Readb, J.
The plaintiff made a written application to the defendant to insure his property, in which application he undertook to describe the property, its character, quantity, value and situation. In consequence of that application and the
payment of $500, the defendant agreed to insure the property for twelve months against fire, or to pay $20,000 if the property should be burned if the loss should be so much, or else as much as the loss should be, and gave the plaintiff a policy to that effect.
The application was a printed form furnished by the defendant with questions to be answered, and with blanks for the answers, and the blanks were filled up in writing by the plaintiff and signed by him. There was a printed heading to the application, setting forth that, “the estimated value of personal property, and of each building to be insured, and the sum to be insured on each must be stated separately. When personal property is situated in two or more buildings, t’he value and amount to be insured in each must be stated separately, three-fourths only of the value to be insured, &c.”
The application described the property insured as, “raw and manufactured tobacco in a two-story framed building, &c.” And in answer to question 8, of the form, “what is the present cash value of the property on which insurance is wanted ?” the response is, “ the present cash value of the tobacco on hand is $30,000, and it will be increased to $50,000, the average value on hand say $30,000.” And the application concludes in print as follows: “And the said applicant hereby covenants and agrees to, and with said company that the foregoing is a just, full and true exposition of all the circumstances with regard to the condition, situation, value and risk gf the property to be insured, so far as the same are known to the applicant and are material to the risk.”
Upon that application the defendant issued to the plaintiff a $20,000 policy, in which it is expressed to be “subject to the conditions and stipulations endorsed on the back of the policy, which constitute the basis of this insurance.”
One of the aforesaid cpnditions and stipulations on the back of the policy is as follows:
“1. That the basis of this contract is the application of the
insured, and if such application does not truly describe the property, this policy shall be null and void.”
The first question for our consideration is, what is the nature and effect of that application ? Is it a part of the contract, and in the nature of a warranty or condition precedent that the property was as described, or is it a representation preliminary to and outside of the contract?
It may be premised that insurance contracts are in general, subject to the same rules of construction as other contracts. And it is a familiar rule that where there are several separate writings all about the same matter, between the same parties, referring to each other and all necessary to complete the whole, they are all to be read together as if they were all one. Apply that rule to the case before us. The application asks for the policy, and describes the property, and covenants for the verity of the description. Tho policy is issued as asked for in the application, and refers to another writing on the back of the policy for the “conditions and stipulations subject to which it is issued.” And that writing refers back to the application, upon the verity of which the policy is to be valid or null and void. Take away either of these writings, and the contract would be incomplete, and the rights of the parties could not be declared. Read them together, and the contract amounts to this: i.
The plaintiff proposed to the defendant to insure him $20,000 on property, the “present cash value of which was $30,000,” and to continue on an average about that value for twelve months, and that the property was at that time and would continue to be in a certain two-story framed building which was described. And the defendant agreed that if the plaintiff would give him $500, he would make the insurance, and would pay him $20,000 in case of fire if he should lose so much, or such less sum as the loss might be : with the understanding that the property was as described, and should continue so to be, else he was to pay nothing at all.
This view of the case will be found to be abundantly supported by Parsons on Contracts, Parsons on Marine Insurance, and Arch bold’s Nisi Prius, title Insurance, and by the adjudged cases cited by them. It is sufficient to quote the following from Archbold:
“Modern policies of insurance usually contain a number of conditions, stipulations, warranties, &c., either in the body of the instrument or endorsed upon it. Frequently, the policy refers to certain printed proposals of the company as containing the terms of the contract; and in such cases such printed proposals must be deemed apart of the policy, even although they be without stamp, or seal, or signature.”
The application being, therefore, a part of the contract, an important enquiry was, whether the property was correctly described in the application. And the first question is upon whom was the burden of proof? The burden of proof is upon the plaintiff. It would be otherwise if the application were not a part of the contract, but was a mere representation.
Being a part of the contract it was necessary for the plaintiff to set it out in his complaint; and it being in the nature of a warranty or condition precedent, it was necessary that the plaintiff should prove it. Archbold says: “"Where conditions are endorsed upon the policy or contained in certain ' proposals referred to in the policy, they must be set out in the declaration, and there must be an averment showing that the plaintiff has observed them. And where á compliance with them is in the nature of a condition precedent to the plaintiff’s right to recover, a strict compliance must be observed.” And again: “ If an averment of compliance with any of the conditions endorsed on the policy, or contained in any of the proposals of the company referred to in the policy, be traversed, then, if the traverse be in the negative, the plaintiff must prove the averment; but if the averment be in the negative and the traverse be in the affirmative, the defendant must prove his traverse. And if any of these be a condition precedent to
tbe plaintiff’s right to recover, the compliance with it must be strictly averred and as strictly proved.”
