Battle, J.
Ten resident owners .of l’eal property in the city of Hot Springs petitioned and requested the city council to lay off a certain portion of Hot Springs, in which they resided and had property, into an improvement district ..for the purpose of grading and otherwise improving the streets and alleys therein, and constructing sidewalks and .sewers; and the council,by ordinance, did so, and designated ;the district so laid off, as “ Improvement District No. 1.” A short time .thereafter many owners of real; property within such district presented to the council a petition praying that a general sewer be. constructed ;through, the district from north to south,” and that the costs .thereof be assessed and charged upon the real estate therein. The city council, thereupon, appointed three citizens of Hot Springs a board of improvement. The members of the board so appointed qualified and entered upon the discharge of their duties and procured estimates of the probable cost of constructing the sewer, which was $9,600. The cost of other improvements in the district not named in the petition, such as surfacing and shaping streets,-well holes, and drain pipes connecting with the Hot Springs creel;, street gutters, curb stones, and macadamizing streets, were estimated at $17,100. After this, on the 22d of May, 1885, the city council passed an ordinance, in which they recited that .a majority in value of persons owning real property in the.district had petitioned the council for the construction of sewers and asked that the cost thereof should be assessed and charged upon such property, and recited that the estimated, cost of such sewers was $22,200, which was three and one-half per centum of the assessed value of such property, according to its value as shown by the last county assessment on file in the office of' the county clerk; and therein provided-that said assessment should be levied and paid in successive installments, so that no assessment should in any one year exceed one per centum of the assessed value of the real property, and that the first, installment should be paid on or before the first day of July 1885, and that- the subsequent installments should be paid on or before the first day of July in each succeeding year until all of said assessment was paid. The board admits that $11,709.07 have been collected on this assessment and insists that there are now due and unpaid thereon $1,228.71. To recover the amount remaining unpaid, or a large portion of' it, the boardjinstitutedjthis action against thejreal property upon which it was severally and respectively assessed, and therein made Henry M. Rector and others, the respective-owners of the property, defendants.
Rector answered, alleging, among otber things, that two of the board of improvement were and are non-residents of the district; that a majority of the owners of real property within the district did not sign the petition to the council, asking that the sewers be made and that the cost thereof be assessed and charged upon such pioperty ; and that the board1 had made and were making extensive and expensive sewers and drains outside of the district, at the cost and expense of the owners of the real estate therein, for the benefit of property which was not taxed to pay for the same; and insisted that the assessment made by the council was and is illegal and void, and that the real property in district No. 1 is not and should not be made liable or taxed to pay the cost and expense of constructing the sewers and drains outside of it.
"We find the following facts were shown by the evidence adduced at the hearing of this cause: It was clearly proven that two of the board were at the time of their appointment and thereafter continued, non-residents of the district. Witnesses differ as to the majority in valne of the owners of the real property in the district having signed the petition for sewers. Among the signers of the petition for sewers were Albert B. Gaines, as administrator of the estate of George L. Smith, deceased, and Thomas Howard. The value of the real property in the district constituting a part of the estate of Smith, as shown by the county assessment list on file when the petition was presented, was $40,240. The real property in the district belonging to the Hot Springs Land Improvement Company was of the value of $25,200, as shown by the county assessment; Thomas Howard was a member or stockholder in this company. In estimating the value of the property owned by the petitioners, the value of the property belonging to the estate of Smith and to the Hot Springs Land Improvement Company was counted and included.
The sewers were laid in the district and cost about $8,375. In addition to this there were laid pipes tor surface drainage, twelve inches in internal diameter, and of aggregate length •variously estimated from 500 to 1000 feet, at the cost of one dollar for each’ linear foot! This work was begun about the latter part of June', 1885. In the month of September following the board determined to extend the main sewer two miles and thirty-four feet beyond and south of the district. To accomplish this it borrowed ot Joseph Reynolds $16,500., and agreed to pay for the loan eight per centum per annum interest. The sewer was extended as the board had determined to do, and latéral openings were made in it for a mile beyond the limits of the improvement district, for branch sewers to enter. The reason of the board for extending the sewer and making lateral openings was: They were compelled to construct the main sewer from the north to the south of the district,' that being the course of the running water, and to extend the same to the Hot Springs creek, it ■being the only available outlet. At the southern boundary .and from thence along the sewer to within a quarter of a . mile where it empties into the Hot Springs creek, the territory adjacent is thickly settled. The connection of the sewer .with the creek at the southern boundary of the district would have greatly annoyed the citizens residing in that vicinity and seriously impaired their health, by offensive excrement passing through it, and would have been strongly resisted. In , order to avoid this opposition and the creation of a ■nuisance, the sewer was extended. The lateral openings were left tc accommodate those who would desire to connect with and use the sewer. As .anticipated, many hotels, bath and boarding houses, outside of the district, have been connected with the main sewer, .through, these openings, by branch sewers, and they have, been and ar.e now using ff, without making any compensation for such use or connection.
