Mr. Justice Gabbert
delivered the opinion of the court.
Counsel for appellant insist, first, that the act of the motorman, in allowing appellee to ride without payment of fare, was in direct violation of his orders; without the scope of his authority, and having no proper permit to ride, the company was under no obligations to appellee as a passenger; second, that appellee, by reason of his age, was capable of comprehending the danger incident to alighting from a moving car, and his act in this respect being the proximate cause of the accident, he is precluded from maintaining this action. These propositions will be considered together.
The proximate cause of the injury was the act of appellee in voluntarily alighting from the car, while in motion, and were it not for Ms age, it would be unnecessary to pursue this inquiry further, because in the case of an adult of that age and experience when he would be presumed to be able to comprehend the consequences of his acts, alighting from a car under similar circumstances, and being thus tMown down and Mjured, would constitute contributory negligence, and preclude any recovery for the damages thus sustained; so that the first important question to determine is, whether or not appellee shall be held responsible as a matter of law, for his negligence which contributed to the injury of which he complains. There must be some age when a mMor, who has not attained his legal majority, will be held responsible for his acts and when, by reason of his age, the question of his responsibility for such acts becomes one of law, and not of fact. Courts are widely variant on this question, so far as [119] age is concerned. For such acts “the law fixes no arbitrary period when the immunity of childhood ceases and the responsibility of life begins.” Nagle v. Allegheny R. R. Co., 88 Pa. St. 35. It only imposes upon minors, not prima facie sui juris the duty of giving such attention to their surroundings and care to avoid danger, as may be fairly and reasonably expected from persons of their age, 1 Thompson on Neg. 431, or the caution which a child is required to exercise is according to its maturity and capacity,— a matter to be determined in each case by the circumstances of that case. Consolidated City & C. P. Ry. Co. v. Carlson, 48 Pac. Rep. 635; R. R. Co. v. Gladmon, 15 Wall. 401; 2 Thompson on Neg. 1194; C. & A. Ry. Co. v. Becker, 76 Ill. 25.
If there is a fair doubt as to the child being of the age and capacity that in law it should be held responsible for the act contributing to its injury, the question should be submitted to the jury to say, by their verdict, whether this is so or not. 2 Thompson on Neg. 1182. In this case appellee was upwards of thirteen years of age at the time of the accident; had lived for a year on the street over which the car was operated; appears to have possessed the usual intelligence of boys of that age, and would be presumed to comprehend many dangers to which he might be exposed; but was he capable of appreciating the danger to which he was exposed in this case, to such a degree that he should be held responsible for a failure to exercise reasonable care and caution to avoid it ? He would only be required to give such attention to his surroundings and care to avoid danger as might fairly be expected from one of his years. He was still of that age when the instincts of childhood easily dominate. Was he capable of appreciating, or did he, on account of his youth, realize the dangers to which he was exposed in alighting from a moving car, to such a degree as would prompt him to be reasonably careful in so doing, or refrain from it entirely ? No fair and impartial mind could say, from the evidence in this case, taking into consideration all of the surrounding circumstances that the question of whether appellee should [120] be held responsible for his contributory negligence, was entirely free from doubt. In principle, under the evidence, this question is akin to those where it is proper for a jury to determine, although the facts are undisputed, whether they establish negligence, regarding which it was said by Mr. Justice Hunt, in speaking for the supreme court of the United States, in R. R. Co. v. Stout, 17 Wall. 657: “ Certain facts we may suppose to he clearly established from which one sensible, impartial man would infer that proper care had not been used, and that negligence existed; another man, equally sensible and equally impartial, would infer that proper care had been used, and that there was no negligence. It is this class of cases and those akin to it, that the law commits to the decision of a jury. Twelve men of the average of the community, comprising men of education and men of little education; men of learning and men whose learning consists only in what they have themselves seen and heard; the merchant, the mechanic, the farmer, the laborer; these, sit together, consult, apply their separate experience of the affairs of life to the facts proven, and draw a unanimous conclusion. This average judgment thus given, it is the great effort of the law to obtain. It is assumed that twelve men know more of the common affairs of life than does one man; that they can draw wiser and safer conclusions from admitted facts thus occurring than can a'single judge.”
