The following opinion was filed February 24, 1880:
LyoN, J.
Unless the plaintiffs were bound in the first instance to produce their application for the insurance, and prove the truth of the statements therein contained, the circuit court properly directed a verdict for them. If they wrere not bound to do so, it is not claimed that they were not entitled to recover. The controlling question to be determined on this appeal is, therefore, Was the burden upon the plaintiffs to show the truth of the statements in the application and a compliance by them with its stipulations, or upon the defendant company to prove breaches of some of those stipulations?
The argument of the learned counsel for the defendant, if we understand it correctly, is that, the action being upon a contract, the whole contract must be pleaded and proved by the plaintiffs; and, inasmuch as the complaint shows that there was an application for the insurance by the plaintiffs, containing statements and stipulations expressly made a part of the insurance contract, the plaintiffs should have pleaded, or at least should have proved, such application, and should have shown that the statements of fact therein contained were true, [436]*436and that they bad complied with all of its stipulations. We do not understand that the established rules of pleading require the plaintiff, in every action upon contract, to aver and prove the whole contract. Chitty, in his treatise on pleadings, says: “ It is also a general rule of pleading, that matter which should come more properly from the other side need not be stated. In other words, it is enough for each party to make out his own case or defense. He sufficiently substantiates the charge or answer, for the purpose of pleading, if his pleading establish a yyrvma facie charge or answer. He is not bound to anticúate, and therefore is not compelled to notice and remove, in his declaration or plea, every possible exception, answer or objection which may exist, and with which the adversary may intend to oppose him.” Vol. 1, p. 225.
“ If the plaintiff allege a condition subsequent to his estate, he need not aver performance, but the breach must be shown by.the defendant, and matter in defeasance of the action need not be stated; and wherever there is a circumstance the omission of which is to defeat the plaintiff’s right of action, prima facie well founded, whether called by the name of a proviso or a condition subsequent, it must in its nature be a matter of defense, and ought to be shown in pleading by the opposite party. In pleading upon statutes, where there is an exception in the enacting clause, the plaintiff must show that the defendant is not within the exemption; but if there bean exception in a subsequent clause, that is a matter of defense, and the other party must show it to exempt himself from the penalty.” Id., 246.
. “ It is sufficient to state those parts of the contract whereof a breach is complained of, or, in other words, to show so much of the terms beneficial to the plaintiff in a contract as constitutes the point for the failure of which he sues; and it is not necessary or proper to set out in the declaration other parts not qualifying or varying in any respect the material parts above mentioned.” Id., 311.
[437]*437Judge Gould, in Ms admirable treatise on the principles of pleading, in chapter 4, states the rules on this subject as follows:
“ Section 17. It is never necessary, by the common law, for the plaintiff, in his declaration, to state or in any manner take notice of any condition subsequent annexed to the right which he asserts; for the office of such a condition is not to create the right on which the plaintiff founds his demand, but to qualify or defeat it. The condition, therefore, if performed or complied with, furnishes matter of defense, which it is for the defendant to plead. Thus, in debt-on bond, it is not necessary for the plaintiff, in his declaration, to state or count upon any other than the penal part of the instrument, leaving the condition to be pleaded by the defendant, if it affords him any defense, as it does if performed; for the penal part of the bond alone constitutes, prima faeie, aright of action.
“ Section 19. It is a general rule that, in declaring upon a deed or other instrument consisting of several distinct parts, the plaintiff is required to state only so much of the instrument as constitutes, prima facie, a complete right of action. And, if any other part of the instrument furnishes the means of defeating the action, it is matter of defense, of which the defendant may, on his part, avail himself for that purpose.
“ Section 20. But, in declaring upon a covenant or upon articles of agreement, an exception (if there be any) in the body of the covenant, etc., must be set out, and the subject matter of the exception must be excluded from the breach assigned;
“ If, then, A. covenants to convey to B. a certain farm except one particular close, B., in an action on the covenant, must state the exception, as well as the rest of the covenanting clause; and, in assigning the breach, must aver that A. has not conveyed the farm except the one specified close; for the exception enters into the deseription of the covenant, and the corresponding exception iij the assignment of the breach is [438]*438necessary to show that the breach is within the covenant. If the declaration should set out.the covenant to convey the farm, without stating the exception, there would be a variance; and if the exception, though stated in the description of the covenant, were omitted in the assignment of the breach, no breach within the covenant would appear in the declaration, since all the land not embraced in the exception might have been conveyed consistently with the truth of such an assignment.
