MEMORANDUM OPINION
Granting in Part and Denying in part the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss; Granting in Part and Denying in Part the Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment; Denying the Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment
RICARDO M. URBINA, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
This case comes before the court on the defendants’ motion to dismiss and
for partial summary judgment, and the plaintiffs cross-motion for summary judgment. The
pro se
plaintiff, Thomas Ram-stack, brings suit against multiple defendants
under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, and the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a, alleging that they improperly withheld records and failed to conduct adequate searches. The defendants, specifically the U.S. Department of the Army (“Army”), the Central Intelligence Agency (“CIA”), and the U.S. Department of State (“DOS”), move to dismiss, contending that the plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. The defendants also assert that they conducted reasonable searches in response to the plaintiffs requests. Because the plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to certain requests, the court grants in part and denies in part the defendants’ motion to dismiss. Furthermore, because the agencies conducted adequate searches as to the plaintiffs remaining requests, the court grants the defendants’ motion for partial summary judgment as to those claims and denies the plaintiffs cross-motion for summary judgment.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Factual History
Beginning in the early 1980s and continuing until 2008, the plaintiff made thirteen FOIA requests for documents with the Army, the CIA and the DOS to gain a better understanding of his service in the Army, especially with respect to brain damage he allegedly sustained during his service. Compl. at 3. The plaintiff maintains that he “appears to have suffered from military service-related injuries, including poisoning that left him with toxic encephalopathy,” and that his “memory lapses and distortions [have] left him unable to remember the exact nature of his
service to the U.S. Army or the cause of his brain damage.”
Id.
The plaintiff also states that his brain damage has “interfered extensively with his employment, social life, income and personal well-being.”
Id.
1. Requests to the DOS
In March and June of 1987, the plaintiff made two Privacy Act requests to the DOS. Defs.’ Mot., Ex. E (“Grafeld Decl.”) ¶ 4.
Although the files containing the documentation of the searches performed in response to his requests were destroyed pursuant to DOS regulations in 1994 and 1995, available data in the DOS tracking systems indicate that searches conducted in response to each request yielded no responsive records.
Id.
On January 5, 2008, the plaintiff made a third request
to the DOS for “all records or documents relevant to his service in the U.S. military or service to any other government agency.”
Id.
¶ 5. In response, the DOS notified the plaintiff by letter that he was required to provide a more detailed description of the records requested and include a notarized signature or a signature under penalty of perjury pursuant to 22 C.F.R. § 171.32(a)-(b).
Id.
¶¶5-7. After the plaintiff failed to provide the requested materials, the DOS closed his 2008 request pursuant to Department regulations.
Id.
¶11.
2. Requests to the CIA
The plaintiff also submitted five FOIA requests to the CIA over nearly two decades. Defs.’ Mot., Ex. D (“Nelson Decl.”) ¶¶ 15,16,19 n. 4. In 1988, the plaintiff filed a request for records, but no responsive documents were located.
Id.
¶ 19 n. 4. The file containing the correspondence regarding the searches performed in response to the 1988 request has since been destroyed pursuant to the CIA’s records maintenance procedure.
Id.
The plaintiff then filed a request for documents containing information about himself on December 14, 1992.
Id.
¶ 15. The CIA processed the request under FOIA and the Privacy Act and notified the plaintiff on February 23, 1993 that after conducting thorough searches in its databases, it was unable to locate any responsive records.
Id. &
Attach. 2.
The plaintiff submitted two more FOIA requests for information or records about himself in 2003 — one on July 6 and another on December 8. Nelson Decl. ¶¶ 16-18. After receiving the plaintiffs July 6 request, the CIA informed him that CIA regulations require that he provide a notarized statement containing additional personal and contact information within forty-five days.
Id.
¶ 17. When the CIA did not receive a response from the plaintiff within the allotted time, it closed his request.
Id.
Regarding his December 8 request, the CIA again conducted a search
that yielded no responsive documents.
Id.