How much of the $16,500 was used in paying for the improvements made in the district, the-evidence fails to show. One witness testified that a part of it was, but does not state how much. The board, however, admits that $11,709.07 were collected on the assessment made by the council. So-far as the evidence shows how much was expended- for improvements in the district, this amount was amply sufficient-to have paid therefor, and the expenses of its collection.
Hector knew of the formation ot the district; the object, of it; that an assessment had been made by the council to-pay for improvements to be made in the district; that the improvements were being made; made no opposion to these improvements ; paid the first of the installments of the assessment falling due; and acquiesced in the making of the improvements in the district.
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Battle, J.
Ten resident owners .of l’eal property in the city of Hot Springs petitioned and requested the city council to lay off a certain portion of Hot Springs, in which they resided and had property, into an improvement district ..for the purpose of grading and otherwise improving the streets and alleys therein, and constructing sidewalks and .sewers; and the council,by ordinance, did so, and designated ;the district so laid off, as “ Improvement District No. 1.” A short time .thereafter many owners of real; property within such district presented to the council a petition praying that a general sewer be. constructed ;through, the district from north to south,” and that the costs .thereof be assessed and charged upon the real estate therein. The city council, thereupon, appointed three citizens of Hot Springs a board of improvement. The members of the board so appointed qualified and entered upon the discharge of their duties and procured estimates of the probable cost of constructing the sewer, which was $9,600. The cost of other improvements in the district not named in the petition, such as surfacing and shaping streets,-well holes, and drain pipes connecting with the Hot Springs creel;, street gutters, curb stones, and macadamizing streets, were estimated at $17,100. After this, on the 22d of May, 1885, the city council passed an ordinance, in which they recited that .a majority in value of persons owning real property in the.district had petitioned the council for the construction of sewers and asked that the cost thereof should be assessed and charged upon such property, and recited that the estimated, cost of such sewers was $22,200, which was three and one-half per centum of the assessed value of such property, according to its value as shown by the last county assessment on file in the office of' the county clerk; and therein provided-that said assessment should be levied and paid in successive installments, so that no assessment should in any one year exceed one per centum of the assessed value of the real property, and that the first, installment should be paid on or before the first day of July 1885, and that- the subsequent installments should be paid on or before the first day of July in each succeeding year until all of said assessment was paid. The board admits that $11,709.07 have been collected on this assessment and insists that there are now due and unpaid thereon $1,228.71. To recover the amount remaining unpaid, or a large portion of' it, the boardjinstitutedjthis action against thejreal property upon which it was severally and respectively assessed, and therein made Henry M. Rector and others, the respective-owners of the property, defendants.
Rector answered, alleging, among otber things, that two of the board of improvement were and are non-residents of the district; that a majority of the owners of real property within the district did not sign the petition to the council, asking that the sewers be made and that the cost thereof be assessed and charged upon such pioperty ; and that the board1 had made and were making extensive and expensive sewers and drains outside of the district, at the cost and expense of the owners of the real estate therein, for the benefit of property which was not taxed to pay for the same; and insisted that the assessment made by the council was and is illegal and void, and that the real property in district No. 1 is not and should not be made liable or taxed to pay the cost and expense of constructing the sewers and drains outside of it.
"We find the following facts were shown by the evidence adduced at the hearing of this cause: It was clearly proven that two of the board were at the time of their appointment and thereafter continued, non-residents of the district. Witnesses differ as to the majority in valne of the owners of the real property in the district having signed the petition for sewers. Among the signers of the petition for sewers were Albert B. Gaines, as administrator of the estate of George L. Smith, deceased, and Thomas Howard. The value of the real property in the district constituting a part of the estate of Smith, as shown by the county assessment list on file when the petition was presented, was $40,240. The real property in the district belonging to the Hot Springs Land Improvement Company was of the value of $25,200, as shown by the county assessment; Thomas Howard was a member or stockholder in this company. In estimating the value of the property owned by the petitioners, the value of the property belonging to the estate of Smith and to the Hot Springs Land Improvement Company was counted and included.
