UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
IN RE: RAIL FREIGHT FUEL SURCHARGE ANTITRUST LITIGATION (NO. II)
This document relates to: MDL No. 2925 Civ. No. 20-00790 (BAH) Misc. No. 20-00008 (BAH)
NIPPON YUSEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA and Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell NYK LINE (NORTH AMERICA) INC.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
BNSF RAILWAY COMPANY and UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Plaintiffs Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha and NYK Line (North America) Inc.
(together, “NYK plaintiffs”) have moved for clarification or reconsideration of this Court’s
unambiguous conclusion in its decision on defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Complaint
or, in the Alternative, Motion to Strike, ECF No. 196, that “NYK plaintiffs’ allegations about the
2009–2013 contract [between NYK plaintiffs and defendants] are time-barred.” In re Rail
Freight Fuel Surcharge Antitrust Litig. (No. II) (“Dismissal Decision”), No. 20-mc-00008
(BAH), MDL No. 2925, 2020 WL 5016922, at *27 (D.D.C. Aug. 25, 2020); see NYK Pls.’ Mot.
Clarification or, in the Alternative, Recons. (“Pls.’ Mot.”), at 1, ECF No. 414. In their view, this
1 conclusion did not “consider[] and reject[] NYK’s lingering effects theory with respect to post-
2008 contracts,” Pls.’ Mot. at 4; NYK Pls.’ Reply Supp. Mot. Clarification or, in the Alternative,
Recons. (“Pls.’ Reply”) at 2–3, ECF No. 426, presumably so that discovery on such a lingering
effects theory may proceed.
“The general purpose of a motion for clarification is to explain or clarify something
ambiguous or vague, not to alter or amend.” United States v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 793 F.
Supp. 2d 164, 168 (D.D.C. 2011) (internal quotation omitted). Though NYK plaintiffs style their
motion as a request for clarification, they in fact ask the Court to revisit the straight-forward
conclusion that their allegations regarding contracts entered after 2008 are time-barred. As
defendants observe, the Dismissal Decision noted that “NYK plaintiffs frame [their allegation
related to the 2009 contract] as just another part of its post-2008 damages claim, such that any
requisite discovery and expanded liability do not defeat tolling.” Defs. BNSF Ry. Co. & Union
Pac. R.R. Co.’s Opp’n NYK Pls.’ Mot. Clarification or, in the Alternative, Recons. (“Defs.’
Opp’n”) at 3, ECF No. 424 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Dismissal Decision, 2020 WL 5016922,
at *27). This Decision explicitly rejected NYK plaintiffs’ efforts to construe their allegation that
the 2009 contract included “the same [inflated rate-based fuel surcharge] argument which
applied in the contracts during 2000 to 2008” as a “lingering effects” allegation. Dismissal
Decision, 2020 WL 5016922, at *27 (alteration in original) (internal quotation omitted). Further,
contrary to NYK plaintiffs’ characterization, see Pls.’ Reply at 3–4, the Court plainly stated that
this allegation would impose an impermissible burden to defendants as a result of both the
“unfair surprise [to] defendants” that would result from allowing NYK plaintiffs to pursue
allegations stemming from a contract entered after December 31, 2008 and the “new discovery
2 [that] would be required.” Dismissal Decision, 2020 WL 5016922, at *27. No ambiguity
necessitating any clarification exists.
NYK plaintiffs’ alternative motion for reconsideration fares no better. Motions to
reconsider interlocutory orders may be granted before the entry of a final judgment, pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), “as justice requires.” Cobell v. Jewell, 802 F.3d 12, 25
(D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Greene v. Union Mut. Life Ins. Co. of Am., 764 F.2d 19, 22 (1st Cir.
1985) (Breyer, J.)); see also Capitol Sprinkler Inspection, Inc. v. Guest Servs., Inc., 630 F.3d
217, 227 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (noting that Rule 54(b) “recognizes [a court's] inherent power to
reconsider an interlocutory order ‘as justice requires’” (quoting Greene, 764 F.2d at 22)).
Several circumstances have been identified as warranting Rule 54(b) reconsideration, including
“where the court has patently misunderstood a party, made a decision outside the adversarial
issues presented by the parties, erred not in reasoning but in apprehension of the relevant issues,
or failed to consider a significant change in the law or facts since its decision.” Hispanic Affs.