¶¶ 18-19. The plaintiff filed an administrative appeal, and the CIA, after confirming that it could not locate any responsive records, denied the appeal.
Id.
¶¶ 22-25.
On February 27, 2007, the plaintiff submitted his final request to the CIA for “copies of all information regarding himself from June 1973 to the present.”
Id.
¶ 26. The CIA conducted an updated search for relevant documents, but again failed to locate any responsive records.
Id.
¶¶ 26-28. The plaintiff appealed, and in June 2007, the CIA informed the plaintiff by letter that it had considered his appeal, but had been unable to locate any responsive documents.
Id.
¶¶ 31-33.
3. Requests to the Army
On July 11, 2006, the plaintiff filed his first request to the Army for records pertaining to his service in the early 1970s. Defs.’ Mot., Ex. B (“Tatum Decl.”) ¶ 8. After conducting searches in five databases, however, Army personnel were unable to locate any records of the plaintiffs service in the Army.
Id.
¶¶ 11-19. The plaintiff made four almost identical FOIA requests between January and February 2008 to the Department of the Army Freedom of Information Act (“DA FOIA”) office for records related to his military service, including documents pertaining to any injuries sustained during service. Defs.’ Mot., Ex. C (“Hargrove Decl.”) ¶¶ 7-10 & Attachs. 1-4. The plaintiff made two of the four requests on January 5, 2008 — one e-mail request and one written request.
Id.
¶¶ 7-8. Personnel at the DA FOIA office sent the plaintiff an e-mail on January 10, 2008 informing him that their office did not maintain Army records.
Id.
¶ 11. The e-mail also provided him with information on how to contact the National Personnel Records Center, where the Army stores records of former active duty personnel.
Id.
Because the plaintiffs other two requests, made on February 21 and 23, 2008 were nearly identical to the January 5, 2008 requests, the DA FOIA personnel re-sent their January 10, 2008 email response to the plaintiff.
Id.
¶ 12.
In August 2006, the plaintiff received a letter from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“Veterans Affairs”), warning him of a possible computer security breach that could affect him and other veterans. Compl., Ex. B. The plaintiff alleges that when he spoke with the clerk at Veterans Affairs, the clerk looked up his records using his social security number and determined that he had been enlisted in the Army from November 1973 to November 1975. Compl. at 7. He recounts that when he asked the clerk how he could verify the information regarding his service, the clerk referred him to the Veterans Affairs headquarters in Philadelphia.
Id.
at 8. When the plaintiff contacted the Philadelphia headquarters, the clerk there confirmed that he had served in the Army between November 1973 and November 1975.
Id.
The plaintiff then filed a VA Form 21-526 (Veteran’s Application for Compensation) with the Veterans Administration (“VA”), presumably seeking recovery for injuries incurred during his alleged service.
Id.
On October 11, 2006, the VA responded, requesting additional information, including “evidence to support [his] claim of being a former prisoner of war”; “statements from fellow prisoners of war, service persons, veterans, doctors or other persons who knew of [his] disabilities in service or shortly after”; and “dates of medical treatment during service.”
Id.
The plaintiff failed to provide the VA with the requested information, claiming to suffer from toxic encephalopathy, a type of brain damage resulting from exposure to toxins, the symptoms of which include memory lapses, sleep disorder, seizures, fatigue and spontaneous utterances.
Id.
at
7, 8. After the VA denied his claim for benefits, the plaintiff appealed.
Id.
at 8. On August 15, 2007, the VA denied the plaintiffs appeal.
Id.
B. Procedural History
On April 15, 2008, the plaintiff filed suit alleging that the Army, the CIA and the DOS improperly withheld information he requested and failed to conduct adequate searches. Compl. at 2. Notably, the VA is not a defendant in this case, and the plaintiff does not allege that the VA deprived him of any rights.
See generally id.