In this case, taking into consideration the age of appellee, and all the attendant circumstances connected with the accident, we think it was proper to submit to the jury the question of whether or not he was responsible for his negligence in alighting from the car while in motion, or exercised that degree of care and caution in so doing which would he required and expected of him under the circumstances.
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Mr. Justice Gabbert
delivered the opinion of the court.
Counsel for appellant insist, first, that the act of the motorman, in allowing appellee to ride without payment of fare, was in direct violation of his orders; without the scope of his authority, and having no proper permit to ride, the company was under no obligations to appellee as a passenger; second, that appellee, by reason of his age, was capable of comprehending the danger incident to alighting from a moving car, and his act in this respect being the proximate cause of the accident, he is precluded from maintaining this action. These propositions will be considered together.
The proximate cause of the injury was the act of appellee in voluntarily alighting from the car, while in motion, and were it not for Ms age, it would be unnecessary to pursue this inquiry further, because in the case of an adult of that age and experience when he would be presumed to be able to comprehend the consequences of his acts, alighting from a car under similar circumstances, and being thus tMown down and Mjured, would constitute contributory negligence, and preclude any recovery for the damages thus sustained; so that the first important question to determine is, whether or not appellee shall be held responsible as a matter of law, for his negligence which contributed to the injury of which he complains. There must be some age when a mMor, who has not attained his legal majority, will be held responsible for his acts and when, by reason of his age, the question of his responsibility for such acts becomes one of law, and not of fact. Courts are widely variant on this question, so far as [119] age is concerned. For such acts “the law fixes no arbitrary period when the immunity of childhood ceases and the responsibility of life begins.” Nagle v. Allegheny R. R. Co., 88 Pa. St. 35. It only imposes upon minors, not prima facie sui juris the duty of giving such attention to their surroundings and care to avoid danger, as may be fairly and reasonably expected from persons of their age, 1 Thompson on Neg. 431, or the caution which a child is required to exercise is according to its maturity and capacity,— a matter to be determined in each case by the circumstances of that case. Consolidated City & C. P. Ry. Co. v. Carlson, 48 Pac. Rep. 635; R. R. Co. v. Gladmon, 15 Wall. 401; 2 Thompson on Neg. 1194; C. & A. Ry. Co. v. Becker, 76 Ill. 25.
If there is a fair doubt as to the child being of the age and capacity that in law it should be held responsible for the act contributing to its injury, the question should be submitted to the jury to say, by their verdict, whether this is so or not. 2 Thompson on Neg. 1182. In this case appellee was upwards of thirteen years of age at the time of the accident; had lived for a year on the street over which the car was operated; appears to have possessed the usual intelligence of boys of that age, and would be presumed to comprehend many dangers to which he might be exposed; but was he capable of appreciating the danger to which he was exposed in this case, to such a degree that he should be held responsible for a failure to exercise reasonable care and caution to avoid it ? He would only be required to give such attention to his surroundings and care to avoid danger as might fairly be expected from one of his years. He was still of that age when the instincts of childhood easily dominate. Was he capable of appreciating, or did he, on account of his youth, realize the dangers to which he was exposed in alighting from a moving car, to such a degree as would prompt him to be reasonably careful in so doing, or refrain from it entirely ? No fair and impartial mind could say, from the evidence in this case, taking into consideration all of the surrounding circumstances that the question of whether appellee should [120] be held responsible for his contributory negligence, was entirely free from doubt. In principle, under the evidence, this question is akin to those where it is proper for a jury to determine, although the facts are undisputed, whether they establish negligence, regarding which it was said by Mr. Justice Hunt, in speaking for the supreme court of the United States, in R. R. Co. v. Stout, 17 Wall. 657: “ Certain facts we may suppose to he clearly established from which one sensible, impartial man would infer that proper care had not been used, and that negligence existed; another man, equally sensible and equally impartial, would infer that proper care had been used, and that there was no negligence. It is this class of cases and those akin to it, that the law commits to the decision of a jury. Twelve men of the average of the community, comprising men of education and men of little education; men of learning and men whose learning consists only in what they have themselves seen and heard; the merchant, the mechanic, the farmer, the laborer; these, sit together, consult, apply their separate experience of the affairs of life to the facts proven, and draw a unanimous conclusion. This average judgment thus given, it is the great effort of the law to obtain. It is assumed that twelve men know more of the common affairs of life than does one man; that they can draw wiser and safer conclusions from admitted facts thus occurring than can a'single judge.”