The sewers were laid in the district and cost about $8,375. In addition to this there were laid pipes tor surface drainage, twelve inches in internal diameter, and of aggregate length •variously estimated from 500 to 1000 feet, at the cost of one dollar for each’ linear foot! This work was begun about the latter part of June', 1885. In the month of September following the board determined to extend the main sewer two miles and thirty-four feet beyond and south of the district. To accomplish this it borrowed ot Joseph Reynolds $16,500., and agreed to pay for the loan eight per centum per annum interest. The sewer was extended as the board had determined to do, and latéral openings were made in it for a mile beyond the limits of the improvement district, for branch sewers to enter. The reason of the board for extending the sewer and making lateral openings was: They were compelled to construct the main sewer from the north to the south of the district,' that being the course of the running water, and to extend the same to the Hot Springs creek, it ■being the only available outlet. At the southern boundary .and from thence along the sewer to within a quarter of a . mile where it empties into the Hot Springs creek, the territory adjacent is thickly settled. The connection of the sewer .with the creek at the southern boundary of the district would have greatly annoyed the citizens residing in that vicinity and seriously impaired their health, by offensive excrement passing through it, and would have been strongly resisted. In , order to avoid this opposition and the creation of a ■nuisance, the sewer was extended. The lateral openings were left tc accommodate those who would desire to connect with and use the sewer. As .anticipated, many hotels, bath and boarding houses, outside of the district, have been connected with the main sewer, .through, these openings, by branch sewers, and they have, been and ar.e now using ff, without making any compensation for such use or connection.
How much of the $16,500 was used in paying for the improvements made in the district, the-evidence fails to show. One witness testified that a part of it was, but does not state how much. The board, however, admits that $11,709.07 were collected on the assessment made by the council. So-far as the evidence shows how much was expended- for improvements in the district, this amount was amply sufficient-to have paid therefor, and the expenses of its collection.
Hector knew of the formation ot the district; the object, of it; that an assessment had been made by the council to-pay for improvements to be made in the district; that the improvements were being made; made no opposion to these improvements ; paid the first of the installments of the assessment falling due; and acquiesced in the making of the improvements in the district. He testified that he was per-fecily willing to co-operate in the organization of a sewer district, and to have paid the assessments necessary to pay for the sewer; but that he opposed the taxing of the property in the district to construct the sewer out of it, and the borrowing money'when there was already enough collected to pay for the sewers in it. He owns real property in the district, upon which $585.04 of the amount sued-for in this action were assessed and charged underfhe ordinance of the council.
A decree for $585.04 was rendered- against this property of Rector; and it was ordered by the court, that if this-amount was not paid within ten days after the date ofithe decree, the property should be sold to pay the same; and Rector appealed.
Special taxes imposed upon property supposed to be benefited, for the improvement of streets, or a locality, can only be levied under authority of positive constitutional or statutory law. The measure of the power, and the mode of its exercise, can only be found in the statute or constitution conferring it, and must, as a general rule, be strictly pursued* All requisitions prescribed and intended by such laws for the protection of the citizen, “ and to prevent a sacrifice of his property, and by a disregard of which his rights might and generally would be injuriously affected,” are mandatory, and must be especially followed, or the acts done will be invalid. 2 Dillon on Municipal Corporations (3d Ed.), secs. 763, 764, and authorities cited ; Cooley on Taxation, (2d Ed.), p. 609, and authorities cited ; Welly Law of Assessments, secs. 275, 282, 299, 321; Radcliffe v. Scruggs, 46 Ark., 96; French v. Edwards, 13 Wall, 511.
The constitution of this state fixes the maximum rates of state, county arid municipal taxation, and then ordains that “ nothing therein shall be so construed as to prohibit the genera] assembly from authorizing assessments on real property for local improvements in towns and cities, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, to be based upon the consent of a majority in value of the property holders owning property adjoining the locality to be affected; but such assessment shall be ad valorem and’uniform.” In pursuance of the authority vested in it by the constitution, the general assembly, by an act entitled “ An act to regulate the manner of assessing real property for local improvements in cities of the first class,” approved March 22d, 1881, after providing how an improvement district shall be formed, and that the order or ordinance establishing it shall be published, provides: “ If within three months after the publication of any such ordinance a majority in value of the owners of real property within such district adjoining the locality to be affected shall present to the council a petition praying that such improvement be made, which petition shall designate in precise terms the nature of the improvement to be undertaken, and that the cost thereof! be assessed and charged upon the real property situated within such district or districts, the city council shall at once appoint three persons, residents of the district, and owners of real property therein, who shall compose a board of improvement for the district.” It then requires each member of the board to qualify within ten days after his appointment, and says: “ Immediately after their qualification the board shall form plans for the improvement within their district as prayed for in the petition, and shall procure estimates for the cost thereof. * * * As soon as said board shall have formed said plan and shall have ascertained the cost of the improvement, it shall report the same to the city council, which shall at once by ordinance assess said cost upon the real property in said district or districts as the case may be, assessing each parcel of real prop-eity according to its value as shown by the last county assessment on file in the office of the county clerk.”