Based on the factual information provided by the defendants, the court interprets the plaintiffs claims arising from his requests as follows: the plaintiff filed three requests for records with the DOS in March and June of 1987 and again on January 5, 2008 (Claims 1-3 respectively); he submitted one request for records to the CIA in 1988, and one each on December 14, 1992, July 6, 2003, December 8, 2003, and February 20, 2007 (Claims 4-8 respectively); and he filed five requests for documents with the Army via a letter on July 11, 2006, a letter on January 5, 2008, an e-mail on January 5, 2008, and two letters dated February 21 and 23, 2008 (Claims 9-13 respectively).
On July 25, 2008, the defendants moved to dismiss the plaintiffs claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted, and for partial summary judgment. Defs.’ Mot. at 1-2. In response, the plaintiff filed an opposition and cross-motion for summary judgment on August 7, 2008, contending that the defendants had not conducted an adequate search in response to his requests. Pl.’s Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss and Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“PL’s Cross-Mot.”) at 2. On August 15, 2008, the defendants filed a reply and opposition. Defs.’ Reply to Pl.’s Opp’n & Opp’n to Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Reply”) at 2. The plaintiff then filed a reply to the defendants’ opposition. Pl.’s Reply to Defs.’ Reply (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 2. The court now addresses the parties’ motions.
III. ANALYSIS
A. The Court Grants the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Claims 3 and 6 and Denies the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Claims 1, 2, 4 and 5
1. Legal Standard for FOIA Exhaustion of Remedies
“Exhaustion of administrative remedies is generally required before seeking judicial review ‘so that the agency has an opportunity to exercise its discretion and expertise on the matter and to make a factual record to support its decision.’ ”
Wilbur v. CIA
355 F.3d 675, 677 (D.C.Cir.2004) (quoting
Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army {“Oglesby I”),
920 F.2d 57, 61 (D.C.Cir.1990)). In the FOIA context, the exhaustion requirement is a prudential consideration, not a jurisdictional prerequisite, and therefore a plaintiffs failure to exhaust does not deprive the court of subject-matter jurisdiction.
Id.
But as a prudential consideration, the exhaustion requirement may still bar judicial review if both (1) the administrative scheme at issue and (2) the purposes of exhaustion support such a bar.
Id.
(citing
Hidalgo v. FBI,
344 F.3d 1256, 1258-59 (D.C.Cir.2003)). With regard to the first factor, the D.C. Circuit has concluded that FOIA’s administrative scheme supports barring judicial review.
Id.
(citing
Hidalgo,
344 F.3d at 1259). As for the second factor, courts look to see whether barring judicial review would “prevent! ] premature interference with agency processes, so that the agency may function efficiently and so that it may have an opportunity to correct its own errors, to afford the parties and the courts the benefit of its experience and expertise, and to compile a record which is adequate for judicial review.”
Weinberger v. Salfi,
422 U.S. 749, 765, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975);
see also Hidalgo,
344 F.3d at 1259 (applying the
Weinberger
description of the purpose of exhaustion in the FOIA context).
If the agency fails to answer the request within 20 days, FOIA deems the requester to have constructively exhausted administrative remedies and permits immediate judicial review. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(C);
Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Rossotti (“Judicial Watch
I”), 326 F.3d 1309, 1310 (D.C.Cir.2003) (citing
Oglesby I,
920 F.2d at 64-65). That said, “[i]f the agency responds to the request after the twenty-day statutory window, but before the requester files suit, the administrative exhaustion requirement still applies.”
Judicial Watch I,
326 F.3d at 1310. Moreover, courts have held that only a valid FOIA request can trigger an agency’s FOIA obligations, and that “failure to file a perfected request therefore constitutes failure to exhaust administrative remedies.”