In this case, taking into consideration the age of appellee, and all the attendant circumstances connected with the accident, we think it was proper to submit to the jury the question of whether or not he was responsible for his negligence in alighting from the car while in motion, or exercised that degree of care and caution in so doing which would he required and expected of him under the circumstances.
It now becomes necessary to determine whether or not appellant was guilty of negligence in permitting appellee, through its motorman, to ride upon the car, alight therefrom when in motion, without any effort upon his part to restrain him from such acts. Whatever is done by the servant, in the [121] course of Ms employment, the master is liable for, whether such act be one of omission or commission. Phila. & R. R. Co. v. Derby, 14 How. 468; Story on Agency, § 452. This ■.rule is based upon the maxim, “He who does a thing by the .agency of another, does it himself.” Courts frequently experience difficulty in determimng whether the act of the servant upon which it is sought to fix the liability of the master, ■was one in the course of the employment for which the servant was engaged, and the test to apply for the purpose of ascertaimng the master’s liability, when that question is presented, is, that for every act of the servant, in the course of Ms employment, and within its scope, the master is liable if .he would have been liable for the same act if done by himself in the performance of the same service for which the servant was engaged. Wood’s Law of Master and Servant, §§ 280, 322; Russell v. Irby, 13 Ala. 131. A street railway company is a common carrier, with duties similar to those of a railroad ■company, Booth’s Street Railway Law, § 324, and in operating its cars is required to observe at least ordinary care, vigilance and sMll, so far as the rights of third persons may be affected by running its cars along the street of a crowded city. In these operations the invisible corporation, though not actually, is constructively present through agents representing it, and whose acts, withm their respective representative spheres, are its acts. Louisville & N. R. R. Co. v. Collins, 2 Duv. 114, The motorman was charged with the management and control of the car; it was his special duty, regardless of instructions, to exercise reasonable care and diligence in operating it so as to prevent injury to those with whom the relation of carrier and passenger did not exist. The evidence discloses that appellee was permitted to ride upon the car for a period of something over two hours; allowed to alight while the car was still in motion, for the purpose of turning the trolley; he was not upon the car as a passenger, but there because the permission granted to ride and turn the trolley afforded him amusement, which would be naturally attractive to one of Ms years. To allow children to make a [122] playground of a moving street car, or convert that vehicle when so moving into an article of amusement, is certainly exposing them to serious, if not fatal, injuries, and it is as much the duty of the employees of a street car company, to exercise reasonable care and diligence in preventing those not capable of appreciating the danger to which they would be exposed on account of their childish proclivities to amuse themselves in the manner appellee did, as it is their duty to prevent injury to persons of like age exposed to injuries in other ways from the same source. Had the motorman not permitted appellee to ride upon the car merely for amusement, alight therefrom recklessly while in motion, but, on the contrary, had exercised a reasonable degree óf care in preventing him from so doing, the injury might not have occurred. It is contended, however, that appellee was a trespasser, and, therefore, the company was under no obligation to him, except to refrain from wanton or wilful injury. Had appellee been injured while upon the ear, by its negligent management or control, then the relationship which appellee sustained to the company, would become important, but he was not so injured, and no such question is presented for determination in this case. It has been settled by a long line of decisions, that the care and caution required of a child must be measured by its maturity and capacity only, to be determined in each case by the circumstances of that case. Lynch v. Nurdin, 1 Q. B. 29; s. c. 2 Thompson on Neg. 1140; R. R. Co. v. Stout, 17 Wall. 657. In the latter case, and others in which the facts were similar, and known generally in legal literature as “ the turn-table cases,” the plaintiff was injured by unguarded dangerous agencies upon the land of the defendant; but, being an infant, though technically a trespasser, was permitted to recover upon the principle that the natural instincts of the child brought it in contact with the means of danger which the negligent act of the defendant had left exposed, 2 Thompson on Neg. 1195, a principle applicable to the case at bar, for the negligence of appellant consisted in the failure to use; ordinary care to prevent appellee indulging his childish in[123] stincts, and thus expose himself to the means of danger which resulted in his injury. It was not error for the court to refuse the motion for nonsuit, or refuse to instruct the jury to return a verdict for appellant.