1. Municipal Corporations: Power to make assessment for local improvement. It is, therefore, manifest, that the power of the city council to make an assessment upon real.property, for the purpose of making a local improvement, depends upon the assent or petition of a majority in value of the property holders owning property adjoining the locality to be affected. This fact is jurisdictional, and the want of it makes a local assessment by a city council void. It is prescribed and intended for the benefit and protection of the property holder, and is mandatory and must be followed, or the assessment will be invalid. 2 Dillon on Municipal Corporations, secs. 800, 802, and authorities cited; Sharp v. Spier, 4 Hill, 76.
2. Same: Same. Petition for local improvement. The petition must be signed by property holders owning2. real property adjoining the locality to be affected, or their duly authorized agents. An administrator is not the owner of the real property winch belonged to his intestate at the' time of his death. That belongs to his heirs. They hold the legal title to it, subject to the payment of his debts. The statute authorizing administrators to sign for estates cannot, so far as the heirs ara concerned, give their signatures any ■efficacy in the face of the ponstitution requiring the consent of the owners. Noristh'e signature of a member of a company, or stockholder in a Corporation, to such petition, evidence of the a«sent of the company or corporation to .the assessment.
It is insisted, however, that Rector is estopped by his silence and acquiescence from disputing the validity of the assessment upon his property. Is this true ? Estoppels in pais depend upon facts. “The principle," as said by this court, in Jowers v. Phelps, 38 Ark., 468, “ upon which they are applied is clear and well defined. A party,” says the court, “ who by his acts, declarations, or admissions, or by failure to act or speak under circumstances where he should do so, either designedly, or with willful disregard of the interest of others, induces or misleads another to conduct or dealings which he would not have entered upon but for this misleading influence, will not be allowed, afterwards, to come in and assert his right, to the detriment of the person so misled.” According to this principle an estoppel will arise “from pure but misleading silence with knowledge, or passive consent, joined with a duty to speak.” -Silence of itself will not raise an estoppel. It must be a breach of duty to the person who is misled by it. To constitute it an estoppel, there must be both the opportunity and the duty to speak; and the action of the person asserting the estoppel, which was induced by it, must be the natural and obvious result of the silence, and the party maintaining silence must be in a situation to know that some one is relying thereon, and acting, or about to act, as he would not, had he spoken and asserted his right. Bramble v. Kingsbury, 39 Ark., 131; Gill v. Hardin, 48 Ark , 409; Fones’ Executors v. City of Columbus, 3 Am. & Eng. Corp. Cases, 644; Bigelow on Estoppel (4th Ed.), pp. 564, 565, 575.
In cases like this, there must be some kind of a liability to pay the assessment before an estoppel can arise. The reason silence operates as an estoppel in any case is tbe fact: it would be bad faith for tbe party who has maintained it to assert his right to the detriment of another, who has acted because of it, when, if he had spoken and asserted his rights in time, he would have prevented such action. If an assessment be such that nó one could in good faith act upon it,, and it would not be bad faith, under any circumstances and at any time, for the owner of the property upon which it is-imposed to resist its collection, he could not be estopped by silence from doing so. It, then, becomes important to know upon what theory or principle a special assessment for local improvement is based, and for what purpose and to what extent it can be imposed, and by what rules it is regulated, in. order to determine when the owner of property charged with it will be estopped by silence from disputing its validity.