Dale v. I.R.S.,
238 F.Supp.2d 99, 103 (D.D.C.2002) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3) and 26 C.F.R. § 601.702(c)(5));
see also Judicial Watch I,
326 F.3d at 1311-12 (basing its analysis on the defendant’s argument that the plaintiff had not constructively exhausted because the nonconforming FOIA request could not be considered “received” and thus could not trigger the 20-day limit);
accord Church of Scientology v. I.R.S.,
792 F.2d 146, 150 (D.C.Cir.1986) (noting that FOIA requires “requests [to] be made in accordance with published rules”).
2. The Plaintiff Failed to Exhaust His Administrative Remedies for Claims 3 and 6
a. Claim 3
The DOS argues that the plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies regarding his January 5, 2008 request for documents by not sending certain information that it requested pursuant to regulations governing Privacy Act requests. Defs.’ Mot. at 8-10 (citing 22 C.F.R. § 171.32(a)-(b)). Specifically, the DOS asserts that after receiving the plaintiffs January 5, 2008 request, it notified him by letter on February 19, 2008, that his request needed to be notarized or submitted under penalty of perjury pursuant to 22 C.F.R. § 171.32(a)-(b).
Id.
at 8-9. The DOS also contends that it informed the plaintiff that, pursuant to § 171.32(a), he needed to submit additional information including specific dates of service, security clearances and any other information that could assist its search for records. Grafeld Deck ¶ 7. The plaintiff does not contest that he failed to send the requested infor
mation to the DOS and thereby failed to perfect his 2008 request.
See
Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 6. Accordingly, the court concludes that the plaintiff has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, and the court grants the defendants’ motion to dismiss this claim.
See Dale,
238 F.Supp.2d at 103 (holding that a “failure to file a perfected request [] constitutes failure to exhaust administrative remedies” (internal citations omitted)).
b. Claim 6
The CIA argues that the court should dismiss the plaintiffs claim relating to his July 6, 2003 request because the plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies when he did not send the CIA materials it had requested pursuant to CIA regulations.
Defs.’ Mot. at 9-10. The plaintiff does not contest that he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to this claim. PL’s Cross-Mot. at 2, 6 (asserting that his “failure to appeal the most recent requests” to the CIA has no bearing on his earlier claims against the defendants).
In response to the plaintiffs July 6, 2003 request, the CIA informed him in a letter dated July 11, 2003 that pursuant to CIA regulations, he was required to provide a notarized statement containing certain personal information including the plaintiffs legal name, address, and date and place of birth. Defs.’ Mot. at 9-10. After the plaintiff failed to provide the requested materials, the CIA administratively closed his request.
Id.
at 10. Because the plaintiff has not perfected his request and thereby exhausted his administrative remedies, the court grants the defendants’ motion to dismiss Claim 6.
See Dale,
238 F.Supp.2d at 103.
3. The Defendants Failed to Demonstrate that the Plaintiff Did Not Exhaust His Administrative Remedies for Claims 1, 2, 4 and 5
The defendants assert, and the plaintiff does not dispute, that the files regarding the plaintiffs 1987 Privacy Act requests to the DOS (Claims 1-2) were destroyed in 1994 and 1995. Grafeld Decl. ¶ 4. Available data in the DOS system indicates that the DOS conducted searches of the Central Foreign Policy Records, a principal DOS records system, and of the Office of Passport Services, and that no responsive records were found.
Id.
The defendants provide no further indication as to what, if any, action was taken on the part of the defendants or the plaintiff subsequent to the initial search.
See id.
(stating that “no additional information is available” regarding this claim).
Additionally, with respect to Claim 4, arising from the plaintiffs 1988 request to the CIA, the defendants again assert, without dispute, that the CIA destroyed the file containing the correspondence regarding this request pursuant to applicable maintenance procedures. Nelson Decl. ¶ 19 n. 4. The defendants further indicate that the CIA was unable to locate any responsive documents with respect to the plaintiffs request, but offer no additional information regarding this claim.
Id.
The plaintiff also filed a request with the CIA on December 14, 1992, the basis for Claim 5, and the CIA notified him on February 23, 1993 that after conducting thorough searches in its databases,
it had been
unable to locate any responsive records.
Id.
