quotations omitted). Second, the prison official must have a “sufficiently 25 culpable state of mind,” i.e., he must act with “deliberate indifference to inmate health or 26 safety.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). Deliberate indifference is a higher standard than 27 negligence or lack of ordinary due care for the prisoner’s safety. Id. at 835. In defining 28 “deliberate indifference” in this context, the Supreme Court has imposed a subjective test: 1 “the official must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a 2 substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Id. at 837 3 (emphasis added). 4 A. Defendant Trinity 5 To state a claim under § 1983 against a private entity performing a traditional public 6 function, such as providing meals to prisoners, a plaintiff must allege facts to support that 7 his constitutional rights were violated as a result of a policy, decision, or custom 8 promulgated or endorsed by the private entity. See Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 698 F.3d 9 1128, 1138-39 (9th Cir. 2012); Buckner v. Toro, 116 F.3d 450, 452 (11th Cir. 1997) (per 10 curiam). A plaintiff must allege the specific policy or custom and how it violated his 11 constitutional rights. A private entity is not liable merely because it employs persons who 12 allegedly violated a plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See Tsao, 698 F.3d at 1139; Buckner, 13 116 F.3d at 452. 14 Plaintiff does not allege that any of the conduct described in the First Amended 15 Complaint was the result of a specific policy or custom of Defendant Trinity. To the 16 contrary, it appears that Defendant Trinity consistently provided Plaintiff with the 17 Restricted Diet Order when Plaintiff was confined at the East Unit and that Plaintiff did 18 not receive the Restricted Diet Order at the Central Unit because Defendant Montaño 19 “directed Defendant Trinity to reduce portion sizes for all meals being served” at the 20 restricted-movement unit. Thus, the Court will dismiss without prejudice Defendant 21 Trinity. 22 B. Failure to Train 23 To state a claim based on a failure to train or supervise, a plaintiff must allege facts 24 to support that the alleged failure amounted to deliberate indifference. Canell v. Lightner, 25 143 F.3d 1210, 1213 (9th Cir. 1998). A plaintiff must allege facts to support that not only 26 was particular training or supervision inadequate, but also that such inadequacy was the 27 result of “a ‘deliberate’ or ‘conscious’ choice” on the part of the defendant. Id. at 1213- 28 14; see Clement v. Gomez, 298 F.3d 898, 905 (9th Cir. 2002) (a plaintiff must allege facts 1 to support that “in light of the duties assigned to specific officers or employees, the need 2 for more or different training is obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in violations 3 of constitutional rights, that the policy[]makers . . . can reasonably be said to have been 4 deliberately indifferent to the need.” (quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 390 5 (1989))). A plaintiff must also show a “sufficient causal connection between the 6 supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.” Redman v. County of San 7 Diego, 942 F.2d 1435, 1446 (9th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted). 8 Plaintiff alleges Defendants Ryan, Merriman, and Montaño’s failure to demand 9 Defendant Trinity’s strict adherence to the food service contract stemmed from their failure 10 to adequately train their subordinates, to whom they had delegated their authority to 11 monitor Defendant Trinity’s compliance with the contract. Plaintiff has failed to make any 12 allegations regarding the training actually provided or how those inadequacies led to his 13 injuries. Plaintiff’s allegations are too vague and conclusory to state a failure-to-train claim 14 against Defendants Ryan, Merriman, and Montaño. Thus, the Court will dismiss this claim. 15 C. Defendant Ryan 16 Plaintiff claims Defendant Ryan knew or should have known that Defendant Trinity 17 was not fulfilling its obligation to feed ADC inmates in compliance with the food service 18 contract and his failure to demand strict compliance with the contract was attributable to 19 his “own disregard.” However, based on Plaintiff’s allegations, any noncompliance with 20 the contract, at least regarding Plaintiff, was limited to the twenty-five days when Plaintiff 21 was confined in the Central Unit. Plaintiff has alleged no facts to suggest that Defendant 22 Ryan was aware that Defendant Trinity was not complying with the contract during this 23 time period or what would have made him aware of this. Absent more, Plaintiff’s 24 allegations are too vague and conclusory to state a claim against Defendant Ryan regarding 25 Defendant Trinity’s failure to comply with the food service contract. The Court, therefore, 26 will dismiss without prejudice this claim against Defendant Ryan. 27 . . . . 