3. Same: Same Improvements outside of district Estoppel to dispute assesment. “ Special benefits to the property assessed, that is, benefits received by it in addition to those received by the community at large,” says Judge Dillon, “ is the true and only solid foundation upon which local assessments can rest.” They are based upon the assumption that the persons, upon whose property they are imposed, are specially and peculiarly bene-fitted in the enhancement of the value of their property by the expenditure of the money collected on the assessment; and that while 'they are made to bear the cost of the local improvement, they at the same time suffer no pecuniary loss-thereby, “ their property being increased in value by the expenditure to an amount at least equal to the sum they are required to pay.” Upon this theory, or idea, they are required by the constitution of this state to be. based upon the consent of a majority in value of all the property holders owning-property adjoining the locality to be affected, and the statute's provide that when any ten resident owners of real property' in any'city of the first class, or of any portion thereof, shall petition the city council to take steps towards the making of •any local improvement, it shall be the duty of the council to lay off the whole city, “ if the whole of the desired improvement be general and local in its nature to the whole city, or the portion thereof mentioned in the petition, if it he limited to a part of the city only,” into one or more districts, clearly meaning thereby that the limits of the district so laid off shall be co-extensive with the special benefits to be received from the proposed improvement. The board of improvement is required to form plans for the improvement within the district, and to procure estimates of the cost thereof. When this is done, an assessment, based upon such plans and estimates, is then required to be imposed by the council to pay the cost so ascertained; and the money raised upon such assessment is confined by statute to improvements made in the district. While there may be more than one improvement district in a city for the same general purpose, and the statutes authorize the boards of the different districts to combine so as to form one board for the whole territory to be thus improved, so as to make the whole improvement uniform, they positively forbid money raised by assessment in •one district being expended in another. From this it is clear that local or special assessments cannot be imposed upon the property in one district to pay the cost of improvements made in a locality outside of the district, or for the general improvement of the city. Mansf. Dig., secs. 825, 836 ; 2 Dillon on Municipal Corporations, sec. 761; Cooley on Taxation, pp. 606-7-8, and authorities cited; Hammett v. Philadelphia, 65 Penn. St., 146; Washington avenue, 69 Penn St., 352.
It, therefore, follows, if a city council lay off a district for the purpose of making an improvement therein, and upon a petition of owners of real property in the district appoints a board of improvement, and imposes an assessment on the real property in the district to pay the cost of the improvement, and the board on t.he fi¿th and by means of the assessment causes the improvement to be made or constructed, that an owner of real property in the district who knows of the formation of the district, of the assessment, that the improvement is being made on the faith of the assessment, and of the defects or infirmities in the proceedings which make the assessment invalid, and remains silent while the improvements are being made, notwithstanding he has an opportunity to speak, will ever afterwards be estopped from disputing the validity of the assessment. The assessment being made for the special benefit and improvement of .his and the other real property in the district, he cannot stand by in good faith and receive the benefit of the improvement in the enhanced value of his property, and refuse to pay his proportion of the assessment, on the faith of which it was made. Under such circumstances it would be his duty to speak and assert his rights, and failing to do so, he would thereby waive them. Having failed to speak when, in the exercise of good faith, he ought to have done so, he will not be permitted to do so,-when, in the exercise of the same good faith, he ought to remain silent. On the other hand, -if the improvements were extensive and expensive and were made outside of the •district, he would not be estopped from disputing the liability of his property to an assessment to pay for the same. In the latter case there would be no liability or semblance ®f an obligation, in law or equity, to pay, and no duty to speak. No one would have a right to rely on the assessment imposed upon his property to make improvements in the district, for the. purpose of constructing or "making improvemetns outside. The statutes, equity, justice, reason and good conscience forb'id ; and it would be most unnatural and unreasonable to do so. No one would have a right to assert the silence of the property holder in the latter case as an estoppel against him. The highway robber, who has taken the money of the traveller by force and intimidation, can,, with as good Reason, say to the traveller he is estopped from demanding-it, because he did not protest in express terms against surrendering it, when- he was robbed. Fones Executors v. City of Columbus, 3 Am. and Eng. Corp. Cases, 644; The State ex rel. v. Mitchell, 31 Ohio St., 592; Rickett v. Speaker, 77 Ind., 371; Patterson v. Banner, 43 Iowa, 482; Robinson v. City of Burlington, 50 Iowa, 240; Hitchcock v. Golneston, 96 U. S., 350; Daniels v. Tearney, 102 U. S., 420, 422 ; Ferguson v. Landram, 1 Bush, 599 Same v. Same, 5 Bush, 235; Cooley on Taxation, 2d Ed., 1819.
Rector was, probably, estopped from disputing the liability of his property to assessment to-pay for the improvements made in District No. 1; but it appears that enough has been collected, on the assessment made, to .pay for them. The occasion which brought the-assessment into being having passed, and the purpose for-ffhich it was imposed having been accomplished, it has-ceased to exist, and is no longer of any effect. On the assessment made, his property cannot be held liable to contribute to pay the cost of the main sewer laid outside of the-district, that is, the sewer extending two miles and thirty-four feet south of the district.
The decree of the court below, therefore, is reversed, and the complaint of appellee is dismised.