¶ 15 & Attach. 2. The defendants do not state whether the plaintiff followed up his requests through the administrative appellate process.
See
Nelson Decl. ¶ 15.
Because the failure to exhaust administrative remedies is considered an affirmative defense, “the defendants] bear[ ] the burden of pleading and proving it.”
Bowden v. United States,
106 F.3d 433, 437 (D.C.Cir.1997). If the defendant meets this burden, then the plaintiff “bears the burden of pleading and proving facts supporting equitable avoidance of the defense.” Id. The declaration of Margaret P. Grafeld, Information and Privacy Coordinator and Director of the Office of Information Programs and Services for the DOS (“the Grafeld declaration”), explains that the DOS “found records of having received and processed two Privacy Act requests” from the plaintiff in 1987 (Claims 1-2), but fails to indicate if the DOS provided the plaintiff with a response or final decision regarding his claims, and notes that “no additional information is available to further verify this information.” Grafeld Decl. ¶ 4. Additionally, the declaration of Delores Nelson, Information and Privacy Coordinator in the Office of the Chief Information Officer of the CIA (“the Nelson declaration”), fails to provide any information regarding the CIA’s final adjudication of the plaintiffs 1988 and December 1992 claims (Claims 4-5). Thus, without additional information indicating that the plaintiff did or did not exhaust his administrative remedies, the defendants fall short of satisfying their burden, and the court denies without prejudice their motion to dismiss Claims 1, 2, 4 and 5.
Compare Bowden,
106 F.3d at 437 (stating that the defendant met his initial burden because “the pleadings and undisputed documents in the record” demonstrated that the plaintiff had not timely exhausted his remedies)
with Brown v. Marsh, 777
F.2d 8, 13 (D.C.Cir.1985) (holding that the suit was not subject to dismissal for failure to exhaust administrative remedies because “the defendant failed to allege facts” indicating the plaintiffs failure to exhaust).
B. The Court Grants in Part and Denies in Part the Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
1. Legal Standard for Summary Judgment in FOIA Cases
Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed.R.CivP. 56(c);
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986);
Diamond v. Atwood,
43 F.3d 1538, 1540 (D.C.Cir.1995). In deciding whether there is a genuine issue of material fact, the court is to view the record in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion, giving the nonmovant the benefit of all favorable inferences that can reasonably be drawn from the record and the benefit of any doubt as to the existence of any genuine issue of material fact.
Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co.,
398 U.S. 144, 157-59, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970). To determine which facts are “material,” a court must look to the substantive law on which each claim rests.
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A “genuine issue” is one whose resolution could establish an element of a claim or defense and, therefore, affect the outcome of the action.
Celotex,
477 U.S. at 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548;
Anderson,
477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
FOIA affords the public access to virtually any federal government record that FOIA itself does not specifically exempt from disclosure. 5 U.S.C. § 552;
Vaughn v. Rosen,
484 F.2d 820, 823 (D.C.Cir.1973). FOIA confers jurisdiction on the federal district courts to order the release of improperly withheld or redacted information. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). In a judicial review of an agency’s response to a FOIA request, the defendant agency has the burden of justifying nondisclosure, and the court must ascertain whether the agency has sustained its burden of demonstrating that the documents requested are exempt from disclosure under FOIA and that the agency has adequately segregated exempt from non-exempt materials. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B);
Al-Fayed v. CIA
254 F.3d 300, 305 (D.C.Cir.2001);
Summers v. Dep’t of Justice,
140 F.3d 1077, 1080 (D.C.Cir.1998);
Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. Dep’t of Air Force,
566 F.2d 242, 260 (D.C.Cir.1977). An agency may meet its burden by providing the requester with a
Vaughn
index, adequately describing each withheld document and explaining the reason for the withholding.
Summers,
140 F.3d at 1080;
King v. Dep’t of justice,
830 F.2d 210, 224 (D.C.Cir.1987);
Vaughn,
484 F.2d 820 (fashioning what is now commonly referred to as a
“Vaughn
index”).