“ Section 21. But if A. covenants to convey to B. a certain farm, with a separate proviso that on A.’s performing a certain act he shall not be bound to convey one particular clpse, parcel of the farm, B., in declaring on the covenant, need not take notice of the proviso; for it does not enter into the description of the covenanting clause on which the action is founded, but is in the nature of a condition subsequent, of which A. may avail himself in his defense, if he has performed the act mentioned in the proviso.”
Conditions precedent —• that is, conditions which must be performed before the agreement of the parties becomes a valid and binding contract — must be alleged in the declaration or complaint, and performance thereof proved by the plaintiff, or he cannot recover on the contract. This rule is elementary. The reason of the rule is, that performance of the condition is a constituent and indispensable part of the right of action. The condition being unperformed, there is not, and never was, any cause of action. Gould on Pl., ch. 4, § 13.
An exception in the body of a covenant must be alleged, and its subject matter excluded from the breach assigned, in order to avoid the consequences of a variance between the averments and proofs, which at common law were serious.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
The following opinion was filed February 24, 1880:
LyoN, J.
Unless the plaintiffs were bound in the first instance to produce their application for the insurance, and prove the truth of the statements therein contained, the circuit court properly directed a verdict for them. If they wrere not bound to do so, it is not claimed that they were not entitled to recover. The controlling question to be determined on this appeal is, therefore, Was the burden upon the plaintiffs to show the truth of the statements in the application and a compliance by them with its stipulations, or upon the defendant company to prove breaches of some of those stipulations?
The argument of the learned counsel for the defendant, if we understand it correctly, is that, the action being upon a contract, the whole contract must be pleaded and proved by the plaintiffs; and, inasmuch as the complaint shows that there was an application for the insurance by the plaintiffs, containing statements and stipulations expressly made a part of the insurance contract, the plaintiffs should have pleaded, or at least should have proved, such application, and should have shown that the statements of fact therein contained were true, [436]*436and that they bad complied with all of its stipulations. We do not understand that the established rules of pleading require the plaintiff, in every action upon contract, to aver and prove the whole contract. Chitty, in his treatise on pleadings, says: “ It is also a general rule of pleading, that matter which should come more properly from the other side need not be stated. In other words, it is enough for each party to make out his own case or defense. He sufficiently substantiates the charge or answer, for the purpose of pleading, if his pleading establish a yyrvma facie charge or answer. He is not bound to anticúate, and therefore is not compelled to notice and remove, in his declaration or plea, every possible exception, answer or objection which may exist, and with which the adversary may intend to oppose him.” Vol. 1, p. 225.
“ If the plaintiff allege a condition subsequent to his estate, he need not aver performance, but the breach must be shown by.the defendant, and matter in defeasance of the action need not be stated; and wherever there is a circumstance the omission of which is to defeat the plaintiff’s right of action, prima facie well founded, whether called by the name of a proviso or a condition subsequent, it must in its nature be a matter of defense, and ought to be shown in pleading by the opposite party. In pleading upon statutes, where there is an exception in the enacting clause, the plaintiff must show that the defendant is not within the exemption; but if there bean exception in a subsequent clause, that is a matter of defense, and the other party must show it to exempt himself from the penalty.” Id., 246.
. “ It is sufficient to state those parts of the contract whereof a breach is complained of, or, in other words, to show so much of the terms beneficial to the plaintiff in a contract as constitutes the point for the failure of which he sues; and it is not necessary or proper to set out in the declaration other parts not qualifying or varying in any respect the material parts above mentioned.” Id., 311.
[437]*437Judge Gould, in Ms admirable treatise on the principles of pleading, in chapter 4, states the rules on this subject as follows:
“ Section 17. It is never necessary, by the common law, for the plaintiff, in his declaration, to state or in any manner take notice of any condition subsequent annexed to the right which he asserts; for the office of such a condition is not to create the right on which the plaintiff founds his demand, but to qualify or defeat it. The condition, therefore, if performed or complied with, furnishes matter of defense, which it is for the defendant to plead. Thus, in debt-on bond, it is not necessary for the plaintiff, in his declaration, to state or count upon any other than the penal part of the instrument, leaving the condition to be pleaded by the defendant, if it affords him any defense, as it does if performed; for the penal part of the bond alone constitutes, prima faeie, aright of action.