The complaint in this case, Art. VI, does aver that the plaintiff had “fulfilled all the conditions of the insurance,” but it doés not set out the conditions embraced in the application, under the idea we suppose that they were not a part of the contract. This defect may be remedied by an amendment at the discretion of the Judge below, when the case goes back if the plaintiff choose to move. The defendant’s traverse ig also general.
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Readb, J.
The plaintiff made a written application to the defendant to insure his property, in which application he undertook to describe the property, its character, quantity, value and situation. In consequence of that application and the
payment of $500, the defendant agreed to insure the property for twelve months against fire, or to pay $20,000 if the property should be burned if the loss should be so much, or else as much as the loss should be, and gave the plaintiff a policy to that effect.
The application was a printed form furnished by the defendant with questions to be answered, and with blanks for the answers, and the blanks were filled up in writing by the plaintiff and signed by him. There was a printed heading to the application, setting forth that, “the estimated value of personal property, and of each building to be insured, and the sum to be insured on each must be stated separately. When personal property is situated in two or more buildings, t’he value and amount to be insured in each must be stated separately, three-fourths only of the value to be insured, &c.”
The application described the property insured as, “raw and manufactured tobacco in a two-story framed building, &c.” And in answer to question 8, of the form, “what is the present cash value of the property on which insurance is wanted ?” the response is, “ the present cash value of the tobacco on hand is $30,000, and it will be increased to $50,000, the average value on hand say $30,000.” And the application concludes in print as follows: “And the said applicant hereby covenants and agrees to, and with said company that the foregoing is a just, full and true exposition of all the circumstances with regard to the condition, situation, value and risk gf the property to be insured, so far as the same are known to the applicant and are material to the risk.”
Upon that application the defendant issued to the plaintiff a $20,000 policy, in which it is expressed to be “subject to the conditions and stipulations endorsed on the back of the policy, which constitute the basis of this insurance.”
One of the aforesaid cpnditions and stipulations on the back of the policy is as follows:
“1. That the basis of this contract is the application of the
insured, and if such application does not truly describe the property, this policy shall be null and void.”
The first question for our consideration is, what is the nature and effect of that application ? Is it a part of the contract, and in the nature of a warranty or condition precedent that the property was as described, or is it a representation preliminary to and outside of the contract?
It may be premised that insurance contracts are in general, subject to the same rules of construction as other contracts. And it is a familiar rule that where there are several separate writings all about the same matter, between the same parties, referring to each other and all necessary to complete the whole, they are all to be read together as if they were all one. Apply that rule to the case before us. The application asks for the policy, and describes the property, and covenants for the verity of the description. Tho policy is issued as asked for in the application, and refers to another writing on the back of the policy for the “conditions and stipulations subject to which it is issued.” And that writing refers back to the application, upon the verity of which the policy is to be valid or null and void. Take away either of these writings, and the contract would be incomplete, and the rights of the parties could not be declared. Read them together, and the contract amounts to this: i.
The plaintiff proposed to the defendant to insure him $20,000 on property, the “present cash value of which was $30,000,” and to continue on an average about that value for twelve months, and that the property was at that time and would continue to be in a certain two-story framed building which was described. And the defendant agreed that if the plaintiff would give him $500, he would make the insurance, and would pay him $20,000 in case of fire if he should lose so much, or such less sum as the loss might be : with the understanding that the property was as described, and should continue so to be, else he was to pay nothing at all.
This view of the case will be found to be abundantly supported by Parsons on Contracts, Parsons on Marine Insurance, and Arch bold’s Nisi Prius, title Insurance, and by the adjudged cases cited by them. It is sufficient to quote the following from Archbold:
“Modern policies of insurance usually contain a number of conditions, stipulations, warranties, &c., either in the body of the instrument or endorsed upon it. Frequently, the policy refers to certain printed proposals of the company as containing the terms of the contract; and in such cases such printed proposals must be deemed apart of the policy, even although they be without stamp, or seal, or signature.”
The application being, therefore, a part of the contract, an important enquiry was, whether the property was correctly described in the application. And the first question is upon whom was the burden of proof? The burden of proof is upon the plaintiff. It would be otherwise if the application were not a part of the contract, but was a mere representation.
Being a part of the contract it was necessary for the plaintiff to set it out in his complaint; and it being in the nature of a warranty or condition precedent, it was necessary that the plaintiff should prove it. Archbold says: “"Where conditions are endorsed upon the policy or contained in certain ' proposals referred to in the policy, they must be set out in the declaration, and there must be an averment showing that the plaintiff has observed them. And where á compliance with them is in the nature of a condition precedent to the plaintiff’s right to recover, a strict compliance must be observed.” And again: “ If an averment of compliance with any of the conditions endorsed on the policy, or contained in any of the proposals of the company referred to in the policy, be traversed, then, if the traverse be in the negative, the plaintiff must prove the averment; but if the averment be in the negative and the traverse be in the affirmative, the defendant must prove his traverse. And if any of these be a condition precedent to
tbe plaintiff’s right to recover, the compliance with it must be strictly averred and as strictly proved.”
