(PS) Singh v. IRS

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: January 7, 2025
• Docket: 2:24-cv-02162
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RAGHVENDRA SINGH, No. 2:24-cv-2162 DJC AC PS 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE and DAVID PALMER, 15 Defendants. 16

17 18 Plaintiff is proceeding in this action pro se. This matter was accordingly referred to the 19 undersigned by E.D. Cal. 302(c)(21). Plaintiff previously filed a request for leave to proceed in 20 forma pauperis (“IFP”), and that request was granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(1); ECF No. 3. 21 Pursuant to the screening process associated with IFP status, described below, plaintiff’s initial 22 complaint was rejected with leave to amend. ECF No. 3. Plaintiff timely filed an amended 23 complaint (ECF No. 4) which is now before the undersigned for screening. 24 I. SCREENING 25 A. Legal Standard 26 The federal IFP statute requires federal courts to dismiss a case if the action is legally 27 “frivolous or malicious,” fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted or seeks 28 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). 1 Plaintiff must assist the court in determining whether the complaint is frivolous, by drafting the 2 complaint so that it complies with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Fed. R. Civ. P.”). The 3 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are available online at www.uscourts.gov/rules-policies/current- 4 rules-practice-procedure/federal-rules-civil-procedure. 5 Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the complaint must contain (1) a “short and 6 plain statement” of the basis for federal jurisdiction (that is, the reason the case is filed in this 7 court, rather than in a state court), (2) a short and plain statement showing that plaintiff is entitled 8 to relief (that is, who harmed the plaintiff, and in what way), and (3) a demand for the relief 9 sought. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Plaintiff’s claims must be set forth simply, concisely and directly. 10 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(1). Forms are available to help pro se plaintiffs organize their complaint in 11 the proper way. They are available at the Clerk’s Office, 501 I Street, 4th Floor (Rm. 4-200), 12 Sacramento, CA 95814, or online at www.uscourts.gov/forms/pro-se-forms. 13 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact. 14 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the 15 court will (1) accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint, unless they 16 are clearly baseless or fanciful, (2) construe those allegations in the light most favorable to the 17 plaintiff, and (3) resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. See Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327; Von 18 Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010), cert. 19 denied, 564 U.S. 1037 (2011). 20 The court applies the same rules of construction in determining whether the complaint 21 states a claim on which relief can be granted. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (court 22 must accept the allegations as true); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974) (court must 23 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff). Pro se pleadings are held to a 24 less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 25 (1972). However, the court need not accept as true conclusory allegations, unreasonable 26 inferences, or unwarranted deductions of fact. Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 27 624 (9th Cir. 1981). A formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action does not suffice 28 to state a claim. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 1 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 2 To state a claim on which relief may be granted, the plaintiff must allege enough facts “to 3 state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has 4 facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 5 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 6 678. A pro se litigant is entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the complaint and an opportunity 7 to amend unless the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See Noll v. 8 Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superseded on other grounds by statute as stated in 9 Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122 (9th Cir.2000)) (en banc). 