“ Section 19. It is a general rule that, in declaring upon a deed or other instrument consisting of several distinct parts, the plaintiff is required to state only so much of the instrument as constitutes, prima facie, a complete right of action. And, if any other part of the instrument furnishes the means of defeating the action, it is matter of defense, of which the defendant may, on his part, avail himself for that purpose.
“ Section 20. But, in declaring upon a covenant or upon articles of agreement, an exception (if there be any) in the body of the covenant, etc., must be set out, and the subject matter of the exception must be excluded from the breach assigned;
“ If, then, A. covenants to convey to B. a certain farm except one particular close, B., in an action on the covenant, must state the exception, as well as the rest of the covenanting clause; and, in assigning the breach, must aver that A. has not conveyed the farm except the one specified close; for the exception enters into the deseription of the covenant, and the corresponding exception iij the assignment of the breach is [438]*438necessary to show that the breach is within the covenant. If the declaration should set out.the covenant to convey the farm, without stating the exception, there would be a variance; and if the exception, though stated in the description of the covenant, were omitted in the assignment of the breach, no breach within the covenant would appear in the declaration, since all the land not embraced in the exception might have been conveyed consistently with the truth of such an assignment.
“ Section 21. But if A. covenants to convey to B. a certain farm, with a separate proviso that on A.’s performing a certain act he shall not be bound to convey one particular clpse, parcel of the farm, B., in declaring on the covenant, need not take notice of the proviso; for it does not enter into the description of the covenanting clause on which the action is founded, but is in the nature of a condition subsequent, of which A. may avail himself in his defense, if he has performed the act mentioned in the proviso.”
Conditions precedent —• that is, conditions which must be performed before the agreement of the parties becomes a valid and binding contract — must be alleged in the declaration or complaint, and performance thereof proved by the plaintiff, or he cannot recover on the contract. This rule is elementary. The reason of the rule is, that performance of the condition is a constituent and indispensable part of the right of action. The condition being unperformed, there is not, and never was, any cause of action. Gould on Pl., ch. 4, § 13.
An exception in the body of a covenant must be alleged, and its subject matter excluded from the breach assigned, in order to avoid the consequences of a variance between the averments and proofs, which at common law were serious.
Prom the foregoing authorities and principles' we deduce the proposition, that, while the plaintiff in an action on contract must allege and prove performance of conditions precedent to the existence of the contract (if there are any), and must allege an exception in the body of the contract, and [439]*439exclude it from, tbe assignment of the breach of the contract, •be is not required to allege conditions subsequent, and prove performance of them. Neither is the plaintiff required to allege mere warranties made by him of existing conditions, and negative a breach of such warranties. These are not conditions precedent, within the meaning of that term as used in the law. A condition precedent calls for the performance of some act or the happening of some event aftér the terms of the contract have been agreed upon, before the contract shall take effect. That is to say, the contract is made in form, but does not become operative as a contract until some future specified act is performed, or some subsequent event occurs. Hence, it is said, “ a condition precedent doth get and gain the thing or estate made upon condition, by the performance of it; as a condition subsequent keeps and continues the estate by the performance of the condition.” Jacob’s Law Dic., title “ Condition.”
A warranty is different. Take for example a warranty by the vendor on the sale of a horse, that the animal is sound. That is an undertaking that a certain condition of things exist when the contract-is made. In an action by the vendor for the price of the horse, it will not be claimed that he must aver the warranty, and negative the breach of it. If the horse-was unsound, it is matter of defense, and must be averred and proved by the purchaser. This is so because the undertaking that the animal was sound is a mere warranty, and not a condition precedent to the validity of the contract. But in a contract for the sale of the horse, absent on a journey, on condition that the animal return safely from the journey, the safe return of the horse is a condition precedent to the existence of the contract of sale, and hence the vendor cannot enforce the contract without averring and proving that the condition has been fulfilled.
We have been referred to no case which holds directly that a warranty of the existence of a certain state of facts at [440]*440the time of making a contract, is a condition precedent to the contract; and we are not aware of any rule of law upon which such an adjudication could be upheld.
"We have not overlooked the difference in the consequences of a breach of an ordinary warranty that certain facts exist, for which compensation may be made in damages, and of a similar warranty, which, by the terms of the agreement, forfeits the contract; yet we do not think such difference converts the latter class of warranties into conditions precedent. Although a breach of such warranty forfeits the contract, still it lacks an essential element of a condition precedent in that it contains no stipulation that an event shall happen or act be done, after the agreement is made in form, before it shall take effect as a contract. The contract, by its terms, takes effect m prmenti, subject to be defeated by proof of the breach of the warranty.