The instruction prayed by appellant and refused, upon which refusal error is assigned,.was to the effect that if appellee, previous to the injury, had been warned of the danger of alighting from a moving street car, was thirteen years of age and upwards at the time of the accident, and possessed of the intelligence usual for boys of that age, he was guilty of negligence, which would preclude his recovery.
The danger to which appellee was exposed by leaping from a moving car was not hidden or difficult of comprehension. He had reached that age when, explicitly informed of such danger, it should have created an impression upon his mind which he should have heeded. If, after being so informed, he still chose to voluntarily incur the danger regarding which he had been warned, he should be held responsible for his want of care in this respect. In case of one more youthful, or where the danger was not patent, such an instruction might not be proper, because of the inability of the person thus warned, on account of his youth, to comprehend the character of the danger regarding which he was advised, or remember that he had been so informed; but in case of a boy of the age of appellee at the time of the accident, the fact that he had been told of the danger to which he was exposed, by previous acts of a character similar to that which was the proximate cause of his injury, should have been sufficient, if of the usual intelligence and experience of boys of that age, to have prompted him to avoid such danger in the future, and if he did not, would himself be in fault. The instruction given on the subject of contributory negligence was a correct statement of the law, in so far as it directed the jury to determine the capability of appellee to appreciate the danger to which he exposed himself, from a consideration of the particular matters therein mentioned, but was silent on the subject as to what the law was in the event the evidence [124] ■established he had been warned of such danger. This was the distinguishing feature between the instruction given and 'the one requested; and as there was evidence tending to prove that he had been previously warned of the danger incident to alighting from a moving car, the attention of the jury should have been particularly called to this phase of the ■case, by giving the instruction requested on this subject. On •another trial, it is suggested that in case the evidence again warrants the giving of instructions similar to those under consideration, they should be so framed that a jury will clearly understand that each question therein embraced must be passed upon.
It now remains to consider the ruling of the court upon the offer of appellant to show by a witness that at the time it is claimed appellee made the statement he was to blame for the injury, he had not been given any drug or anaesthetic. Under the instructions given, the all-important question in this case for the jury to determine, was, the capability of appellee to appreciate the danger of alighting from a street car when in motion. It was proper to show he made the •statement claimed, as tending to establish his degree of knowledge regarding such danger; it was, also, proper, on behalf of appellee, to have the statement before the jury that at the time he made such statement, his mind was affected by some drug, given for the purpose of alleviating pain; and certainly it was proper for appellant to show, if it could, that at the time he made the statement, he had not been given such drug. If the jury had found, as a matter of fact, he made the statement, but also believed from the evidence it was made when laboring under the influence of some drug, very likely little or no weight would be attached to a statement by appellee made under those conditions ; but had they also found, had there been evidence to warrant it, that appellee was not affected in the manner claimed, it might have had some effect upon the minds of the jurors as to the weight which should be given such a statement. We cannot say what weight any of this evidence may have had upon the jury—that was a [125] matter for their consideration; nor can we say what influence the evidence excluded might have exerted upon their minds. All we have to deal with is the materiality or immateriality of snch evidence. It was error for the trial court to refuse the-offer of appellant to introduce the proposed evidence. The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.