28 . . . . 1 D. Defendant Jones 2 Plaintiff alleges that on August 25, 2018, Defendant Jones “intercepted” a nonparty 3 correctional officer’s telephone call to Defendant Doe IX, did not allow the nonparty to 4 talk directly to Defendant IX; and denied that there was anything wrong with the meal 5 because Defendant Montaño had “directed Trinity to reduce portion sizes for all meals 6 being served” at the restricted-movement unit. Plaintiff does not allege any facts 7 suggesting Defendant Jones was acting with deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s health or 8 safety. Thus, the Court will dismiss without prejudice Plaintiff’s claim against Defendant 9 Jones. 10 E. Defendant Barr 11 Plaintiff contends Defendant Barr was supposed to retrieve the noncompliant 12 August 19 brunch and verify that it did not comply with Plaintiff’s Restricted Diet Order, 13 but did not do so because he either left work early or had been “posted to other duties.” 14 Plaintiff’s allegations, at best, suggest that Defendant Barr may have been negligent in 15 failing to retrieve the lunch. But negligence does not constitute deliberate indifference. 16 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835. Therefore, the Court will dismiss without prejudice Plaintiff’s 17 claim against Defendant Barr. 18 F. Defendants Does I through XI 19 As to each individual Doe Defendant, Plaintiff alleges the individual prepared a 20 single noncompliant meal and, if the deficiency was actually reported to the individual by 21 a correctional officer, chose not to take corrective action and provide a corrected or 22 replacement meal. Plaintiff’s allegations do not support a conclusion that any Doe 23 Defendant acted with deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s health or safety; it appears each 24 Doe Defendant prepared the meal and did not take corrective action because Defendant 25 Trinity had been instructed by an ADC official to reduce portion sizes of meals served at 26 the Central Unit. Thus, the Court will dismiss without prejudice Defendants Does I 27 through XI. 28 . . . . 1 G. Defendants Valisto and Urrea 2 At most, Plaintiff alleges Defendant Valisto failed to report to a food service worker 3 that Plaintiff’s August 15 dinner did not comply with Plaintiff’s Restricted Diet Order and 4 that Defendant Urrea failed to report to a food service worker that Plaintiff’s August 19 5 lunch was noncompliant. Plaintiff’s allegations do not support a conclusion that either 6 Defendant Valisto or Defendant Urrea was acting with deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s 7 health or safety. Thus, the Court will dismiss without prejudice Plaintiff’s claims against 8 Defendants Valisto and Urrea. 9 V. Warnings 10 A. Address Changes 11 Plaintiff must file and serve a notice of a change of address in accordance with Rule 12 83.3(d) of the Local Rules of Civil Procedure. Plaintiff must not include a motion for other 13 relief with a notice of change of address. Failure to comply may result in dismissal of this 14 action. 15 B. Copies 16 Plaintiff must serve Defendants, or counsel if an appearance has been entered, a 17 copy of every document that he files. Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(a). Each filing must include a 18 certificate stating that a copy of the filing was served. Fed. R. Civ. P. 5(d). Also, Plaintiff 19 must submit an additional copy of every filing for use by the Court. See LRCiv 5.4. Failure 20 to comply may result in the filing being stricken without further notice to Plaintiff. 21 C. Possible Dismissal 22 If Plaintiff fails to timely comply with every provision of this Order, including these 23 warnings, the Court may dismiss this action without further notice. See Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 24 963 F.2d 1258, 1260-61 (9th Cir. 1992) (a district court may dismiss an action for failure 25 to comply with any order of the Court). 26 IT IS ORDERED: 27 (1) Defendants Montaño, Merriman, Gaye, Muko, and Tuozzo must answer 28 Count One of the First Amended Complaint. 