10 B. The Initial Complaint 11 Plaintiff’s initial complaint alleged that defendants caused the loss of millions of dollars’ 12 worth of plaintiff’s property by denying him the right to pay taxes. ECF No. 1 at 1. Plaintiff 13 alleged that his properties were protected by IRS liens, but that the IRS conspired with state 14 officials to allow the state to take his property by lowering the priority of IRS liens without 15 informing plaintiff. Id. Plaintiff alleged all of this was done during his incarceration between 16 2019 and 2022. Id. Plaintiff further alleged that the Sacramento District Attorney is prosecuting 17 minorities for non-criminal, fabricated charges. Id. at 2. Plaintiff sought injunctive relief 18 regarding his lost properties. Id. at 2. Plaintiff asserted that taking property without informing 19 the owner is an Extrinsic Fraud. Id. Plaintiff alleged that the failure of the IRS to give proper 20 notice deprived him of the opportunity to litigate the tax liability. Id. Plaintiff asserted violations 21 of sections 7432 and 7433 of the Internal Revenue Code. Id. at 3. Plaintiff also indicated that he 22 wanted to bring a Bivens Action. Id. 23 The undersigned rejected the initial complaint on screening, explaining that it did not state 24 a claim upon which relief can be granted. The undersigned explained that sections 7432 and 7433 25 of the Internal Revenue Code allow taxpayers to bring civil actions in the United States district 26 courts to recover damages from the government when an IRS officer or employee knowingly or 27 negligently fails to release a lien (§ 7432) or recklessly or intentionally disregards any provision 28 of the Internal Revenue Code, or any regulation promulgated thereunder (§ 7433). An action for 1 damages under Section 7432 must be brought “within 2 years after the date the right of action 2 accrues.” Id. at (d)(3). “A cause of action accrues when the taxpayer has had a reasonable 3 opportunity to discover all essential elements of a possible cause of action.” 26 U.S.C. 4 §7432(d)(3). The provision also requires that “judgment for damages shall not be awarded . . . 5 unless the court determines that the plaintiff has exhausted the administrative remedies available 6 to such plaintiff within the Internal Revenue Service.” 26 U.S.C. §7432(d)(1). Section 7433 7 contains these same limitations. 26 U.S.C. § 7433(d)(1)-(3). 8 Taking the facts alleged in plaintiff’s complaint as true, the court explained that it did not 9 appear plaintiff could state a claim under either of these statutes because the allegations 10 themselves do not align with the plain language of the statutes. Plaintiff claimed his property was 11 “protected by IRS’s liens” but that the IRS conspired with state officials to take his properties “by 12 lowering the priority of IRS’s liens without informing Singh and without any notice to Singh.” 13 ECF No. 1 at 1. The court explained that those allegations do not support claims under § 7432, 14 which provides a cause of action when a lien is not properly released. Further, the court 15 explained that the facts alleged could not support a claim under § 7433, because plaintiff did not 16 identify any provision of the Internal Revenue Code that was allegedly disregarded or provide 17 any facts to support that part of the code was disregarded. 18 In the order screening the initial complaint, the court noted that substance of plaintiff’s 19 complaint is that the IRS allowed the State to prioritize its claim to plaintiff’s property over 20 enforcing its own rights. Plaintiff did not allege that the IRS had an improper lien on his 21 properties, or even that the IRS enforced a lien or took plaintiff’s property. Instead, plaintiff was 22 suing the IRS because it did not enforce its liens, freeing up other creditors to do so. The court 23 explained that it does not believe that the decision not to enforce a lien or seize plaintiff’s 24 property can create a cause of action against the IRS, and plaintiff’s compliant did not 25 demonstrate otherwise. Further, the court noted there was no indication that plaintiff has 26 exhausted his administrative remedies with the IRS. 27 The court further explained that a Bivins action was not available under the facts alleged 28 in the initial complaint. ECF No. 1 at 2. In Bivins v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Fed. 1 Narcotics Bureau, 403 U.S. 388 (1971), the Supreme Court recognized a cause of action against 2 federal actors for constitutional torts that is analogous to a cause of action under 42 U.S.C. § 3 1983. The U.S. Supreme Court has effectively restricted Bivens claims to certain violations of 4 the Fourth, Fifth and Eighth Amendments. See Bivens, 403 U.S. 388 (Fourth Amendment illegal 5 search and arrest); Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228 (Fifth Amendment due process); Carlson v. 6 Green, 446 U.S. 14 (1980) (Eighth Amendment wrongful death of prisoner). 