Project v. Perez, 319 F.R.D. 3, 6 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Liff v. Off. of the Inspector Gen. for the
U.S. Dep’t of Labor, No. 14-cv-1162 (JEB), 2016 WL 6584473, at *4 (D.D.C. Nov. 7, 2016));
see also Cobell v. Norton, 224 F.R.D. 266, 272 (D.D.C. 2004)). Although this list may not
exhaust the potential justifications for reconsideration, exercise of the discretion granted under
Rule 54(b) to revisit earlier rulings in the same case is “subject to the caveat that where litigants
have once battled for the court’s decision, they should neither be required, nor without good
reason permitted, to battle for it again.” U.S. Tobacco Coop. Inc. v. Big S. Wholesale of Va.,
LLC, 899 F.3d 236, 257 (4th Cir. 2018) (quoting Off. Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Color
Tile, Inc. v. Coopers & Lybrand, LLP, 322 F.3d 147, 167 (2d Cir. 2003)); see also Nat. Res. Def.
Council, Inc. v. EPA, Civ. No. 16-1861 (JDB), 2020 WL 5632410, at *3 (D.D.C. Sept. 21, 2020)
3 (same); Jordan v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Civ. No. 17-2702 (RC), 2019 WL 2028399, at *2
(D.D.C. May 8, 2019) (same).
Instead of demonstrating any of the recognized circumstances when justice may require
reconsideration, NYK plaintiffs raise two arguments already addressed at length in the Dismissal
Decision, in an effort to compel a conclusion more to their liking. First, they argue that no
discovery of post-class-period conduct, beyond that allowed by the Dismissal Decision’s
provision for certain lingering effects damages, would be required to pursue their allegation that
“supracompetitive pricing persisted in [the] 2009 contract . . . based on Defendants’
conspiratorial conduct ending in 2008.” Pls.’ Mot. at 5; see also Pls.’ Reply at 5–6. As
defendants point out, see Defs.’ Opp’n at 6, and as explained in the Dismissal Decision, 2020
WL 5016922, at *27, at a minimum, post-2008 discovery related to defendants’ conduct and
motivations in negotiating the 2009 contract, not just the allegedly supracompetitive prices paid
by NYK plaintiffs over the post-2008 life of that contract, would be required to litigate NYK
plaintiffs’ allegation. Even if this additional discovery did not independently impose burdens on
defendants, the “unfair surprise” to defendants of allegations related to the 2009 contract
remains.
Second, NYK plaintiffs argue that there is no “principled legal or economic basis for
distinguishing lingering effects damages flowing from contracts entered into during, but
extending beyond, a conspiracy period (which this Court held are permissible) from those
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
IN RE: RAIL FREIGHT FUEL SURCHARGE ANTITRUST LITIGATION (NO. II)
This document relates to: MDL No. 2925 Civ. No. 20-00790 (BAH) Misc. No. 20-00008 (BAH)
NIPPON YUSEN KABUSHIKI KAISHA and Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell NYK LINE (NORTH AMERICA) INC.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
BNSF RAILWAY COMPANY and UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Plaintiffs Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha and NYK Line (North America) Inc.
(together, “NYK plaintiffs”) have moved for clarification or reconsideration of this Court’s
unambiguous conclusion in its decision on defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Complaint
or, in the Alternative, Motion to Strike, ECF No. 196, that “NYK plaintiffs’ allegations about the
2009–2013 contract [between NYK plaintiffs and defendants] are time-barred.” In re Rail
Freight Fuel Surcharge Antitrust Litig. (No. II) (“Dismissal Decision”), No. 20-mc-00008
(BAH), MDL No. 2925, 2020 WL 5016922, at *27 (D.D.C. Aug. 25, 2020); see NYK Pls.’ Mot.
Clarification or, in the Alternative, Recons. (“Pls.’ Mot.”), at 1, ECF No. 414. In their view, this
1 conclusion did not “consider[] and reject[] NYK’s lingering effects theory with respect to post-
2008 contracts,” Pls.’ Mot. at 4; NYK Pls.’ Reply Supp. Mot. Clarification or, in the Alternative,
Recons. (“Pls.’ Reply”) at 2–3, ECF No. 426, presumably so that discovery on such a lingering
effects theory may proceed.