2. Legal Standard for FOIA Adequacy of Agency Search
“A requester dissatisfied with the agency’s response that no records have been found may challenge the adequacy of the agency’s search by filing a lawsuit in the district court after exhausting any administrative remedies.”
Valenciar-Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard,
180 F.3d 321, 326 (D.C.Cir.1999). To prevail on summary judgment, “the agency must demonstrate beyond material doubt that its search was reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.”
Nation Magazine, Wash. Bureau v. U.S. Customs Serv.,
71 F.3d 885, 890 (D.C.Cir.1995) (internal quotations and citations omitted). An agency must search for documents in good faith, using methods that are reasonably expected to produce the requested information.
Valenciar-Lucena,
180 F.3d at 326 (citing
Oglesby I,
920 F.2d at 68). The principal issue is not whether the agency’s search uncovered responsive documents, but whether the search was reasonable.
Oglesby I,
920 F.2d at 67 n. 13 (citing
Meeropol v. Meese,
790 F.2d 942, 952-53 (D.C.Cir.1986));
Moore v. Aspin,
916 F.Supp. 32, 35 (D.D.C.1996). The agency need not search every record in the system or conduct a perfect search.
SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n,
926 F.2d 1197, 1201 (D.C.Cir.1991);
Meeropol,
790 F.2d at 952, 956. Nor need the agency produce a document if “the agency
is no longer in possession of the documente ] for a reason that is not itself suspect.”
SafeCard Servs.,
926 F.2d at 1201.
Instead, to demonstrate reasonableness, the agency must set forth sufficient information in affidavits for the court to determine, based on the facts of the case, that the search was reasonable.
Nation Magazine,
71 F.3d at 890 (citing
Oglesby I,
920 F.2d at 68). While an agency’s affidavits are presumed to be in good faith, a plaintiff can rebut this presumption with evidence of bad faith.
SafeCard Servs.,
926 F.2d at 1200. But such evidence cannot be comprised of “purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.”
Id.
If the record raises substantial doubts regarding the agency’s efforts, “particularly in view of well defined requests and positive indications of overlooked materials,” summary judgment is not appropriate.
Valenciar-Lucena,
180 F.3d at 326 (internal quotations and citations omitted).
3. The Court Grants the Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment with Respect to Claims 7-9
The defendants proffer that with respect to the plaintiffs claims arising from his December 8, 2003 and February 20, 2007 FOIA requests to the CIA (Claims 7-8), and his July 11, 2006 request for his service records to the Army (Claim 9), they conducted adequate searches for records using search methods that were reasonably expected to produce responsive documents, but found no records responsive to the plaintiffs request. Defs.’ Mot. at 13. The plaintiff retorts that the defendants have failed to show “beyond material doubt” that they conducted searches reasonably expected to recover responsive records. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 9. The plaintiff maintains that the Army’s search with respect to Claim 9 was inadequate because the Army failed to search VA records in Baltimore or Philadelphia. Compl. at 10. The plaintiff also alleges that the Army failed to adequately describe its search.
Id.
Though the plaintiff acknowledges that the CIA and the Army “have conducted a search of databases traditionally used to find information about military service,” he argues that the requested documents are not likely to be found in traditional government databases because of “political impropriety” and suggests that the defendants inquire about his military service with the VA and former Army General and Secretary of State Alexander Haig.
Id.
at 6-7. The defendants respond that these amount to mere “speculations and hypothetical scenarios” and are “insufficient to overcome the good faith declarations of agencies responding to a challenge to the adequacy of a search.” Defs.’ Reply at 2-3.
a. The Defendants’ Affidavits are Sufficient to Show that the Defendants Conducted Adequate Searches
The court may rely on the Nelson
and Tatum
declarations in determining whether the defendants conducted reasonable searches for documents responsive to the plaintiffs FOIA requests.