The complaint in this case, Art. VI, does aver that the plaintiff had “fulfilled all the conditions of the insurance,” but it doés not set out the conditions embraced in the application, under the idea we suppose that they were not a part of the contract. This defect may be remedied by an amendment at the discretion of the Judge below, when the case goes back if the plaintiff choose to move. The defendant’s traverse ig also general. But considering the complaint to contain all the necessary averments, and the defendant’s traverse to be in the negative — -which is the most iavorable view for the plaintiff, because as we have seen it is necessary that the complaint should contain them — then the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff; and he must bIiow that the cash value of the property at the time of the application, or at least at the time the policy issued was $30,000, and that it continued to be about that up to and at the time of the fire.
It was much insisted on in the argument here, that even if the description of the property was false, yet it was
immaterial,
and therefore did not interfere wTith the plaintiff’s right to recover. But the doctrine of immateriality does not apply when the representation is a part of the contract, and especially when it is in reply to a direct question. “ Where the representation is no part of the contract, it vitiates the policy aá being a fraud merely ; and therefore if it be immaterial or be substantially complied with, it will not affect the validity of the policy.” But if the description of the property were not a part of the contract, but were a mere representation, still it is a great mistake to say that it is immaterial. It was said to be immaterial because the policy compels the defendant not to pay $20,000, but only so much as should be lost by the fire, and therefore the less property on hand to be burned, the less risk for the defendant and the better for him. If that were so it would be difficult to account for the provision in the
policy that the defendant would not insure for more than three-fourths the value of the property on hand. The reason for this limitation is, plainly, to make it to the interest of the plaintiff to take care of the property, and to prevent the dangerous temptation to destroy it for gain. No one .can suppose that the defendant would have insured the plaintiff $20,000 if he had supposed that the property was only worth $20,000, or probably not half so much.
From what we have said, it will appear what were the errors on the trial below, without ‘noticing the defendant’s many exceptious,
seriatim.
His Honor informed the jury that the application was not a part of the contract; that it was a mere representation, and that the only enquiry for them was the value of the tobacco burned. And he very emphatically excluded everthing else from their consideration. All this was error.
It it said however, that a subsequent part of the charge cures these errors. His Honor closed his charge by saying, “ The statements in the application were mere representations, and unless they were fraudulent and false, they would not bar the plaintiff’s right to recover.” If this were so in theory, still it would be dangerous to allow a verdict to stand where there is so much probability that the jury were misled. After he 'had emphatically told them that the only enquiry was, how much tobacco was burned, what did they care for “ mere representations,” which were “ no part of the contract.” But it was not right in theory. Let it be supposed that the statement of the value of the tobacco was a mere representation— a representation of a
faet
— and that representation was false, but not
fraudulent,
and misled the defendant in a material
matter;
the plaintiff could not recover. A representation as an
opinion,
must be not only false but fraudulent; but not so with the representation of a
faet
as distniguished from an
opinion.
The principle is very well stated by Archbold :
“ As the unwriter calculates his risk by what is told to him by the insured at the time of effecting the insurance, the law
exacts from the assured, not only that he state all he knows material to the risk, but that what he states shall be perfectly true —insurance being a contract in which the utmost good faith is required to be observed on the part oí the assured, and if upon effecting an insurance, any representation is made to the underwriter, which is material, and if true, would lessen the risk, if such representation turn out to be false, it will have the effect of vitiating the policy. And it matters little to him whether the party making the representation knows it at the time to be false, or does not know whether it is false or true, or believes it to be true from the representations of others,” &c. So that His Honor erred in telling the jury, that the representations must be “ false and fraudulent.” It was sufficient to avoid the policy if they were false, however honestly made; because it was the representation of a fact calculated to mislead, and not an expression of opinion or belief.
When the case is tried again, the application, the policy and the conditions and stipulations must all be considered as one instrument, as containing the contract. And the plaintiff must aver and prove compliance with all his part of the contract.
If the plaintiff recover, he is entitled to the value of the property burned, which was embraced in the policy, not exceeding $20,000. The value of the tobacco, was what it was worth then and there — what it would have sold for then and there, or what it would have netted the plaintiff in the usual markets, after paying stamp duty and all other usual and necessary expenses.
We do not sustain the defendant’s exception, that the plaintiff had no insurable interest.
There is Error.
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