“The general purpose of a motion for clarification is to explain or clarify something
ambiguous or vague, not to alter or amend.” United States v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 793 F.
Supp. 2d 164, 168 (D.D.C. 2011) (internal quotation omitted). Though NYK plaintiffs style their
motion as a request for clarification, they in fact ask the Court to revisit the straight-forward
conclusion that their allegations regarding contracts entered after 2008 are time-barred. As
defendants observe, the Dismissal Decision noted that “NYK plaintiffs frame [their allegation
related to the 2009 contract] as just another part of its post-2008 damages claim, such that any
requisite discovery and expanded liability do not defeat tolling.” Defs. BNSF Ry. Co. & Union
Pac. R.R. Co.’s Opp’n NYK Pls.’ Mot. Clarification or, in the Alternative, Recons. (“Defs.’
Opp’n”) at 3, ECF No. 424 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Dismissal Decision, 2020 WL 5016922,
at *27). This Decision explicitly rejected NYK plaintiffs’ efforts to construe their allegation that
the 2009 contract included “the same [inflated rate-based fuel surcharge] argument which
applied in the contracts during 2000 to 2008” as a “lingering effects” allegation. Dismissal
Decision, 2020 WL 5016922, at *27 (alteration in original) (internal quotation omitted). Further,
contrary to NYK plaintiffs’ characterization, see Pls.’ Reply at 3–4, the Court plainly stated that
this allegation would impose an impermissible burden to defendants as a result of both the
“unfair surprise [to] defendants” that would result from allowing NYK plaintiffs to pursue
allegations stemming from a contract entered after December 31, 2008 and the “new discovery
2 [that] would be required.” Dismissal Decision, 2020 WL 5016922, at *27. No ambiguity
necessitating any clarification exists.
NYK plaintiffs’ alternative motion for reconsideration fares no better. Motions to
reconsider interlocutory orders may be granted before the entry of a final judgment, pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), “as justice requires.” Cobell v. Jewell, 802 F.3d 12, 25
(D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Greene v. Union Mut. Life Ins. Co. of Am., 764 F.2d 19, 22 (1st Cir.
1985) (Breyer, J.)); see also Capitol Sprinkler Inspection, Inc. v. Guest Servs., Inc., 630 F.3d
217, 227 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (noting that Rule 54(b) “recognizes [a court's] inherent power to
reconsider an interlocutory order ‘as justice requires’” (quoting Greene, 764 F.2d at 22)).
Several circumstances have been identified as warranting Rule 54(b) reconsideration, including
“where the court has patently misunderstood a party, made a decision outside the adversarial
issues presented by the parties, erred not in reasoning but in apprehension of the relevant issues,
or failed to consider a significant change in the law or facts since its decision.” Hispanic Affs.
Project v. Perez, 319 F.R.D. 3, 6 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting Liff v. Off. of the Inspector Gen. for the
U.S. Dep’t of Labor, No. 14-cv-1162 (JEB), 2016 WL 6584473, at *4 (D.D.C. Nov. 7, 2016));
see also Cobell v. Norton, 224 F.R.D. 266, 272 (D.D.C. 2004)). Although this list may not
exhaust the potential justifications for reconsideration, exercise of the discretion granted under
Rule 54(b) to revisit earlier rulings in the same case is “subject to the caveat that where litigants
have once battled for the court’s decision, they should neither be required, nor without good
reason permitted, to battle for it again.” U.S. Tobacco Coop. Inc. v. Big S. Wholesale of Va.,
LLC, 899 F.3d 236, 257 (4th Cir. 2018) (quoting Off. Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Color
Tile, Inc. v. Coopers & Lybrand, LLP, 322 F.3d 147, 167 (2d Cir. 2003)); see also Nat. Res. Def.
Council, Inc. v. EPA, Civ. No. 16-1861 (JDB), 2020 WL 5632410, at *3 (D.D.C. Sept. 21, 2020)
3 (same); Jordan v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Civ. No. 17-2702 (RC), 2019 WL 2028399, at *2
(D.D.C. May 8, 2019) (same).