Founding Church of Scientology v. Nat’l Sec. Agency,
610 F.2d 824, 836 (D.C.Cir. 1979) (holding that the district court may
rely on agency affidavits as long as they are “relatively detailed[,] ... nonconelusory and submitted in good faith”). The Nelson declaration explains that the CIA searched records systems that it determined were most reasonably calculated to contain documents responsive to the plaintiffs requests (Claims 7-8). Nelson Decl. ¶¶ 20, 27-28. Specifically, the CIA searched the National Clandestine Service records system and the Directorate of Support, Office of Security records system.
Id.
¶ 20. The CIA conducted its searches for relevant records using variations of the plaintiffs name, as well as his social security number and approximate date of birth.
Id.
Similarly, the Tatum declaration explains that, with respect to Claim 9, the Army conducted searches in five electronic databases using the name and social security number provided in the plaintiffs request for records.
Id.
¶¶ 11-17. The databases searched include: the Interactive Permanent Electronic Management Systems, a database containing military personnel records entered beginning in October 2002; the National Personnel Records Center’s Electronic Military Records database, which contains records pertaining to service occurring before 2002; the Defense Manpower Data Center, a database that contains data that may have been lost by other databases or otherwise added at a later date; the Beneficiary Individual Records Locator System, a database that locates a requester’s DD-214 form, which is used to establish a veteran’s benefits claim; and the Defense Finance Accounting Service, a database that stores records for leave and earnings for discharged or retired service members.
Id.
The Tatum declaration indicates that each of the five databases failed to return any records of service for the plaintiff.
Id.
¶ 18.
The court examines searches to determine whether they were “reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents,”
Nation Magazine,
71 F.3d at 890, bearing in mind that the defendants are not required to search all of their records or conduct a perfect search,
SafeCard Servs.,
926 F.2d at 1201. As the Nelson declaration explains, the CIA searched the two records systems it considered most likely to discover records responsive to the plaintiffs request. Nelson Decl. ¶ 20. Likewise, the Tatum declaration indicates that the Army conducted searches in five databases available to it that were reasonably expected to locate responsive documents pertaining to the plaintiffs request for records related to his service with the Army. Tatum Decl. ¶ 8, 11. Both the Nelson and Tatum declarations provide more than a “generalized assertion” that the agencies conducted a reasonable search in that they set forth detailed explanations of the databases and search terms used in the CIA and the Army searches.
See Church of Scientology v. IRS,
792 F.2d 146, 151 (D.C.Cir.1986) (holding that the agency did not meet its “burden of justifying” its searches when it made only a “generalized assertion that it had examined the appropriate subject files”). The declarations indicate that the CIA and the Army each conducted thorough searches in more than a single central records database.
See Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army (“Oglesby II”),
79 F.3d 1172, 1186 (D.C.Cir.1996) (determining that the agency’s decision to search only one of three categories of files was sufficient and reasonably calculated to uncover all responsive records);
Raulerson v. Ashcroft,
271 F.Supp.2d 17, 22 (D.D.C.2002) (concluding that “[i]f the FBI believes that a search of its [central records system] is sufficient, it need not go further”).
b. The Defendants Properly Confined Their Searches to Central Databases
In further response to the plaintiffs argument that the defendants failed to conduct searches reasonably expected to recover responsive records, Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 9, the court notes that when a FOIA request “does not specify the locations in which an agency should search, the agency has discretion to confine its inquiry to a central filing system if additional searches are unlikely to produce any marginal return.”
Campbell v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,
164 F.3d 20, 28 (D.C.Cir.1998). The plaintiffs requests did not specify particular files, databases or records collections to be searched, but instead asked generally for documents related to his purported service.
See, e.g.,
Nelson Decl. ¶ 16
&
Attach. 3 (stating that the plaintiffs July 6, 2003 request was for “information or records on [himself], particularly as it relates to any international disputes in which [he] was involved, beginning in 1973 and continuing to the present” from the CIA); Grafeld Decl. ¶ 5 & Attach. 1 (noting that the plaintiffs January 5, 2008 request to the DOS was for “all records or documents relevant to [his] service in the U.S. military or service to any other government agency from November 1973 through the present”). Because the plaintiff did not specify particular databases to be searched, the defendants’ searches were sufficient.