1 (2) Count Two is dismissed without prejudice as duplicative. 2 (3) Defendants Trinity, Ryan, Jones, Valisto, Barr, Urrea, and Does I through XI 3 are dismissed without prejudice. 4 (4) The Clerk of Court must send Plaintiff a service packet including the First 5 Amended Complaint (Doc. 25), this Order, and both summons and request for waiver 6 forms for Defendants Montaño, Merriman, Gaye, Muko, and Tuozzo. 7 (5) Plaintiff must complete3 and return the service packet to the Clerk of Court 8 within 21 days of the date of filing of this Order. The United States Marshal will not 9 provide service of process if Plaintiff fails to comply with this Order. 10 (6) If Plaintiff does not either obtain a waiver of service of the summons or 11 complete service of the Summons and First Amended Complaint on a Defendant within 90 12 days of the filing of the Complaint or within 60 days of the filing of this Order, whichever 13 is later, the action may be dismissed as to each Defendant not served. Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m); 14 LRCiv 16.2(b)(2)(B)(ii). 15 (7) The United States Marshal must retain the Summons, a copy of the First 16 Amended Complaint, and a copy of this Order for future use. 17 (8) The United States Marshal must notify Defendants of the commencement of 18 this action and request waiver of service of the summons pursuant to Rule 4(d) of the 19 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The notice to Defendants must include a copy of this 20 Order. 21 (9) A Defendant who agrees to waive service of the Summons and First 22 Amended Complaint must return the signed waiver forms to the United States Marshal, not 23 the Plaintiff, within 30 days of the date of the notice and request for waiver of service 24 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(d)(1)(F) to avoid being charged the cost of 25 personal service. 26

27 3 If a Defendant is an officer or employee of the Arizona Department of Corrections, Plaintiff must list the address of the specific institution where the officer or employee 28 works. Service cannot be effected on an officer or employee at the Central Office of the Arizona Department of Corrections unless the officer or employee works there. 1 (10) The Marshal must immediately file signed waivers of service of the 2 summons. If a waiver of service of summons is returned as undeliverable or is not returned 3 by a Defendant within 30 days from the date the request for waiver was sent by the Marshal, 4 the Marshal must: 5 (a) personally serve copies of the Summons, First Amended Complaint, 6 and this Order upon Defendant pursuant to Rule 4(e)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil 7 Procedure; and 8 (b) within 10 days after personal service is effected, file the return of 9 service for Defendant, along with evidence of the attempt to secure a waiver of 10 service of the summons and of the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service 11 upon Defendant. The costs of service must be enumerated on the return of service 12 form (USM-285) and must include the costs incurred by the Marshal for 13 photocopying additional copies of the Summons, First Amended Complaint, or this 14 Order and for preparing new process receipt and return forms (USM-285), if 15 required. Costs of service will be taxed against the personally served Defendant 16 pursuant to Rule 4(d)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, unless otherwise 17 ordered by the Court. 18 (11) Defendants Montaño, Merriman, Gaye, Muko, and Tuozzo must answer the 19 relevant portions of Count One of the First Amended Complaint or otherwise respond by 20 appropriate motion within the time provided by the applicable provisions of Rule 12(a) of 21 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 22 (12) Any answer or response must state the specific Defendant by name on whose 23 behalf it is filed. The Court may strike any answer, response, or other motion or paper that 24 does not identify the specific Defendant by name on whose behalf it is filed. 25 . . . . 26 . . . . 27 . . . . 28 . . . . 1 (13) This matter is referred to Magistrate Judge Camille D. Bibles pursuant to 2| Rules 72.1 and 72.2 of the Local Rules of Civil Procedure for all pretrial proceedings as 3 | authorized under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). 4 Dated this 9th day of June, 2021. 5 6 '

g James A. Teil Org Senior United States District Judge 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28