7 In the initial complaint, plaintiff cited a Seventh Circuit case, Cameron v. IRS, 773 F.2d 8 126, 129 (7th Cir. 1985) for the proposition that there is a potential Bivins action when an IRS 9 agent violates a person’s Fourth or Fifth Amendment rights. ECF No. 1 at 3. The undersigned 10 explained that Cameron, while not binding on this court, is instructive in explaining the types of 11 unusual and extreme circumstances in which a Bivens action may be available against an IRS 12 agent. In Cameron, the Seventh Circuit evaluated a “tax protester” plaintiff’s putative Bivins 13 claim against an IRS employee for badgering the plaintiff in connection with the attempt to 14 collect taxes. Cameron, 773 F.2d at 128. The Seventh Circuit held that a Bivens claim is not 15 available for claims arising from ordinary tax collection and related errors. Id. 16 The Cameron court explained: 17 If in the course of enforcing the tax laws internal revenue agents ransack people’s homes without a warrant, or otherwise violate the 18 Fourth Amendment, the argument for a damage remedy against the agents is a powerful one, since a suit for a tax refund would not be 19 an adequate substitute . . . But the argument becomes completely untenable when as in this case the only claim is that the agents made 20 mistakes, subjected the taxpayer to unnecessary inconvenience, failed to explore possibilities for settlement, or otherwise failed to 21 come up to the highest standards of conduct for government officers dealing with citizens. In an era of heavy taxation, many taxpayers, 22 not merely “tax protesters,” feel intense irritation at the federal tax authorities, and the courts would be flooded with frivolous cases if 23 the unavoidable frictions generated by tax collection gave rise to potential damage claims against internal revenue agents. 24 25 Cameron, 773 F.2d at 128–29. 26 The undersigned concluded that the initial complaint did not state a Bivins cause of action 27 because the only allegations were that Singh’s property was “protected by IRS’s liens” and that 28 by lowering its own lien priority, and denying Singh his right to pay taxes, defendant caused 1 plaintiff’s loss of his properties to the state. ECF No. 1 at 3. The complaint, “insofar as it seeks 2 damages against the individual defendants for excesses in the performance of their official duties, 3 fails to state a claim[.]” Cameron, 773 F.2d at 129. 4 Following the explanation of the complaint’s deficiencies, the undersigned declined to 5 serve the initial complaint but provided plaintiff an opportunity to amend his complaint to allege 6 facts supporting a cognizable cause of action. 7 C. The Amended Complaint 8 Now before the court for screening is plaintiff’s amended complaint. ECF No. 4. Like 9 the initial complaint, it alleges that the IRS acted illegally by not enforcing its own liens and 10 allowing state officials to seize plaintiff’s properties. ECF No. 4 at 1. The amended complaint 11 does not allege a Bivins cause of action, but again invokes 26 U.S.C. § 7432 and§ 7433. The 12 central allegation is the same as that presented in the initial complaint: that the IRS failed to 13 enforce its liens against plaintiff’s properties. The amended complaint alleges “Singh has Right 14 to pay Taxes and Right to have Properties. These Rights were violated by NOT ENFORCING 15 IRS’S LIENS and by taking Singh’s personal and real properties without even informing Singh 16 and without paying Taxes.” Id. 17 Plaintiff’s amended complaint is substantively the same as the initial complaint and does 18 not cure the problems identified in the prior screening order. Accordingly, the amended 19 complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted for all the reasons identified 20 above with respect to the initial complaint. Because plaintiff’s allegations are clear and the court 21 finds no cause of action available, the undersigned concludes further leave to amend would be 22 futile. See California Architectural Bldg. Prod. v. Franciscan Ceramics, 818 F.2d 1466, 1472 (9th 23 Cir. 1988) (“Valid reasons for denying leave to amend include undue delay, bad faith, prejudice, 24 and futility.”). It is therefore recommended that the amended complaint be dismissed without 25 further leave to amend. 26 III. PRO SE PLAINTIFF’S SUMMARY 27 The magistrate judge is recommending that this case be dismissed because the facts you 28 allege do not support a legal claim. You may object to this recommendation within 21 days. The 1 | District Judge will make the final decision about whether to dismiss this case. 2 TV. CONCLUSION 3 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that this case be dismissed for failure to 4 || state a claim upon which relief can be granted. 5 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 6 || assigned to this case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).. Within twenty-one (21) 7 || days after being served with these findings and recommendations, plaintiff may file written 8 | objections with the court. Such document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 9 || Findings and Recommendations.” Local Rule 304(d). Plaintiff advised that failure to file 10 || objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. 11 | Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 12 | DATED: January 7, 2025 . . 13 Bettie Clare 14 ALLISON CLAIRE UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28