Instead of demonstrating any of the recognized circumstances when justice may require
reconsideration, NYK plaintiffs raise two arguments already addressed at length in the Dismissal
Decision, in an effort to compel a conclusion more to their liking. First, they argue that no
discovery of post-class-period conduct, beyond that allowed by the Dismissal Decision’s
provision for certain lingering effects damages, would be required to pursue their allegation that
“supracompetitive pricing persisted in [the] 2009 contract . . . based on Defendants’
conspiratorial conduct ending in 2008.” Pls.’ Mot. at 5; see also Pls.’ Reply at 5–6. As
defendants point out, see Defs.’ Opp’n at 6, and as explained in the Dismissal Decision, 2020
WL 5016922, at *27, at a minimum, post-2008 discovery related to defendants’ conduct and
motivations in negotiating the 2009 contract, not just the allegedly supracompetitive prices paid
by NYK plaintiffs over the post-2008 life of that contract, would be required to litigate NYK
plaintiffs’ allegation. Even if this additional discovery did not independently impose burdens on
defendants, the “unfair surprise” to defendants of allegations related to the 2009 contract
remains.
Second, NYK plaintiffs argue that there is no “principled legal or economic basis for
distinguishing lingering effects damages flowing from contracts entered into during, but
extending beyond, a conspiracy period (which this Court held are permissible) from those
resulting from contracts concluded immediately after a conspiracy’s termination.” Pls.’ Mot. at
6; see also Pls.’ Reply at 6–8. In the context of this multidistrict litigation and specifically of
NYK plaintiffs’ complaint, which consists entirely of claims brought outside the Clayton Act’s
statute of limitations, 15 U.S.C. § 15b, by former putative class members in In re Rail Freight
4 Fuel Surcharge Antitrust Litigation (“MDL I”), No. 07-mc-00489-PLF-GMH, MDL No. 1869
(D.D.C.), the distinction is apparent. As the Dismissal Decision explained in detail, the claims of
former putative class members in MDL I, including NYK plaintiffs, are untimely unless tolled
under the exception to the statute of limitations set forth in American Pipe & Construction Co. v.
Utah, 414 U.S. 538 (1974). American Pipe tolls the claims of former putative class members
that are “predicated on the same acts” as the conduct challenged in the original class action,
“such that ‘there can be no doubt that the defendants have received sufficient notice of the
contours of potential claims.’” Dismissal Decision, 2020 WL 5016922, at *11 (quoting
McCarthy v. Kleindienst, 562 F.2d 1269, 1275 (D.C. Cir. 1977)).
The putative class in MDL I alleged a 2003–2008 class period, asserting that
supracompetitive fuel surcharge formulas were inserted in contracts entered during that time. Id.
at *3–4. Unlike allegations concerning supracompetitive fuel surcharges paid under contracts
entered between 2003 and 2008, which were litigated by the putative class in MDL I, as the
Dismissal Decision explained, allegations concerning a supracompetitive fuel surcharge formula
in a 2009 contract do not satisfy the criteria for tolling because they are “factually separate from
the 2003–2008 conspiracy pursued by the putative class” in MDL I and defendants therefore did
not have fair notice that the contract was at issue. Id. at *27. This reasoning also distinguishes
NYK plaintiffs’ allegations related to the 2009 contract from allegations brought by other
plaintiffs related to multiyear contracts entered during the class period, see Pls.’ Reply at 4,
which, though they may have resulted in lingering effects damages after the class period ended,
were fairly encompassed by the putative MDL I class’s claims, see Dismissal Decision, 2020 WL
5016922, at *27. Finally, NYK plaintiffs’ reliance on In re Domestic Drywall Litigation, No.
15-cv-1712, MDL No. 2437, 2016 WL 3453147 (E.D. Pa. June 22, 2016), is misplaced. See
5 Pls.’ Mot. at 6–7; Pls.’ Reply at 6–7. That case did not concern American Pipe tolling, and
stands only for the limited proposition that the time period for damages calculations may extend
past the alleged conspiracy period. In re Domestic Drywall Litig., 2016 WL 3453147, at *3; see
also Defs.’ Opp’n at 7–8.
None of this analysis breaks new ground, because NYK plaintiffs simply recycle
arguments already rejected in an attempt to relitigate the merits of the determination made in the
Dismissal Decision. Their Motion for Clarification or, in the Alternative, for Reconsideration, is
therefore DENIED.
SO ORDERED.
Date: October 22, 2020 __________________________ BERYL A. HOWELL Chief Judge