See Campbell,
164 F.3d at 28 (holding that the FBI is not required to search outside its central records system “when the FOIA requester does not expressly ask it to do so” and additional searches are not likely to yield results).
With respect to the plaintiffs argument that the Army should have searched the VA records in Baltimore or Philadelphia, Compl. at 10, and his recommendation that the defendants question former Attorney General and Secretary of State Alexander Haig, PL’s Cross-Mot. at 7, the court points out that the plaintiff failed to direct the defendants to these particular sources of information in his FOIA requests to the Army,
see Kowalczyk v. Dep’t of Justice,
73 F.3d 386, 389 (D.C.Cir.1996) (holding that agencies are neither “required to speculate about potential leads ... [nor] obliged to look beyond the four corners of the request for leads to the location of responsive documents”). Because the plaintiff did “not specify the locations in which [the] agenc[ies] should search,” the defendants acted within their discretion to confine the searches to databases they reasonably expected to recover responsive records.
Campbell,
164 F.3d at 28.
In sum, with no contradictory evidence, the court accords a presumption of good faith to the affidavits provided by the Army and the CIA concerning the reasonableness of their searches.
U.S. Dep’t of State v. Ray,
502 U.S. 164, 179, 112 S.Ct. 541, 116 L.Ed.2d 526 (1991) (noting that if there is not more than “a scintilla of evidence ... that tends to impugn the integrity” of the government document, the court will “generally accord Government records and official conduct a presumption of legitimacy”). Therefore, the court grants the defendants’ motion for partial summary judgment with respect to Claims 7-9, arising from the plaintiffs requests for documents from the CIA and Army dated December 8, 2003, February 20, 2007, and July 11, 2006.
4. The Court Denies the Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment with Respect to Claims 10-13
The defendants acknowledge that the plaintiff submitted four requests for information about himself to the DA FOIA office in January and February 2008 (Claims 10-13). Hargrove Deck ¶¶ 7-10. In response to these four requests, the
Chief of the DA FOIA office twice advised the plaintiff via e-mail that his office did not maintain any Army records and provided the plaintiff with the contact information for the National Personnel Records Center (“NPRC”), the personnel office that maintains “[a]ll records of formerly active duty military
personnel____” Id.
¶ 4
&
Attachs. 5, 6. The plaintiff does not contest these assertions.
Pursuant to 32 C.F.R. § 518 Appendix B(a), individuals seeking records from the Army under FOIA are instructed to “[e]ontact the DA FOIA/PA office, to coordinate the referral of requests if there is uncertainty as to which Army activity may have records.”
The defendants, however, fad to cite a single case or statute in support of their argument that DA FOIA adequately responded to the plaintiffs requests.
See
Defs.’ Mot. at 13. Moreover, the Army does not explain how the referral procedure satisfies its “responsibility for processing the request.”
Cf. McGehee v. CIA,
697 F.2d 1095, 1110 (D.C.Cir.1983) (stating that an agency “cannot simply refuse to act on the ground that the documents originated elsewhere”). Accordingly, the court denies without prejudice the defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to Claims 10-13.
Id.
(opining that “the more serious the [ ] impediments to obtaining records or the longer the delay in their release, the more substantial must be the offsetting gains offered by the agency to establish the reasonableness of its [referral] system[,] [and noting that] [a]t the extreme, a procedure that, in practice, imposed very large burdens on requesters
(e.g.,
by compelling them to ... submit separate requests to a number of independent bodies) or that resulted in very long delays would be highly difficult to justify”).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the court grants in part and denies in part the defendants’ motion to dismiss, grants in part and denies in part the defendants’ motion for partial summary judgment and denies the plaintiffs cross-motion for summary judgment. An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued on this 24th day of March, 2009.