In the light of the rules of law above’ stated, it was not incumbent upon the plaintiffs to set out in their complaint and prove the contents of the application for insurance, nor to prove in the first instance performance of any of its conditions, or the truth of statements contained therein of existing facts, unless such application contained conditions precedent. The application itself is not preserved in the bill of exceptions, and we can only know what it contains by reference to the pleadings.
It appears from the complaint, that the plaintiff made an application for the insurance, and that the same became a part of the policy and a warranty on their part. Certain conditions of insurance indorsed on the policy are set out in the complaint, only one of which prescribes what the application shall contain. It is as follows : “4. Applications for insurance must specify the construction and materials of the building to be insured, or containing the property to be insured, by whom occupied, whether as a private dwelling or how otherwise, its situation with respect to contiguous buildings, and [441]*441their construction and materials, whether any manufactory is carried on within or about it, and, in case of goods and merchandise, whether or not they are of the description denominated hazardous, extra hazardous, or included in the memorandum of special rates.”
The only averments in the answer relating to the contents of the application are: first, that the plaintiffs stated therein that the value of the property on which said insurance was predicated was $22,000; second, that the plaintiffs stated therein that the property was encumbered to the amount of $5,000 only; third, that the plaintiffs stipulated therein that they “ would keep upon and in each story of the said mill building, at all hours and times, about fifty gallons of water, in proper and suitable casks, and at least two pails to each cask, always on hand, ready and in good order;” and fourth, that they stated therein that lard and sperm oil were used for lubricating purposes.
The foregoing is all the information which the record gives of the contents of the application. Applying to them the rules above stated, we find therein warranties of existing facts, and also conditions subsequent, or, as they are sometimes termed, promissory warranties, but we fail to find a condition precedent, performance of which must be,shown in order to establish the contract.
No extended reference to the cases cited to show that it was incumbent on the. plaintiffs to aver and prove in the first instance performance of the conditions in the application, is deemed necessary. The strongest cases in that direction are Bidwell v. Ins. Co., 3 Sawyer (9th Circuit U. S.), 261, and Bobbitt v. Ins. Co., 66 N. C., 70 (8 Am. R., 494). So far as these cases go upon the ground that the plaintiff must aver the whole of the contract, they are sufficiently answered by the above quotations from Chitty and Gould. But it is believed these decisions were made without due regard to the vital distinction between conditions precedent and mere wai’ranties of [442]*442existing facts or circumstances, hereinbefore discussed; and a disregard of this distinction has doubtless betrayed some of the late text writers into the use of loose and inaccurate language in respect to the nature and effect of certain conditions in insurance contracts.
The case of Chapman v. Crooks, 4 Mich., 159, decided by the supreme court of Michigan (2 N. W. Rep., N. S., 374), was substantially a case of an exception in a grant, by reference to another instrument; and, under one of the rules above stated, it was properly held that the plaintiff should have produced such other instrument in order to determine the extent of the grant.
The refusal of the court to permit counsel for defendant to introduce the application while the plaintiffs were proving their case, or to cross-examine one of the plaintiffs concerning the amount of insurance and incumbrances on the insured property, was not error. This was proper evidence, if offered on behalf of the defendant when proving its case; but the defendant had no right to inject it into the plaintiffs’ proofs, in the form of a cross examination or otherwise. As we have seen, these were matters purely defensive, and the burden was with the defendant to prove them.
As was intimated by the late Mr. Justice Paine, in May v. Buckeye Ins. Co., 25 Wis., 291, it would be intolerable to require the plaintiff, in an action on an insurance policy, in the first instance, to prove affirmatively the truth of every statement usually contained in an application for insurance, of the situation and condition of the property insured. Certainly such has not been the practice in this state, so far as we are advised; and we do not think the bar or courts of the state have ever supposed or understood that the law casts so heavy a burden upon the plaintiffs in such cases.
If the plaintiff be held to show affirmatively the performance of conditions precedent proper, leaving it to the defendant to aver and prove breaches of mere warranties and con-[443]*443di.fcions-subsequent, we think the ends of justice will best be promoted. Certainly the pi*actice will be in accord with the settled rules of pleading and evidence.
By the Court. — 'The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
A motion for a rehearing was denied May 11, 1880.